Security Configuration Assessment Report

for ip-100-99-1-180.eu-west-2.compute.internal

  • Target IP Address: 100.99.1.180

CIS Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 Benchmark v2.0.0

  • Level 2 - Server
  • Sunday, July 21 2024 11:21:58
  • Assessment Duration: 38 seconds

Report generated by the Center for Internet Security's Configuration Assessment Tool (CIS-CAT Pro Assessor) v4.43.0.

For further information, please visit The Center for Internet Security or our Product Support page.

Copyright ©2024, The Center for Internet Security

Content generated on 07/21/2024 11:22 AM. Content last obtained on 07/01/2024 20:25 PM.

Summary

Description Tests Scoring
Pass Fail Error Unkn. Man. Exc. Score Max Percent
1 Initial Setup 68 1 0 0 8 0 68.0 69.0 99%
1.1 Filesystem 34 0 0 0 1 0 34.0 34.0 100%
1.1.1 Configure Filesystem Kernel Modules 8 0 0 0 1 0 8.0 8.0 100%
1.1.2 Configure Filesystem Partitions 26 0 0 0 0 0 26.0 26.0 100%
1.1.2.1 Configure /tmp 4 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 4.0 100%
1.1.2.2 Configure /dev/shm 4 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 4.0 100%
1.1.2.3 Configure /home 3 0 0 0 0 0 3.0 3.0 100%
1.1.2.4 Configure /var 3 0 0 0 0 0 3.0 3.0 100%
1.1.2.5 Configure /var/tmp 4 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 4.0 100%
1.1.2.6 Configure /var/log 4 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 4.0 100%
1.1.2.7 Configure /var/log/audit 4 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 4.0 100%
1.2 Package Management 1 0 0 0 4 0 1.0 1.0 100%
1.2.1 Configure Package Repositories 1 0 0 0 3 0 1.0 1.0 100%
1.2.2 Configure Package Updates 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0%
1.3 Mandatory Access Control 6 1 0 0 1 0 6.0 7.0 86%
1.3.1 Configure SELinux 6 1 0 0 1 0 6.0 7.0 86%
1.4 Configure Bootloader 2 0 0 0 0 0 2.0 2.0 100%
1.5 Configure Additional Process Hardening 4 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 4.0 100%
1.6 Configure system wide crypto policy 5 0 0 0 2 0 5.0 5.0 100%
1.7 Configure Command Line Warning Banners 6 0 0 0 0 0 6.0 6.0 100%
1.8 Configure GNOME Display Manager 10 0 0 0 0 0 10.0 10.0 100%
2 Services 38 0 0 0 1 0 38.0 38.0 100%
2.1 Configure Server Services 21 0 0 0 1 0 21.0 21.0 100%
2.2 Configure Client Services 5 0 0 0 0 0 5.0 5.0 100%
2.3 Configure Time Synchronization 3 0 0 0 0 0 3.0 3.0 100%
2.4 Job Schedulers 9 0 0 0 0 0 9.0 9.0 100%
2.4.1 Configure cron 8 0 0 0 0 0 8.0 8.0 100%
2.4.2 Configure at 1 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 1.0 100%
3 Network 15 2 0 0 1 0 15.0 17.0 88%
3.1 Configure Network Devices 2 0 0 0 1 0 2.0 2.0 100%
3.2 Configure Network Kernel Modules 4 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 4.0 100%
3.3 Configure Network Kernel Parameters 9 2 0 0 0 0 9.0 11.0 82%
4 Host Based Firewall 0 6 0 0 2 0 0.0 6.0 0%
4.1 Configure a firewall utility 0 2 0 0 0 0 0.0 2.0 0%
4.2 Configure FirewallD 0 1 0 0 1 0 0.0 1.0 0%
4.3 Configure NFTables 0 3 0 0 1 0 0.0 3.0 0%
5 Access Control 41 28 0 0 2 0 41.0 69.0 59%
5.1 Configure SSH Server 18 4 0 0 0 0 18.0 22.0 82%
5.2 Configure privilege escalation 3 4 0 0 0 0 3.0 7.0 43%
5.3 Pluggable Authentication Modules 10 14 0 0 1 0 10.0 24.0 42%
5.3.1 Configure PAM software packages 3 0 0 0 0 0 3.0 3.0 100%
5.3.2 Configure authselect 3 2 0 0 0 0 3.0 5.0 60%
5.3.3 Configure PAM Arguments 4 12 0 0 1 0 4.0 16.0 25%
5.3.3.1 Configure pam_faillock module 0 3 0 0 0 0 0.0 3.0 0%
5.3.3.2 Configure pam_pwquality module 1 5 0 0 1 0 1.0 6.0 17%
5.3.3.3 Configure pam_pwhistory module 0 3 0 0 0 0 0.0 3.0 0%
5.3.3.4 Configure pam_unix module 3 1 0 0 0 0 3.0 4.0 75%
5.4 User Accounts and Environment 10 6 0 0 1 0 10.0 16.0 62%
5.4.1 Configure shadow password suite parameters 3 2 0 0 1 0 3.0 5.0 60%
5.4.2 Configure root and system accounts and environment 6 2 0 0 0 0 6.0 8.0 75%
5.4.3 Configure user default environment 1 2 0 0 0 0 1.0 3.0 33%
6 Logging and Auditing 26 29 0 0 7 0 26.0 55.0 47%
6.1 Configure Integrity Checking 2 1 0 0 0 0 2.0 3.0 67%
6.2 System Logging 11 3 0 0 6 0 11.0 14.0 79%
6.2.1 Configure systemd-journald service 2 0 0 0 2 0 2.0 2.0 100%
6.2.2 Configure journald 6 0 0 0 1 0 6.0 6.0 100%
6.2.2.1 Configure systemd-journal-remote 3 0 0 0 1 0 3.0 3.0 100%
6.2.3 Configure rsyslog 3 2 0 0 3 0 3.0 5.0 60%
6.2.4 Configure Logfiles 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 1.0 0%
6.3 System Auditing 13 25 0 0 1 0 13.0 38.0 34%
6.3.1 Configure auditd Service 2 2 0 0 0 0 2.0 4.0 50%
6.3.2 Configure Data Retention 1 3 0 0 0 0 1.0 4.0 25%
6.3.3 Configure auditd Rules 0 20 0 0 1 0 0.0 20.0 0%
6.3.4 Configure auditd File Access 10 0 0 0 0 0 10.0 10.0 100%
7 System Maintenance 20 1 0 0 1 0 20.0 21.0 95%
7.1 System File Permissions 11 1 0 0 1 0 11.0 12.0 92%
7.2 Local User and Group Settings 9 0 0 0 0 0 9.0 9.0 100%
Total 208 67 0 0 22 0 208.0 275.0 76%

Note: Actual scores are subject to rounding errors. The sum of these values may not result in the exact overall score.

The 'Exc' column only applies to Exceptions that are generated using CIS-CAT Pro Dashboard and is not utilized by CIS-CAT Pro Assessor.

Profiles

This benchmark contains 4 profiles.The Level 2 - Server profile was used for this assessment.

Title Description
Level 1 - Server

Items in this profile intend to:

  • be practical and prudent;
  • provide a clear security benefit; and
  • not inhibit the utility of the technology beyond acceptable means.

This profile is intended for servers.

Show Profile XML
<xccdf:Profile xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
               xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
               xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
               xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
               xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
               xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
               xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
               xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
               xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
               xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
               xmlns:sce="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE_xccdf_stream"
               xmlns:cat="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog"
               xmlns:ds="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
               xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
               xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
               xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
               xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
               xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
               id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_profile_Level_1_-_Server">
   <xccdf:title xml:lang="en">Level 1 - Server</xccdf:title>
   <xccdf:description xml:lang="en">
      <xhtml:p>Items in this profile intend to:</xhtml:p>
      <xhtml:ul>
         <xhtml:li>be practical and prudent;</xhtml:li>
         <xhtml:li>provide a clear security benefit; and</xhtml:li>
         <xhtml:li>not inhibit the utility of the technology beyond acceptable means.</xhtml:li>
      </xhtml:ul>
      <xhtml:p>This profile is intended for servers.</xhtml:p>
   </xccdf:description>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.1_Ensure_cramfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.2_Ensure_freevxfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.3_Ensure_hfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.4_Ensure_hfsplus_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.5_Ensure_jffs2_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.8_Ensure_usb-storage_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.9_Ensure_unused_filesystems_kernel_modules_are_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.1_Ensure_tmp_is_a_separate_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.1_Ensure_devshm_is_a_separate_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_home_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_home_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_var_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_var_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.1_Ensure_GPG_keys_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.2_Ensure_gpgcheck_is_globally_activated"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.4_Ensure_package_manager_repositories_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.2.1_Ensure_updates_patches_and_additional_security_software_are_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.1_Ensure_SELinux_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.2_Ensure_SELinux_is_not_disabled_in_bootloader_configuration"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.3_Ensure_SELinux_policy_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.4_Ensure_the_SELinux_mode_is_not_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.7_Ensure_the_MCS_Translation_Service_mcstrans_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.8_Ensure_SETroubleshoot_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.4.1_Ensure_bootloader_password_is_set"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.4.2_Ensure_access_to_bootloader_config_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.1_Ensure_address_space_layout_randomization_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.2_Ensure_ptrace_scope_is_restricted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.3_Ensure_core_dump_backtraces_are_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.4_Ensure_core_dump_storage_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.1_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_is_not_set_to_legacy"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.2_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_is_not_set_in_sshd_configuration"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.3_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_sha1_hash_and_signature_support"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.4_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_macs_less_than_128_bits"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.5_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_cbc_for_ssh"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.6_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_chacha20-poly1305_for_ssh"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.7_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_EtM_for_ssh"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.1_Ensure_message_of_the_day_is_configured_properly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.2_Ensure_local_login_warning_banner_is_configured_properly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.3_Ensure_remote_login_warning_banner_is_configured_properly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.4_Ensure_access_to_etcmotd_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.5_Ensure_access_to_etcissue_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.6_Ensure_access_to_etcissue.net_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.2_Ensure_GDM_login_banner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.3_Ensure_GDM_disable-user-list_option_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.4_Ensure_GDM_screen_locks_when_the_user_is_idle"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.5_Ensure_GDM_screen_locks_cannot_be_overridden"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.6_Ensure_GDM_automatic_mounting_of_removable_media_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.7_Ensure_GDM_disabling_automatic_mounting_of_removable_media_is_not_overridden"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.8_Ensure_GDM_autorun-never_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.9_Ensure_GDM_autorun-never_is_not_overridden"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.10_Ensure_XDMCP_is_not_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.1_Ensure_autofs_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.2_Ensure_avahi_daemon_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.3_Ensure_dhcp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.4_Ensure_dns_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.5_Ensure_dnsmasq_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.6_Ensure_samba_file_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.7_Ensure_ftp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.8_Ensure_message_access_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.9_Ensure_network_file_system_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.10_Ensure_nis_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.11_Ensure_print_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.12_Ensure_rpcbind_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.13_Ensure_rsync_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.14_Ensure_snmp_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.15_Ensure_telnet_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.16_Ensure_tftp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.17_Ensure_web_proxy_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.18_Ensure_web_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.19_Ensure_xinetd_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.21_Ensure_mail_transfer_agents_are_configured_for_local-only_mode"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.22_Ensure_only_approved_services_are_listening_on_a_network_interface"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.1_Ensure_ftp_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.3_Ensure_nis_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.4_Ensure_telnet_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.5_Ensure_tftp_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.1_Ensure_time_synchronization_is_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.2_Ensure_chrony_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.3_Ensure_chrony_is_not_run_as_the_root_user"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.1_Ensure_cron_daemon_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_etccrontab_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.hourly_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.4_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.daily_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.5_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.weekly_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.6_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.monthly_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.7_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.d_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.8_Ensure_crontab_is_restricted_to_authorized_users"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.2.1_Ensure_at_is_restricted_to_authorized_users"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.1_Ensure_IPv6_status_is_identified"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.2_Ensure_wireless_interfaces_are_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.3_Ensure_bluetooth_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.1_Ensure_ip_forwarding_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.2_Ensure_packet_redirect_sending_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.3_Ensure_bogus_icmp_responses_are_ignored"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.4_Ensure_broadcast_icmp_requests_are_ignored"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.5_Ensure_icmp_redirects_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.6_Ensure_secure_icmp_redirects_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.7_Ensure_reverse_path_filtering_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.8_Ensure_source_routed_packets_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.9_Ensure_suspicious_packets_are_logged"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.10_Ensure_tcp_syn_cookies_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.11_Ensure_ipv6_router_advertisements_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.1.1_Ensure_nftables_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.1.2_Ensure_a_single_firewall_configuration_utility_is_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.1_Ensure_firewalld_drops_unnecessary_services_and_ports"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.2_Ensure_firewalld_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.1_Ensure_nftables_base_chains_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.2_Ensure_nftables_established_connections_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.3_Ensure_nftables_default_deny_firewall_policy"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.4_Ensure_nftables_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.1_Ensure_permissions_on_etcsshsshd_config_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_SSH_private_host_key_files_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_SSH_public_host_key_files_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.4_Ensure_sshd_Ciphers_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.5_Ensure_sshd_KexAlgorithms_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.6_Ensure_sshd_MACs_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.7_Ensure_sshd_access_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.8_Ensure_sshd_Banner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.9_Ensure_sshd_ClientAliveInterval_and_ClientAliveCountMax_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.12_Ensure_sshd_HostbasedAuthentication_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.13_Ensure_sshd_IgnoreRhosts_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.14_Ensure_sshd_LoginGraceTime_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.15_Ensure_sshd_LogLevel_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.16_Ensure_sshd_MaxAuthTries_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.17_Ensure_sshd_MaxStartups_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.18_Ensure_sshd_MaxSessions_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.19_Ensure_sshd_PermitEmptyPasswords_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.20_Ensure_sshd_PermitRootLogin_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.21_Ensure_sshd_PermitUserEnvironment_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.22_Ensure_sshd_UsePAM_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.1_Ensure_sudo_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.2_Ensure_sudo_commands_use_pty"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.3_Ensure_sudo_log_file_exists"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.5_Ensure_re-authentication_for_privilege_escalation_is_not_disabled_globally"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.6_Ensure_sudo_authentication_timeout_is_configured_correctly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.7_Ensure_access_to_the_su_command_is_restricted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.1_Ensure_latest_version_of_pam_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.2_Ensure_latest_version_of_authselect_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.3_Ensure_latest_version_of_libpwquality_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.1_Ensure_active_authselect_profile_includes_pam_modules"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.2_Ensure_pam_faillock_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.3_Ensure_pam_pwquality_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.4_Ensure_pam_pwhistory_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.5_Ensure_pam_unix_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.1_Ensure_password_failed_attempts_lockout_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.2_Ensure_password_unlock_time_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.1_Ensure_password_number_of_changed_characters_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.2_Ensure_password_length_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.3_Ensure_password_complexity_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.4_Ensure_password_same_consecutive_characters_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.5_Ensure_password_maximum_sequential_characters_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.6_Ensure_password_dictionary_check_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.7_Ensure_password_quality_is_enforced_for_the_root_user"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.1_Ensure_password_history_remember_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.2_Ensure_password_history_is_enforced_for_the_root_user"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.3_Ensure_pam_pwhistory_includes_use_authtok"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.1_Ensure_pam_unix_does_not_include_nullok"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.2_Ensure_pam_unix_does_not_include_remember"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.3_Ensure_pam_unix_includes_a_strong_password_hashing_algorithm"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.4_Ensure_pam_unix_includes_use_authtok"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.1_Ensure_password_expiration_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.3_Ensure_password_expiration_warning_days_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.4_Ensure_strong_password_hashing_algorithm_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.5_Ensure_inactive_password_lock_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.6_Ensure_all_users_last_password_change_date_is_in_the_past"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.1_Ensure_root_is_the_only_UID_0_account"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.2_Ensure_root_is_the_only_GID_0_account"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.3_Ensure_group_root_is_the_only_GID_0_group"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.4_Ensure_root_account_access_is_controlled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.5_Ensure_root_path_integrity"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.6_Ensure_root_user_umask_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.7_Ensure_system_accounts_do_not_have_a_valid_login_shell"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.8_Ensure_accounts_without_a_valid_login_shell_are_locked"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.2_Ensure_default_user_shell_timeout_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.3_Ensure_default_user_umask_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.1_Ensure_AIDE_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.2_Ensure_filesystem_integrity_is_regularly_checked"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.3_Ensure_cryptographic_mechanisms_are_used_to_protect_the_integrity_of_audit_tools"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.1_Ensure_journald_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.2_Ensure_journald_log_file_access_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.3_Ensure_journald_log_file_rotation_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.4_Ensure_only_one_logging_system_is_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.1_Ensure_systemd-journal-remote_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.2_Ensure_systemd-journal-upload_authentication_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.3_Ensure_systemd-journal-upload_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.4_Ensure_systemd-journal-remote_service_is_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.2_Ensure_journald_ForwardToSyslog_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.3_Ensure_journald_Compress_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.4_Ensure_journald_Storage_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.1_Ensure_rsyslog_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.2_Ensure_rsyslog_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.3_Ensure_journald_is_configured_to_send_logs_to_rsyslog"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.4_Ensure_rsyslog_log_file_creation_mode_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.5_Ensure_rsyslog_logging_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.6_Ensure_rsyslog_is_configured_to_send_logs_to_a_remote_log_host"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.7_Ensure_rsyslog_is_not_configured_to_receive_logs_from_a_remote_client"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.8_Ensure_rsyslog_logrotate_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.4.1_Ensure_access_to_all_logfiles_has_been_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.1_Ensure_permissions_on_etcpasswd_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_etcpasswd-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgroup_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.4_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgroup-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.5_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshadow_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.6_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshadow-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.7_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgshadow_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.8_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgshadow-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.9_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshells_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.10_Ensure_permissions_on_etcsecurityopasswd_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.11_Ensure_world_writable_files_and_directories_are_secured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.12_Ensure_no_files_or_directories_without_an_owner_and_a_group_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.13_Ensure_SUID_and_SGID_files_are_reviewed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.1_Ensure_accounts_in_etcpasswd_use_shadowed_passwords"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.2_Ensure_etcshadow_password_fields_are_not_empty"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.3_Ensure_all_groups_in_etcpasswd_exist_in_etcgroup"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.4_Ensure_no_duplicate_UIDs_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.5_Ensure_no_duplicate_GIDs_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.6_Ensure_no_duplicate_user_names_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.7_Ensure_no_duplicate_group_names_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.8_Ensure_local_interactive_user_home_directories_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.9_Ensure_local_interactive_user_dot_files_access_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
</xccdf:Profile>
Level 2 - Server

This profile extends the "Level 1 - Server" profile. Items in this profile exhibit one or more of the following characteristics:

  • are intended for environments or use cases where security is paramount.
  • acts as defense in depth measure.
  • may negatively inhibit the utility or performance of the technology.

This profile is intended for servers.

Show Profile XML
<xccdf:Profile xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
               xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
               xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
               xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
               xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
               xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
               xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
               xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
               xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
               xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
               xmlns:sce="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE_xccdf_stream"
               xmlns:cat="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog"
               xmlns:ds="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
               xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
               xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
               xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
               xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
               xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
               id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_profile_Level_2_-_Server">
   <xccdf:title xml:lang="en">Level 2 - Server</xccdf:title>
   <xccdf:description xml:lang="en">
      <xhtml:p>This profile extends the "Level 1 - Server" profile. Items in this profile exhibit one or more of the following characteristics:</xhtml:p>
      <xhtml:ul>
         <xhtml:li>are intended for environments or use cases where security is paramount.</xhtml:li>
         <xhtml:li>acts as defense in depth measure.</xhtml:li>
         <xhtml:li>may negatively inhibit the utility or performance of the technology.</xhtml:li>
      </xhtml:ul>
      <xhtml:p>This profile is intended for servers.</xhtml:p>
   </xccdf:description>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.1_Ensure_cramfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.2_Ensure_freevxfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.3_Ensure_hfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.4_Ensure_hfsplus_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.5_Ensure_jffs2_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.6_Ensure_squashfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.7_Ensure_udf_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.8_Ensure_usb-storage_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.9_Ensure_unused_filesystems_kernel_modules_are_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.1_Ensure_tmp_is_a_separate_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.1_Ensure_devshm_is_a_separate_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_home"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_home_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_home_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_var"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_var_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_var_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_vartmp"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_varlog"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_varlogaudit"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.1_Ensure_GPG_keys_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.2_Ensure_gpgcheck_is_globally_activated"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.3_Ensure_repo_gpgcheck_is_globally_activated"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.4_Ensure_package_manager_repositories_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.2.1_Ensure_updates_patches_and_additional_security_software_are_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.1_Ensure_SELinux_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.2_Ensure_SELinux_is_not_disabled_in_bootloader_configuration"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.3_Ensure_SELinux_policy_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.4_Ensure_the_SELinux_mode_is_not_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.5_Ensure_the_SELinux_mode_is_enforcing"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.6_Ensure_no_unconfined_services_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.7_Ensure_the_MCS_Translation_Service_mcstrans_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.8_Ensure_SETroubleshoot_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.4.1_Ensure_bootloader_password_is_set"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.4.2_Ensure_access_to_bootloader_config_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.1_Ensure_address_space_layout_randomization_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.2_Ensure_ptrace_scope_is_restricted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.3_Ensure_core_dump_backtraces_are_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.4_Ensure_core_dump_storage_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.1_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_is_not_set_to_legacy"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.2_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_is_not_set_in_sshd_configuration"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.3_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_sha1_hash_and_signature_support"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.4_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_macs_less_than_128_bits"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.5_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_cbc_for_ssh"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.6_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_chacha20-poly1305_for_ssh"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.7_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_EtM_for_ssh"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.1_Ensure_message_of_the_day_is_configured_properly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.2_Ensure_local_login_warning_banner_is_configured_properly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.3_Ensure_remote_login_warning_banner_is_configured_properly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.4_Ensure_access_to_etcmotd_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.5_Ensure_access_to_etcissue_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.6_Ensure_access_to_etcissue.net_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.1_Ensure_GNOME_Display_Manager_is_removed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.2_Ensure_GDM_login_banner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.3_Ensure_GDM_disable-user-list_option_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.4_Ensure_GDM_screen_locks_when_the_user_is_idle"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.5_Ensure_GDM_screen_locks_cannot_be_overridden"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.6_Ensure_GDM_automatic_mounting_of_removable_media_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.7_Ensure_GDM_disabling_automatic_mounting_of_removable_media_is_not_overridden"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.8_Ensure_GDM_autorun-never_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.9_Ensure_GDM_autorun-never_is_not_overridden"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.10_Ensure_XDMCP_is_not_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.1_Ensure_autofs_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.2_Ensure_avahi_daemon_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.3_Ensure_dhcp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.4_Ensure_dns_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.5_Ensure_dnsmasq_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.6_Ensure_samba_file_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.7_Ensure_ftp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.8_Ensure_message_access_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.9_Ensure_network_file_system_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.10_Ensure_nis_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.11_Ensure_print_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.12_Ensure_rpcbind_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.13_Ensure_rsync_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.14_Ensure_snmp_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.15_Ensure_telnet_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.16_Ensure_tftp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.17_Ensure_web_proxy_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.18_Ensure_web_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.19_Ensure_xinetd_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.20_Ensure_X_window_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.21_Ensure_mail_transfer_agents_are_configured_for_local-only_mode"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.22_Ensure_only_approved_services_are_listening_on_a_network_interface"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.1_Ensure_ftp_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.2_Ensure_ldap_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.3_Ensure_nis_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.4_Ensure_telnet_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.5_Ensure_tftp_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.1_Ensure_time_synchronization_is_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.2_Ensure_chrony_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.3_Ensure_chrony_is_not_run_as_the_root_user"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.1_Ensure_cron_daemon_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_etccrontab_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.hourly_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.4_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.daily_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.5_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.weekly_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.6_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.monthly_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.7_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.d_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.8_Ensure_crontab_is_restricted_to_authorized_users"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.2.1_Ensure_at_is_restricted_to_authorized_users"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.1_Ensure_IPv6_status_is_identified"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.2_Ensure_wireless_interfaces_are_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.3_Ensure_bluetooth_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.1_Ensure_dccp_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.2_Ensure_tipc_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.3_Ensure_rds_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.4_Ensure_sctp_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.1_Ensure_ip_forwarding_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.2_Ensure_packet_redirect_sending_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.3_Ensure_bogus_icmp_responses_are_ignored"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.4_Ensure_broadcast_icmp_requests_are_ignored"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.5_Ensure_icmp_redirects_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.6_Ensure_secure_icmp_redirects_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.7_Ensure_reverse_path_filtering_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.8_Ensure_source_routed_packets_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.9_Ensure_suspicious_packets_are_logged"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.10_Ensure_tcp_syn_cookies_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.11_Ensure_ipv6_router_advertisements_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.1.1_Ensure_nftables_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.1.2_Ensure_a_single_firewall_configuration_utility_is_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.1_Ensure_firewalld_drops_unnecessary_services_and_ports"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.2_Ensure_firewalld_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.1_Ensure_nftables_base_chains_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.2_Ensure_nftables_established_connections_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.3_Ensure_nftables_default_deny_firewall_policy"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.4_Ensure_nftables_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.1_Ensure_permissions_on_etcsshsshd_config_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_SSH_private_host_key_files_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_SSH_public_host_key_files_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.4_Ensure_sshd_Ciphers_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.5_Ensure_sshd_KexAlgorithms_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.6_Ensure_sshd_MACs_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.7_Ensure_sshd_access_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.8_Ensure_sshd_Banner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.9_Ensure_sshd_ClientAliveInterval_and_ClientAliveCountMax_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.10_Ensure_sshd_DisableForwarding_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.11_Ensure_sshd_GSSAPIAuthentication_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.12_Ensure_sshd_HostbasedAuthentication_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.13_Ensure_sshd_IgnoreRhosts_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.14_Ensure_sshd_LoginGraceTime_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.15_Ensure_sshd_LogLevel_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.16_Ensure_sshd_MaxAuthTries_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.17_Ensure_sshd_MaxStartups_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.18_Ensure_sshd_MaxSessions_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.19_Ensure_sshd_PermitEmptyPasswords_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.20_Ensure_sshd_PermitRootLogin_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.21_Ensure_sshd_PermitUserEnvironment_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.22_Ensure_sshd_UsePAM_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.1_Ensure_sudo_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.2_Ensure_sudo_commands_use_pty"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.3_Ensure_sudo_log_file_exists"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.4_Ensure_users_must_provide_password_for_escalation"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.5_Ensure_re-authentication_for_privilege_escalation_is_not_disabled_globally"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.6_Ensure_sudo_authentication_timeout_is_configured_correctly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.7_Ensure_access_to_the_su_command_is_restricted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.1_Ensure_latest_version_of_pam_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.2_Ensure_latest_version_of_authselect_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.3_Ensure_latest_version_of_libpwquality_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.1_Ensure_active_authselect_profile_includes_pam_modules"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.2_Ensure_pam_faillock_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.3_Ensure_pam_pwquality_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.4_Ensure_pam_pwhistory_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.5_Ensure_pam_unix_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.1_Ensure_password_failed_attempts_lockout_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.2_Ensure_password_unlock_time_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.3_Ensure_password_failed_attempts_lockout_includes_root_account"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.1_Ensure_password_number_of_changed_characters_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.2_Ensure_password_length_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.3_Ensure_password_complexity_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.4_Ensure_password_same_consecutive_characters_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.5_Ensure_password_maximum_sequential_characters_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.6_Ensure_password_dictionary_check_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.7_Ensure_password_quality_is_enforced_for_the_root_user"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.1_Ensure_password_history_remember_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.2_Ensure_password_history_is_enforced_for_the_root_user"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.3_Ensure_pam_pwhistory_includes_use_authtok"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.1_Ensure_pam_unix_does_not_include_nullok"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.2_Ensure_pam_unix_does_not_include_remember"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.3_Ensure_pam_unix_includes_a_strong_password_hashing_algorithm"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.4_Ensure_pam_unix_includes_use_authtok"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.1_Ensure_password_expiration_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.2_Ensure_minimum_password_days_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.3_Ensure_password_expiration_warning_days_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.4_Ensure_strong_password_hashing_algorithm_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.5_Ensure_inactive_password_lock_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.6_Ensure_all_users_last_password_change_date_is_in_the_past"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.1_Ensure_root_is_the_only_UID_0_account"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.2_Ensure_root_is_the_only_GID_0_account"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.3_Ensure_group_root_is_the_only_GID_0_group"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.4_Ensure_root_account_access_is_controlled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.5_Ensure_root_path_integrity"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.6_Ensure_root_user_umask_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.7_Ensure_system_accounts_do_not_have_a_valid_login_shell"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.8_Ensure_accounts_without_a_valid_login_shell_are_locked"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.1_Ensure_nologin_is_not_listed_in_etcshells"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.2_Ensure_default_user_shell_timeout_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.3_Ensure_default_user_umask_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.1_Ensure_AIDE_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.2_Ensure_filesystem_integrity_is_regularly_checked"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.3_Ensure_cryptographic_mechanisms_are_used_to_protect_the_integrity_of_audit_tools"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.1_Ensure_journald_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.2_Ensure_journald_log_file_access_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.3_Ensure_journald_log_file_rotation_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.4_Ensure_only_one_logging_system_is_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.1_Ensure_systemd-journal-remote_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.2_Ensure_systemd-journal-upload_authentication_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.3_Ensure_systemd-journal-upload_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.4_Ensure_systemd-journal-remote_service_is_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.2_Ensure_journald_ForwardToSyslog_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.3_Ensure_journald_Compress_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.4_Ensure_journald_Storage_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.1_Ensure_rsyslog_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.2_Ensure_rsyslog_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.3_Ensure_journald_is_configured_to_send_logs_to_rsyslog"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.4_Ensure_rsyslog_log_file_creation_mode_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.5_Ensure_rsyslog_logging_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.6_Ensure_rsyslog_is_configured_to_send_logs_to_a_remote_log_host"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.7_Ensure_rsyslog_is_not_configured_to_receive_logs_from_a_remote_client"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.8_Ensure_rsyslog_logrotate_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.4.1_Ensure_access_to_all_logfiles_has_been_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.1_Ensure_auditd_packages_are_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.2_Ensure_auditing_for_processes_that_start_prior_to_auditd_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.3_Ensure_audit_backlog_limit_is_sufficient"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.4_Ensure_auditd_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.1_Ensure_audit_log_storage_size_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.2_Ensure_audit_logs_are_not_automatically_deleted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.3_Ensure_system_is_disabled_when_audit_logs_are_full"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.4_Ensure_system_warns_when_audit_logs_are_low_on_space"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.1_Ensure_changes_to_system_administration_scope_sudoers_is_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.2_Ensure_actions_as_another_user_are_always_logged"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.3_Ensure_events_that_modify_the_sudo_log_file_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.4_Ensure_events_that_modify_date_and_time_information_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.5_Ensure_events_that_modify_the_systems_network_environment_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.6_Ensure_use_of_privileged_commands_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.7_Ensure_unsuccessful_file_access_attempts_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.8_Ensure_events_that_modify_usergroup_information_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.9_Ensure_discretionary_access_control_permission_modification_events_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.10_Ensure_successful_file_system_mounts_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.11_Ensure_session_initiation_information_is_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.12_Ensure_login_and_logout_events_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.13_Ensure_file_deletion_events_by_users_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.14_Ensure_events_that_modify_the_systems_Mandatory_Access_Controls_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.15_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_chcon_command_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.16_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_setfacl_command_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.17_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_chacl_command_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.18_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_usermod_command_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.19_Ensure_kernel_module_loading_unloading_and_modification_is_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.20_Ensure_the_audit_configuration_is_immutable"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.21_Ensure_the_running_and_on_disk_configuration_is_the_same"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.1_Ensure_the_audit_log_file_directory_mode_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.2_Ensure_audit_log_files_mode_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.3_Ensure_audit_log_files_owner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.4_Ensure_audit_log_files_group_owner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.5_Ensure_audit_configuration_files_mode_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.6_Ensure_audit_configuration_files_owner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.7_Ensure_audit_configuration_files_group_owner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.8_Ensure_audit_tools_mode_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.9_Ensure_audit_tools_owner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.10_Ensure_audit_tools_group_owner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.1_Ensure_permissions_on_etcpasswd_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_etcpasswd-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgroup_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.4_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgroup-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.5_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshadow_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.6_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshadow-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.7_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgshadow_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.8_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgshadow-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.9_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshells_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.10_Ensure_permissions_on_etcsecurityopasswd_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.11_Ensure_world_writable_files_and_directories_are_secured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.12_Ensure_no_files_or_directories_without_an_owner_and_a_group_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.13_Ensure_SUID_and_SGID_files_are_reviewed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.1_Ensure_accounts_in_etcpasswd_use_shadowed_passwords"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.2_Ensure_etcshadow_password_fields_are_not_empty"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.3_Ensure_all_groups_in_etcpasswd_exist_in_etcgroup"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.4_Ensure_no_duplicate_UIDs_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.5_Ensure_no_duplicate_GIDs_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.6_Ensure_no_duplicate_user_names_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.7_Ensure_no_duplicate_group_names_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.8_Ensure_local_interactive_user_home_directories_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.9_Ensure_local_interactive_user_dot_files_access_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
</xccdf:Profile>
Level 1 - Workstation

Items in this profile intend to:

  • be practical and prudent;
  • provide a clear security benefit; and
  • not inhibit the utility of the technology beyond acceptable means.

This profile is intended for workstations.

Show Profile XML
<xccdf:Profile xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
               xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
               xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
               xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
               xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
               xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
               xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
               xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
               xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
               xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
               xmlns:sce="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE_xccdf_stream"
               xmlns:cat="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog"
               xmlns:ds="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
               xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
               xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
               xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
               xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
               xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
               id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_profile_Level_1_-_Workstation">
   <xccdf:title xml:lang="en">Level 1 - Workstation</xccdf:title>
   <xccdf:description xml:lang="en">
      <xhtml:p>Items in this profile intend to:</xhtml:p>
      <xhtml:ul>
         <xhtml:li>be practical and prudent;</xhtml:li>
         <xhtml:li>provide a clear security benefit; and</xhtml:li>
         <xhtml:li>not inhibit the utility of the technology beyond acceptable means.</xhtml:li>
      </xhtml:ul>
      <xhtml:p>This profile is intended for workstations.</xhtml:p>
   </xccdf:description>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.1_Ensure_cramfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.2_Ensure_freevxfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.3_Ensure_hfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.4_Ensure_hfsplus_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.5_Ensure_jffs2_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.9_Ensure_unused_filesystems_kernel_modules_are_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.1_Ensure_tmp_is_a_separate_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.1_Ensure_devshm_is_a_separate_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_home_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_home_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_var_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_var_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.1_Ensure_GPG_keys_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.2_Ensure_gpgcheck_is_globally_activated"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.4_Ensure_package_manager_repositories_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.2.1_Ensure_updates_patches_and_additional_security_software_are_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.1_Ensure_SELinux_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.2_Ensure_SELinux_is_not_disabled_in_bootloader_configuration"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.3_Ensure_SELinux_policy_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.4_Ensure_the_SELinux_mode_is_not_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.7_Ensure_the_MCS_Translation_Service_mcstrans_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.4.1_Ensure_bootloader_password_is_set"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.4.2_Ensure_access_to_bootloader_config_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.1_Ensure_address_space_layout_randomization_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.2_Ensure_ptrace_scope_is_restricted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.3_Ensure_core_dump_backtraces_are_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.4_Ensure_core_dump_storage_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.1_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_is_not_set_to_legacy"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.2_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_is_not_set_in_sshd_configuration"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.3_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_sha1_hash_and_signature_support"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.4_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_macs_less_than_128_bits"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.5_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_cbc_for_ssh"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.6_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_chacha20-poly1305_for_ssh"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.7_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_EtM_for_ssh"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.1_Ensure_message_of_the_day_is_configured_properly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.2_Ensure_local_login_warning_banner_is_configured_properly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.3_Ensure_remote_login_warning_banner_is_configured_properly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.4_Ensure_access_to_etcmotd_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.5_Ensure_access_to_etcissue_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.6_Ensure_access_to_etcissue.net_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.2_Ensure_GDM_login_banner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.3_Ensure_GDM_disable-user-list_option_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.4_Ensure_GDM_screen_locks_when_the_user_is_idle"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.5_Ensure_GDM_screen_locks_cannot_be_overridden"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.8_Ensure_GDM_autorun-never_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.9_Ensure_GDM_autorun-never_is_not_overridden"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.10_Ensure_XDMCP_is_not_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.3_Ensure_dhcp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.4_Ensure_dns_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.5_Ensure_dnsmasq_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.6_Ensure_samba_file_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.7_Ensure_ftp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.8_Ensure_message_access_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.9_Ensure_network_file_system_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.10_Ensure_nis_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.12_Ensure_rpcbind_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.13_Ensure_rsync_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.14_Ensure_snmp_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.15_Ensure_telnet_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.16_Ensure_tftp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.17_Ensure_web_proxy_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.18_Ensure_web_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.19_Ensure_xinetd_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.21_Ensure_mail_transfer_agents_are_configured_for_local-only_mode"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.22_Ensure_only_approved_services_are_listening_on_a_network_interface"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.1_Ensure_ftp_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.3_Ensure_nis_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.4_Ensure_telnet_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.5_Ensure_tftp_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.1_Ensure_time_synchronization_is_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.2_Ensure_chrony_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.3_Ensure_chrony_is_not_run_as_the_root_user"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.1_Ensure_cron_daemon_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_etccrontab_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.hourly_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.4_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.daily_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.5_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.weekly_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.6_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.monthly_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.7_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.d_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.8_Ensure_crontab_is_restricted_to_authorized_users"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.2.1_Ensure_at_is_restricted_to_authorized_users"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.1_Ensure_IPv6_status_is_identified"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.1_Ensure_ip_forwarding_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.2_Ensure_packet_redirect_sending_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.3_Ensure_bogus_icmp_responses_are_ignored"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.4_Ensure_broadcast_icmp_requests_are_ignored"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.5_Ensure_icmp_redirects_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.6_Ensure_secure_icmp_redirects_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.7_Ensure_reverse_path_filtering_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.8_Ensure_source_routed_packets_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.9_Ensure_suspicious_packets_are_logged"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.10_Ensure_tcp_syn_cookies_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.11_Ensure_ipv6_router_advertisements_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.1.1_Ensure_nftables_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.1.2_Ensure_a_single_firewall_configuration_utility_is_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.1_Ensure_firewalld_drops_unnecessary_services_and_ports"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.2_Ensure_firewalld_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.1_Ensure_nftables_base_chains_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.2_Ensure_nftables_established_connections_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.3_Ensure_nftables_default_deny_firewall_policy"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.4_Ensure_nftables_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.1_Ensure_permissions_on_etcsshsshd_config_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_SSH_private_host_key_files_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_SSH_public_host_key_files_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.4_Ensure_sshd_Ciphers_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.5_Ensure_sshd_KexAlgorithms_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.6_Ensure_sshd_MACs_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.7_Ensure_sshd_access_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.8_Ensure_sshd_Banner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.9_Ensure_sshd_ClientAliveInterval_and_ClientAliveCountMax_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.10_Ensure_sshd_DisableForwarding_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.11_Ensure_sshd_GSSAPIAuthentication_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.12_Ensure_sshd_HostbasedAuthentication_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.13_Ensure_sshd_IgnoreRhosts_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.14_Ensure_sshd_LoginGraceTime_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.15_Ensure_sshd_LogLevel_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.16_Ensure_sshd_MaxAuthTries_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.17_Ensure_sshd_MaxStartups_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.18_Ensure_sshd_MaxSessions_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.19_Ensure_sshd_PermitEmptyPasswords_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.20_Ensure_sshd_PermitRootLogin_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.21_Ensure_sshd_PermitUserEnvironment_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.22_Ensure_sshd_UsePAM_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.1_Ensure_sudo_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.2_Ensure_sudo_commands_use_pty"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.3_Ensure_sudo_log_file_exists"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.5_Ensure_re-authentication_for_privilege_escalation_is_not_disabled_globally"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.6_Ensure_sudo_authentication_timeout_is_configured_correctly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.7_Ensure_access_to_the_su_command_is_restricted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.1_Ensure_latest_version_of_pam_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.2_Ensure_latest_version_of_authselect_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.3_Ensure_latest_version_of_libpwquality_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.1_Ensure_active_authselect_profile_includes_pam_modules"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.2_Ensure_pam_faillock_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.3_Ensure_pam_pwquality_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.4_Ensure_pam_pwhistory_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.5_Ensure_pam_unix_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.1_Ensure_password_failed_attempts_lockout_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.2_Ensure_password_unlock_time_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.1_Ensure_password_number_of_changed_characters_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.2_Ensure_password_length_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.3_Ensure_password_complexity_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.4_Ensure_password_same_consecutive_characters_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.5_Ensure_password_maximum_sequential_characters_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.6_Ensure_password_dictionary_check_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.7_Ensure_password_quality_is_enforced_for_the_root_user"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.1_Ensure_password_history_remember_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.2_Ensure_password_history_is_enforced_for_the_root_user"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.3_Ensure_pam_pwhistory_includes_use_authtok"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.1_Ensure_pam_unix_does_not_include_nullok"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.2_Ensure_pam_unix_does_not_include_remember"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.3_Ensure_pam_unix_includes_a_strong_password_hashing_algorithm"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.4_Ensure_pam_unix_includes_use_authtok"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.1_Ensure_password_expiration_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.3_Ensure_password_expiration_warning_days_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.4_Ensure_strong_password_hashing_algorithm_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.5_Ensure_inactive_password_lock_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.6_Ensure_all_users_last_password_change_date_is_in_the_past"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.1_Ensure_root_is_the_only_UID_0_account"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.2_Ensure_root_is_the_only_GID_0_account"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.3_Ensure_group_root_is_the_only_GID_0_group"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.4_Ensure_root_account_access_is_controlled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.5_Ensure_root_path_integrity"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.6_Ensure_root_user_umask_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.7_Ensure_system_accounts_do_not_have_a_valid_login_shell"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.8_Ensure_accounts_without_a_valid_login_shell_are_locked"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.2_Ensure_default_user_shell_timeout_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.3_Ensure_default_user_umask_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.1_Ensure_AIDE_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.2_Ensure_filesystem_integrity_is_regularly_checked"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.3_Ensure_cryptographic_mechanisms_are_used_to_protect_the_integrity_of_audit_tools"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.1_Ensure_journald_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.2_Ensure_journald_log_file_access_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.3_Ensure_journald_log_file_rotation_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.4_Ensure_only_one_logging_system_is_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.1_Ensure_systemd-journal-remote_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.2_Ensure_systemd-journal-upload_authentication_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.3_Ensure_systemd-journal-upload_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.4_Ensure_systemd-journal-remote_service_is_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.2_Ensure_journald_ForwardToSyslog_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.3_Ensure_journald_Compress_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.4_Ensure_journald_Storage_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.1_Ensure_rsyslog_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.2_Ensure_rsyslog_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.3_Ensure_journald_is_configured_to_send_logs_to_rsyslog"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.4_Ensure_rsyslog_log_file_creation_mode_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.5_Ensure_rsyslog_logging_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.6_Ensure_rsyslog_is_configured_to_send_logs_to_a_remote_log_host"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.7_Ensure_rsyslog_is_not_configured_to_receive_logs_from_a_remote_client"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.8_Ensure_rsyslog_logrotate_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.4.1_Ensure_access_to_all_logfiles_has_been_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.1_Ensure_permissions_on_etcpasswd_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_etcpasswd-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgroup_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.4_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgroup-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.5_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshadow_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.6_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshadow-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.7_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgshadow_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.8_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgshadow-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.9_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshells_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.10_Ensure_permissions_on_etcsecurityopasswd_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.11_Ensure_world_writable_files_and_directories_are_secured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.12_Ensure_no_files_or_directories_without_an_owner_and_a_group_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.13_Ensure_SUID_and_SGID_files_are_reviewed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.1_Ensure_accounts_in_etcpasswd_use_shadowed_passwords"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.2_Ensure_etcshadow_password_fields_are_not_empty"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.3_Ensure_all_groups_in_etcpasswd_exist_in_etcgroup"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.4_Ensure_no_duplicate_UIDs_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.5_Ensure_no_duplicate_GIDs_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.6_Ensure_no_duplicate_user_names_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.7_Ensure_no_duplicate_group_names_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.8_Ensure_local_interactive_user_home_directories_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.9_Ensure_local_interactive_user_dot_files_access_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
</xccdf:Profile>
Level 2 - Workstation

This profile extends the "Level 1 - Workstation" profile. Items in this profile exhibit one or more of the following characteristics:

  • are intended for environments or use cases where security is paramount.
  • acts as defense in depth measure.
  • may negatively inhibit the utility or performance of the technology.

This profile is intended for workstations.

Show Profile XML
<xccdf:Profile xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
               xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
               xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
               xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
               xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
               xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
               xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
               xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
               xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
               xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
               xmlns:sce="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE_xccdf_stream"
               xmlns:cat="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog"
               xmlns:ds="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
               xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
               xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
               xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
               xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
               xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
               id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_profile_Level_2_-_Workstation">
   <xccdf:title xml:lang="en">Level 2 - Workstation</xccdf:title>
   <xccdf:description xml:lang="en">
      <xhtml:p>This profile extends the "Level 1 - Workstation" profile. Items in this profile exhibit one or more of the following characteristics:</xhtml:p>
      <xhtml:ul>
         <xhtml:li>are intended for environments or use cases where security is paramount.</xhtml:li>
         <xhtml:li>acts as defense in depth measure.</xhtml:li>
         <xhtml:li>may negatively inhibit the utility or performance of the technology.</xhtml:li>
      </xhtml:ul>
      <xhtml:p>This profile is intended for workstations.</xhtml:p>
   </xccdf:description>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.1_Ensure_cramfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.2_Ensure_freevxfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.3_Ensure_hfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.4_Ensure_hfsplus_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.5_Ensure_jffs2_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.6_Ensure_squashfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.7_Ensure_udf_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.8_Ensure_usb-storage_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.9_Ensure_unused_filesystems_kernel_modules_are_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.1_Ensure_tmp_is_a_separate_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.1_Ensure_devshm_is_a_separate_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_home"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_home_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_home_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_var"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_var_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_var_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_vartmp"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_varlog"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_varlogaudit"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.1_Ensure_GPG_keys_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.2_Ensure_gpgcheck_is_globally_activated"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.3_Ensure_repo_gpgcheck_is_globally_activated"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.4_Ensure_package_manager_repositories_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.2.1_Ensure_updates_patches_and_additional_security_software_are_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.1_Ensure_SELinux_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.2_Ensure_SELinux_is_not_disabled_in_bootloader_configuration"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.3_Ensure_SELinux_policy_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.4_Ensure_the_SELinux_mode_is_not_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.5_Ensure_the_SELinux_mode_is_enforcing"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.6_Ensure_no_unconfined_services_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.7_Ensure_the_MCS_Translation_Service_mcstrans_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.4.1_Ensure_bootloader_password_is_set"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.4.2_Ensure_access_to_bootloader_config_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.1_Ensure_address_space_layout_randomization_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.2_Ensure_ptrace_scope_is_restricted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.3_Ensure_core_dump_backtraces_are_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.4_Ensure_core_dump_storage_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.1_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_is_not_set_to_legacy"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.2_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_is_not_set_in_sshd_configuration"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.3_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_sha1_hash_and_signature_support"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.4_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_macs_less_than_128_bits"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.5_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_cbc_for_ssh"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.6_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_chacha20-poly1305_for_ssh"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.7_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_EtM_for_ssh"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.1_Ensure_message_of_the_day_is_configured_properly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.2_Ensure_local_login_warning_banner_is_configured_properly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.3_Ensure_remote_login_warning_banner_is_configured_properly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.4_Ensure_access_to_etcmotd_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.5_Ensure_access_to_etcissue_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.6_Ensure_access_to_etcissue.net_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.2_Ensure_GDM_login_banner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.3_Ensure_GDM_disable-user-list_option_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.4_Ensure_GDM_screen_locks_when_the_user_is_idle"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.5_Ensure_GDM_screen_locks_cannot_be_overridden"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.6_Ensure_GDM_automatic_mounting_of_removable_media_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.7_Ensure_GDM_disabling_automatic_mounting_of_removable_media_is_not_overridden"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.8_Ensure_GDM_autorun-never_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.9_Ensure_GDM_autorun-never_is_not_overridden"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.10_Ensure_XDMCP_is_not_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.1_Ensure_autofs_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.2_Ensure_avahi_daemon_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.3_Ensure_dhcp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.4_Ensure_dns_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.5_Ensure_dnsmasq_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.6_Ensure_samba_file_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.7_Ensure_ftp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.8_Ensure_message_access_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.9_Ensure_network_file_system_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.10_Ensure_nis_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.12_Ensure_rpcbind_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.13_Ensure_rsync_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.14_Ensure_snmp_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.15_Ensure_telnet_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.16_Ensure_tftp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.17_Ensure_web_proxy_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.18_Ensure_web_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.19_Ensure_xinetd_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.21_Ensure_mail_transfer_agents_are_configured_for_local-only_mode"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.22_Ensure_only_approved_services_are_listening_on_a_network_interface"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.1_Ensure_ftp_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.2_Ensure_ldap_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.3_Ensure_nis_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.4_Ensure_telnet_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.5_Ensure_tftp_client_is_not_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.1_Ensure_time_synchronization_is_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.2_Ensure_chrony_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.3_Ensure_chrony_is_not_run_as_the_root_user"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.1_Ensure_cron_daemon_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_etccrontab_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.hourly_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.4_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.daily_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.5_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.weekly_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.6_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.monthly_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.7_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.d_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.8_Ensure_crontab_is_restricted_to_authorized_users"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.2.1_Ensure_at_is_restricted_to_authorized_users"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.1_Ensure_IPv6_status_is_identified"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.3_Ensure_bluetooth_services_are_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.1_Ensure_dccp_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.2_Ensure_tipc_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.3_Ensure_rds_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.4_Ensure_sctp_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.1_Ensure_ip_forwarding_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.2_Ensure_packet_redirect_sending_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.3_Ensure_bogus_icmp_responses_are_ignored"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.4_Ensure_broadcast_icmp_requests_are_ignored"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.5_Ensure_icmp_redirects_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.6_Ensure_secure_icmp_redirects_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.7_Ensure_reverse_path_filtering_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.8_Ensure_source_routed_packets_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.9_Ensure_suspicious_packets_are_logged"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.10_Ensure_tcp_syn_cookies_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.11_Ensure_ipv6_router_advertisements_are_not_accepted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.1.1_Ensure_nftables_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.1.2_Ensure_a_single_firewall_configuration_utility_is_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.1_Ensure_firewalld_drops_unnecessary_services_and_ports"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.2_Ensure_firewalld_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.1_Ensure_nftables_base_chains_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.2_Ensure_nftables_established_connections_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.3_Ensure_nftables_default_deny_firewall_policy"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.4_Ensure_nftables_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.1_Ensure_permissions_on_etcsshsshd_config_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_SSH_private_host_key_files_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_SSH_public_host_key_files_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.4_Ensure_sshd_Ciphers_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.5_Ensure_sshd_KexAlgorithms_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.6_Ensure_sshd_MACs_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.7_Ensure_sshd_access_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.8_Ensure_sshd_Banner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.9_Ensure_sshd_ClientAliveInterval_and_ClientAliveCountMax_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.10_Ensure_sshd_DisableForwarding_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.11_Ensure_sshd_GSSAPIAuthentication_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.12_Ensure_sshd_HostbasedAuthentication_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.13_Ensure_sshd_IgnoreRhosts_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.14_Ensure_sshd_LoginGraceTime_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.15_Ensure_sshd_LogLevel_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.16_Ensure_sshd_MaxAuthTries_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.17_Ensure_sshd_MaxStartups_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.18_Ensure_sshd_MaxSessions_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.19_Ensure_sshd_PermitEmptyPasswords_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.20_Ensure_sshd_PermitRootLogin_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.21_Ensure_sshd_PermitUserEnvironment_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.22_Ensure_sshd_UsePAM_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.1_Ensure_sudo_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.2_Ensure_sudo_commands_use_pty"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.3_Ensure_sudo_log_file_exists"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.4_Ensure_users_must_provide_password_for_escalation"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.5_Ensure_re-authentication_for_privilege_escalation_is_not_disabled_globally"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.6_Ensure_sudo_authentication_timeout_is_configured_correctly"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.7_Ensure_access_to_the_su_command_is_restricted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.1_Ensure_latest_version_of_pam_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.2_Ensure_latest_version_of_authselect_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.3_Ensure_latest_version_of_libpwquality_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.1_Ensure_active_authselect_profile_includes_pam_modules"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.2_Ensure_pam_faillock_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.3_Ensure_pam_pwquality_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.4_Ensure_pam_pwhistory_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.5_Ensure_pam_unix_module_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.1_Ensure_password_failed_attempts_lockout_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.2_Ensure_password_unlock_time_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.3_Ensure_password_failed_attempts_lockout_includes_root_account"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.1_Ensure_password_number_of_changed_characters_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.2_Ensure_password_length_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.3_Ensure_password_complexity_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.4_Ensure_password_same_consecutive_characters_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.5_Ensure_password_maximum_sequential_characters_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.6_Ensure_password_dictionary_check_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.7_Ensure_password_quality_is_enforced_for_the_root_user"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.1_Ensure_password_history_remember_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.2_Ensure_password_history_is_enforced_for_the_root_user"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.3_Ensure_pam_pwhistory_includes_use_authtok"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.1_Ensure_pam_unix_does_not_include_nullok"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.2_Ensure_pam_unix_does_not_include_remember"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.3_Ensure_pam_unix_includes_a_strong_password_hashing_algorithm"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.4_Ensure_pam_unix_includes_use_authtok"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.1_Ensure_password_expiration_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.2_Ensure_minimum_password_days_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.3_Ensure_password_expiration_warning_days_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.4_Ensure_strong_password_hashing_algorithm_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.5_Ensure_inactive_password_lock_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.6_Ensure_all_users_last_password_change_date_is_in_the_past"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.1_Ensure_root_is_the_only_UID_0_account"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.2_Ensure_root_is_the_only_GID_0_account"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.3_Ensure_group_root_is_the_only_GID_0_group"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.4_Ensure_root_account_access_is_controlled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.5_Ensure_root_path_integrity"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.6_Ensure_root_user_umask_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.7_Ensure_system_accounts_do_not_have_a_valid_login_shell"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.8_Ensure_accounts_without_a_valid_login_shell_are_locked"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.1_Ensure_nologin_is_not_listed_in_etcshells"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.2_Ensure_default_user_shell_timeout_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.3_Ensure_default_user_umask_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.1_Ensure_AIDE_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.2_Ensure_filesystem_integrity_is_regularly_checked"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.3_Ensure_cryptographic_mechanisms_are_used_to_protect_the_integrity_of_audit_tools"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.1_Ensure_journald_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.2_Ensure_journald_log_file_access_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.3_Ensure_journald_log_file_rotation_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.4_Ensure_only_one_logging_system_is_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.1_Ensure_systemd-journal-remote_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.2_Ensure_systemd-journal-upload_authentication_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.3_Ensure_systemd-journal-upload_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.4_Ensure_systemd-journal-remote_service_is_not_in_use"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.2_Ensure_journald_ForwardToSyslog_is_disabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.3_Ensure_journald_Compress_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.4_Ensure_journald_Storage_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.1_Ensure_rsyslog_is_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.2_Ensure_rsyslog_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.3_Ensure_journald_is_configured_to_send_logs_to_rsyslog"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.4_Ensure_rsyslog_log_file_creation_mode_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.5_Ensure_rsyslog_logging_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.6_Ensure_rsyslog_is_configured_to_send_logs_to_a_remote_log_host"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.7_Ensure_rsyslog_is_not_configured_to_receive_logs_from_a_remote_client"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.8_Ensure_rsyslog_logrotate_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.4.1_Ensure_access_to_all_logfiles_has_been_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.1_Ensure_auditd_packages_are_installed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.2_Ensure_auditing_for_processes_that_start_prior_to_auditd_is_enabled"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.3_Ensure_audit_backlog_limit_is_sufficient"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.4_Ensure_auditd_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.1_Ensure_audit_log_storage_size_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.2_Ensure_audit_logs_are_not_automatically_deleted"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.3_Ensure_system_is_disabled_when_audit_logs_are_full"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.4_Ensure_system_warns_when_audit_logs_are_low_on_space"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.1_Ensure_changes_to_system_administration_scope_sudoers_is_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.2_Ensure_actions_as_another_user_are_always_logged"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.3_Ensure_events_that_modify_the_sudo_log_file_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.4_Ensure_events_that_modify_date_and_time_information_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.5_Ensure_events_that_modify_the_systems_network_environment_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.6_Ensure_use_of_privileged_commands_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.7_Ensure_unsuccessful_file_access_attempts_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.8_Ensure_events_that_modify_usergroup_information_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.9_Ensure_discretionary_access_control_permission_modification_events_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.10_Ensure_successful_file_system_mounts_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.11_Ensure_session_initiation_information_is_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.12_Ensure_login_and_logout_events_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.13_Ensure_file_deletion_events_by_users_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.14_Ensure_events_that_modify_the_systems_Mandatory_Access_Controls_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.15_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_chcon_command_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.16_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_setfacl_command_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.17_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_chacl_command_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.18_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_usermod_command_are_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.19_Ensure_kernel_module_loading_unloading_and_modification_is_collected"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.20_Ensure_the_audit_configuration_is_immutable"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.21_Ensure_the_running_and_on_disk_configuration_is_the_same"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.1_Ensure_the_audit_log_file_directory_mode_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.2_Ensure_audit_log_files_mode_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.3_Ensure_audit_log_files_owner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.4_Ensure_audit_log_files_group_owner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.5_Ensure_audit_configuration_files_mode_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.6_Ensure_audit_configuration_files_owner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.7_Ensure_audit_configuration_files_group_owner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.8_Ensure_audit_tools_mode_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.9_Ensure_audit_tools_owner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.10_Ensure_audit_tools_group_owner_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.1_Ensure_permissions_on_etcpasswd_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_etcpasswd-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgroup_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.4_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgroup-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.5_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshadow_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.6_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshadow-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.7_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgshadow_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.8_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgshadow-_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.9_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshells_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.10_Ensure_permissions_on_etcsecurityopasswd_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.11_Ensure_world_writable_files_and_directories_are_secured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.12_Ensure_no_files_or_directories_without_an_owner_and_a_group_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.13_Ensure_SUID_and_SGID_files_are_reviewed"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.1_Ensure_accounts_in_etcpasswd_use_shadowed_passwords"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.2_Ensure_etcshadow_password_fields_are_not_empty"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.3_Ensure_all_groups_in_etcpasswd_exist_in_etcgroup"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.4_Ensure_no_duplicate_UIDs_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.5_Ensure_no_duplicate_GIDs_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.6_Ensure_no_duplicate_user_names_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.7_Ensure_no_duplicate_group_names_exist"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.8_Ensure_local_interactive_user_home_directories_are_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
   <xccdf:select idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.9_Ensure_local_interactive_user_dot_files_access_is_configured"
                 selected="true"/>
</xccdf:Profile>
⇧

Assessment Results

Display Only Essential Hygiene (CIS Critical Security Controls V8- IG-1)
Display Only Failures
More
w Benchmark Item Result
1 Initial Setup
1.1 Filesystem
1.1.1 Configure Filesystem Kernel Modules
1.0 1.1.1.1 Ensure cramfs kernel module is not available Pass
1.0 1.1.1.2 Ensure freevxfs kernel module is not available Pass
1.0 1.1.1.3 Ensure hfs kernel module is not available Pass
1.0 1.1.1.4 Ensure hfsplus kernel module is not available Pass
1.0 1.1.1.5 Ensure jffs2 kernel module is not available Pass
1.0 1.1.1.6 Ensure squashfs kernel module is not available Pass
1.0 1.1.1.7 Ensure udf kernel module is not available Pass
1.0 1.1.1.8 Ensure usb-storage kernel module is not available Pass


1.1.1.9 Ensure unused filesystems kernel modules are not available Manual
1.1.2 Configure Filesystem Partitions
1.1.2.1 Configure /tmp
1.0 1.1.2.1.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.1.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.1.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.1.4 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition Pass
1.1.2.2 Configure /dev/shm
1.0 1.1.2.2.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.2.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.2.4 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition Pass
1.1.2.3 Configure /home
1.0 1.1.2.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home Pass
1.0 1.1.2.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition Pass
1.1.2.4 Configure /var
1.0 1.1.2.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var Pass
1.0 1.1.2.4.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition Pass
1.1.2.5 Configure /var/tmp
1.0 1.1.2.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp Pass
1.0 1.1.2.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.5.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.5.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition Pass
1.1.2.6 Configure /var/log
1.0 1.1.2.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log Pass
1.0 1.1.2.6.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.6.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.6.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition Pass
1.1.2.7 Configure /var/log/audit
1.0 1.1.2.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit Pass
1.0 1.1.2.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition Pass
1.0 1.1.2.7.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition Pass
1.2 Package Management
1.2.1 Configure Package Repositories


1.2.1.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured Manual
1.0 1.2.1.2 Ensure gpgcheck is globally activated Pass


1.2.1.3 Ensure repo_gpgcheck is globally activated Manual


1.2.1.4 Ensure package manager repositories are configured Manual
1.2.2 Configure Package Updates


1.2.2.1 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security software are installed Manual
1.3 Mandatory Access Control
1.3.1 Configure SELinux
1.0 1.3.1.1 Ensure SELinux is installed Pass
1.0 1.3.1.2 Ensure SELinux is not disabled in bootloader configuration Pass
1.0 1.3.1.3 Ensure SELinux policy is configured Pass
1.0 1.3.1.4 Ensure the SELinux mode is not disabled Pass
1.0 1.3.1.5 Ensure the SELinux mode is enforcing Fail


1.3.1.6 Ensure no unconfined services exist Manual
1.0 1.3.1.7 Ensure the MCS Translation Service (mcstrans) is not installed Pass
1.0 1.3.1.8 Ensure SETroubleshoot is not installed Pass
1.4 Configure Bootloader
1.0 1.4.1 Ensure bootloader password is set Pass
1.0 1.4.2 Ensure access to bootloader config is configured Pass
1.5 Configure Additional Process Hardening
1.0 1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization is enabled Pass
1.0 1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted Pass
1.0 1.5.3 Ensure core dump backtraces are disabled Pass
1.0 1.5.4 Ensure core dump storage is disabled Pass
1.6 Configure system wide crypto policy
1.0 1.6.1 Ensure system wide crypto policy is not set to legacy Pass
1.0 1.6.2 Ensure system wide crypto policy is not set in sshd configuration Pass
1.0 1.6.3 Ensure system wide crypto policy disables sha1 hash and signature support Pass
1.0 1.6.4 Ensure system wide crypto policy disables macs less than 128 bits Pass
1.0 1.6.5 Ensure system wide crypto policy disables cbc for ssh Pass


1.6.6 Ensure system wide crypto policy disables chacha20-poly1305 for ssh Manual


1.6.7 Ensure system wide crypto policy disables EtM for ssh Manual
1.7 Configure Command Line Warning Banners
1.0 1.7.1 Ensure message of the day is configured properly Pass
1.0 1.7.2 Ensure local login warning banner is configured properly Pass
1.0 1.7.3 Ensure remote login warning banner is configured properly Pass
1.0 1.7.4 Ensure access to /etc/motd is configured Pass
1.0 1.7.5 Ensure access to /etc/issue is configured Pass
1.0 1.7.6 Ensure access to /etc/issue.net is configured Pass
1.8 Configure GNOME Display Manager
1.0 1.8.1 Ensure GNOME Display Manager is removed Pass
1.0 1.8.2 Ensure GDM login banner is configured Pass
1.0 1.8.3 Ensure GDM disable-user-list option is enabled Pass
1.0 1.8.4 Ensure GDM screen locks when the user is idle Pass
1.0 1.8.5 Ensure GDM screen locks cannot be overridden Pass
1.0 1.8.6 Ensure GDM automatic mounting of removable media is disabled Pass
1.0 1.8.7 Ensure GDM disabling automatic mounting of removable media is not overridden Pass
1.0 1.8.8 Ensure GDM autorun-never is enabled Pass
1.0 1.8.9 Ensure GDM autorun-never is not overridden Pass
1.0 1.8.10 Ensure XDMCP is not enabled Pass
2 Services
2.1 Configure Server Services
1.0 2.1.1 Ensure autofs services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.2 Ensure avahi daemon services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.3 Ensure dhcp server services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.4 Ensure dns server services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.5 Ensure dnsmasq services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.6 Ensure samba file server services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.7 Ensure ftp server services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.8 Ensure message access server services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.9 Ensure network file system services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.10 Ensure nis server services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.11 Ensure print server services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.12 Ensure rpcbind services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.13 Ensure rsync services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.14 Ensure snmp services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.15 Ensure telnet server services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.16 Ensure tftp server services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.17 Ensure web proxy server services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.18 Ensure web server services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.19 Ensure xinetd services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.20 Ensure X window server services are not in use Pass
1.0 2.1.21 Ensure mail transfer agents are configured for local-only mode Pass


2.1.22 Ensure only approved services are listening on a network interface Manual
2.2 Configure Client Services
1.0 2.2.1 Ensure ftp client is not installed Pass
1.0 2.2.2 Ensure ldap client is not installed Pass
1.0 2.2.3 Ensure nis client is not installed Pass
1.0 2.2.4 Ensure telnet client is not installed Pass
1.0 2.2.5 Ensure tftp client is not installed Pass
2.3 Configure Time Synchronization
1.0 2.3.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use Pass
1.0 2.3.2 Ensure chrony is configured Pass
1.0 2.3.3 Ensure chrony is not run as the root user Pass
2.4 Job Schedulers
2.4.1 Configure cron
1.0 2.4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is enabled and active Pass
1.0 2.4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured Pass
1.0 2.4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured Pass
1.0 2.4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured Pass
1.0 2.4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured Pass
1.0 2.4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured Pass
1.0 2.4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured Pass
1.0 2.4.1.8 Ensure crontab is restricted to authorized users Pass
2.4.2 Configure at
1.0 2.4.2.1 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users Pass
3 Network
3.1 Configure Network Devices


3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified Manual
1.0 3.1.2 Ensure wireless interfaces are disabled Pass
1.0 3.1.3 Ensure bluetooth services are not in use Pass
3.2 Configure Network Kernel Modules
1.0 3.2.1 Ensure dccp kernel module is not available Pass
1.0 3.2.2 Ensure tipc kernel module is not available Pass
1.0 3.2.3 Ensure rds kernel module is not available Pass
1.0 3.2.4 Ensure sctp kernel module is not available Pass
3.3 Configure Network Kernel Parameters
1.0 3.3.1 Ensure ip forwarding is disabled Pass
1.0 3.3.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled Pass
1.0 3.3.3 Ensure bogus icmp responses are ignored Pass
1.0 3.3.4 Ensure broadcast icmp requests are ignored Pass
1.0 3.3.5 Ensure icmp redirects are not accepted Fail
1.0 3.3.6 Ensure secure icmp redirects are not accepted Pass
1.0 3.3.7 Ensure reverse path filtering is enabled Pass
1.0 3.3.8 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted Fail
1.0 3.3.9 Ensure suspicious packets are logged Pass
1.0 3.3.10 Ensure tcp syn cookies is enabled Pass
1.0 3.3.11 Ensure ipv6 router advertisements are not accepted Pass
4 Host Based Firewall
4.1 Configure a firewall utility
1.0 4.1.1 Ensure nftables is installed Fail
1.0 4.1.2 Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use Fail
4.2 Configure FirewallD


4.2.1 Ensure firewalld drops unnecessary services and ports Manual
1.0 4.2.2 Ensure firewalld loopback traffic is configured Fail
4.3 Configure NFTables
1.0 4.3.1 Ensure nftables base chains exist Fail


4.3.2 Ensure nftables established connections are configured Manual
1.0 4.3.3 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy Fail
1.0 4.3.4 Ensure nftables loopback traffic is configured Fail
5 Access Control
5.1 Configure SSH Server
1.0 5.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are configured Pass
1.0 5.1.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are configured Pass
1.0 5.1.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are configured Pass
1.0 5.1.4 Ensure sshd Ciphers are configured Pass
1.0 5.1.5 Ensure sshd KexAlgorithms is configured Pass
1.0 5.1.6 Ensure sshd MACs are configured Fail
1.0 5.1.7 Ensure sshd access is configured Fail
1.0 5.1.8 Ensure sshd Banner is configured Pass
1.0 5.1.9 Ensure sshd ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax are configured Pass
1.0 5.1.10 Ensure sshd DisableForwarding is enabled Fail
1.0 5.1.11 Ensure sshd GSSAPIAuthentication is disabled Fail
1.0 5.1.12 Ensure sshd HostbasedAuthentication is disabled Pass
1.0 5.1.13 Ensure sshd IgnoreRhosts is enabled Pass
1.0 5.1.14 Ensure sshd LoginGraceTime is configured Pass
1.0 5.1.15 Ensure sshd LogLevel is configured Pass
1.0 5.1.16 Ensure sshd MaxAuthTries is configured Pass
1.0 5.1.17 Ensure sshd MaxStartups is configured Pass
1.0 5.1.18 Ensure sshd MaxSessions is configured Pass
1.0 5.1.19 Ensure sshd PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled Pass
1.0 5.1.20 Ensure sshd PermitRootLogin is disabled Pass
1.0 5.1.21 Ensure sshd PermitUserEnvironment is disabled Pass
1.0 5.1.22 Ensure sshd UsePAM is enabled Pass
5.2 Configure privilege escalation
1.0 5.2.1 Ensure sudo is installed Pass
1.0 5.2.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty Fail
1.0 5.2.3 Ensure sudo log file exists Fail
1.0 5.2.4 Ensure users must provide password for escalation Fail
1.0 5.2.5 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not disabled globally Pass
1.0 5.2.6 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured correctly Pass
1.0 5.2.7 Ensure access to the su command is restricted Fail
5.3 Pluggable Authentication Modules
5.3.1 Configure PAM software packages
1.0 5.3.1.1 Ensure latest version of pam is installed Pass
1.0 5.3.1.2 Ensure latest version of authselect is installed Pass
1.0 5.3.1.3 Ensure latest version of libpwquality is installed Pass
5.3.2 Configure authselect
1.0 5.3.2.1 Ensure active authselect profile includes pam modules Pass
1.0 5.3.2.2 Ensure pam_faillock module is enabled Fail
1.0 5.3.2.3 Ensure pam_pwquality module is enabled Pass
1.0 5.3.2.4 Ensure pam_pwhistory module is enabled Fail
1.0 5.3.2.5 Ensure pam_unix module is enabled Pass
5.3.3 Configure PAM Arguments
5.3.3.1 Configure pam_faillock module
1.0 5.3.3.1.1 Ensure password failed attempts lockout is configured Fail
1.0 5.3.3.1.2 Ensure password unlock time is configured Fail
1.0 5.3.3.1.3 Ensure password failed attempts lockout includes root account Fail
5.3.3.2 Configure pam_pwquality module
1.0 5.3.3.2.1 Ensure password number of changed characters is configured Fail
1.0 5.3.3.2.2 Ensure password length is configured Fail


5.3.3.2.3 Ensure password complexity is configured Manual
1.0 5.3.3.2.4 Ensure password same consecutive characters is configured Fail
1.0 5.3.3.2.5 Ensure password maximum sequential characters is configured Fail
1.0 5.3.3.2.6 Ensure password dictionary check is enabled Pass
1.0 5.3.3.2.7 Ensure password quality is enforced for the root user Fail
5.3.3.3 Configure pam_pwhistory module
1.0 5.3.3.3.1 Ensure password history remember is configured Fail
1.0 5.3.3.3.2 Ensure password history is enforced for the root user Fail
1.0 5.3.3.3.3 Ensure pam_pwhistory includes use_authtok Fail
5.3.3.4 Configure pam_unix module
1.0 5.3.3.4.1 Ensure pam_unix does not include nullok Fail
1.0 5.3.3.4.2 Ensure pam_unix does not include remember Pass
1.0 5.3.3.4.3 Ensure pam_unix includes a strong password hashing algorithm Pass
1.0 5.3.3.4.4 Ensure pam_unix includes use_authtok Pass
5.4 User Accounts and Environment
5.4.1 Configure shadow password suite parameters
1.0 5.4.1.1 Ensure password expiration is configured Fail


5.4.1.2 Ensure minimum password days is configured Manual
1.0 5.4.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is configured Pass
1.0 5.4.1.4 Ensure strong password hashing algorithm is configured Pass
1.0 5.4.1.5 Ensure inactive password lock is configured Fail
1.0 5.4.1.6 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past Pass
5.4.2 Configure root and system accounts and environment
1.0 5.4.2.1 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account Pass
1.0 5.4.2.2 Ensure root is the only GID 0 account Pass
1.0 5.4.2.3 Ensure group root is the only GID 0 group Pass
1.0 5.4.2.4 Ensure root account access is controlled Fail
1.0 5.4.2.5 Ensure root path integrity Fail
1.0 5.4.2.6 Ensure root user umask is configured Pass
1.0 5.4.2.7 Ensure system accounts do not have a valid login shell Pass
1.0 5.4.2.8 Ensure accounts without a valid login shell are locked Pass
5.4.3 Configure user default environment
1.0 5.4.3.1 Ensure nologin is not listed in /etc/shells Pass
1.0 5.4.3.2 Ensure default user shell timeout is configured Fail
1.0 5.4.3.3 Ensure default user umask is configured Fail
6 Logging and Auditing
6.1 Configure Integrity Checking
1.0 6.1.1 Ensure AIDE is installed Pass
1.0 6.1.2 Ensure filesystem integrity is regularly checked Pass
1.0 6.1.3 Ensure cryptographic mechanisms are used to protect the integrity of audit tools Fail
6.2 System Logging
6.2.1 Configure systemd-journald service
1.0 6.2.1.1 Ensure journald service is enabled and active Pass


6.2.1.2 Ensure journald log file access is configured Manual


6.2.1.3 Ensure journald log file rotation is configured Manual
1.0 6.2.1.4 Ensure only one logging system is in use Pass
6.2.2 Configure journald
6.2.2.1 Configure systemd-journal-remote
1.0 6.2.2.1.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed Pass


6.2.2.1.2 Ensure systemd-journal-upload authentication is configured Manual
1.0 6.2.2.1.3 Ensure systemd-journal-upload is enabled and active Pass
1.0 6.2.2.1.4 Ensure systemd-journal-remote service is not in use Pass
1.0 6.2.2.2 Ensure journald ForwardToSyslog is disabled Pass
1.0 6.2.2.3 Ensure journald Compress is configured Pass
1.0 6.2.2.4 Ensure journald Storage is configured Pass
6.2.3 Configure rsyslog
1.0 6.2.3.1 Ensure rsyslog is installed Pass
1.0 6.2.3.2 Ensure rsyslog service is enabled and active Pass
1.0 6.2.3.3 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to rsyslog Fail
1.0 6.2.3.4 Ensure rsyslog log file creation mode is configured Fail


6.2.3.5 Ensure rsyslog logging is configured Manual


6.2.3.6 Ensure rsyslog is configured to send logs to a remote log host Manual
1.0 6.2.3.7 Ensure rsyslog is not configured to receive logs from a remote client Pass


6.2.3.8 Ensure rsyslog logrotate is configured Manual
6.2.4 Configure Logfiles
1.0 6.2.4.1 Ensure access to all logfiles has been configured Fail
6.3 System Auditing
6.3.1 Configure auditd Service
1.0 6.3.1.1 Ensure auditd packages are installed Pass
1.0 6.3.1.2 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is enabled Fail
1.0 6.3.1.3 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient Fail
1.0 6.3.1.4 Ensure auditd service is enabled and active Pass
6.3.2 Configure Data Retention
1.0 6.3.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured Pass
1.0 6.3.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted Fail
1.0 6.3.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full Fail
1.0 6.3.2.4 Ensure system warns when audit logs are low on space Fail
6.3.3 Configure auditd Rules
1.0 6.3.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope (sudoers) is collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged Fail
1.0 6.3.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network environment are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.7 Ensure unsuccessful file access attempts are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission modification events are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory Access Controls are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chcon command are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the setfacl command are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chacl command are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the usermod command are collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and modification is collected Fail
1.0 6.3.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable Fail


6.3.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same Manual
6.3.4 Configure auditd File Access
1.0 6.3.4.1 Ensure the audit log file directory mode is configured Pass
1.0 6.3.4.2 Ensure audit log files mode is configured Pass
1.0 6.3.4.3 Ensure audit log files owner is configured Pass
1.0 6.3.4.4 Ensure audit log files group owner is configured Pass
1.0 6.3.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files mode is configured Pass
1.0 6.3.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files owner is configured Pass
1.0 6.3.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files group owner is configured Pass
1.0 6.3.4.8 Ensure audit tools mode is configured Pass
1.0 6.3.4.9 Ensure audit tools owner is configured Pass
1.0 6.3.4.10 Ensure audit tools group owner is configured Pass
7 System Maintenance
7.1 System File Permissions
1.0 7.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured Pass
1.0 7.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured Pass
1.0 7.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured Pass
1.0 7.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured Pass
1.0 7.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured Pass
1.0 7.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured Pass
1.0 7.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured Pass
1.0 7.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured Pass
1.0 7.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/shells are configured Pass
1.0 7.1.10 Ensure permissions on /etc/security/opasswd are configured Pass
1.0 7.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured Fail
1.0 7.1.12 Ensure no files or directories without an owner and a group exist Pass


7.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed Manual
7.2 Local User and Group Settings
1.0 7.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed passwords Pass
1.0 7.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty Pass
1.0 7.2.3 Ensure all groups in /etc/passwd exist in /etc/group Pass
1.0 7.2.4 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist Pass
1.0 7.2.5 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist Pass
1.0 7.2.6 Ensure no duplicate user names exist Pass
1.0 7.2.7 Ensure no duplicate group names exist Pass
1.0 7.2.8 Ensure local interactive user home directories are configured Pass
1.0 7.2.9 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is configured Pass
⇧

Assessment Details

1 Initial Setup

Items in this section are advised for all systems, but may be difficult or require extensive preparation after the initial setup of the system.

1.1 Filesystem

The file system is generally a built-in layer used to handle the data management of the storage.

1.1.1 Configure Filesystem Kernel Modules

A number of uncommon filesystem types are supported under Linux. Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the system. If a filesystem type is not needed it should be disabled. Native Linux file systems are designed to ensure that built-in security controls function as expected. Non-native filesystems can lead to unexpected consequences to both the security and functionality of the system and should be used with caution. Many filesystems are created for niche use cases and are not maintained and supported as the operating systems are updated and patched. Users of non-native filesystems should ensure that there is attention and ongoing support for them, especially in light of frequent operating system changes.

Standard network connectivity and Internet access to cloud storage may make the use of non-standard filesystem formats to directly attach heterogeneous devices much less attractive.

Note : This should not be considered a comprehensive list of filesystems. You may wish to consider additions to those listed here for your environment. For the current available file system modules on the system see /usr/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs

Start up scripts

Kernel modules loaded directly via insmod will ignore what is configured in the relevant /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf files. If modules are still being loaded after a reboot whilst having the correctly configured blacklist and install command, check for insmod entries in start up scripts such as .bashrc .

You may also want to check /lib/modprobe.d/ . Please note that this directory should not be used for user defined module loading. Ensure that all such entries resides in /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf files.

Return values

Using /bin/false as the command in disabling a particular module serves two purposes; to convey the meaning of the entry to the user and cause a non-zero return value. The latter can be tested for in scripts. Please note that insmod will ignore what is configured in the relevant /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf files. The preferred way to load modules is with modprobe .

Pass

1.1.1.1 Ensure cramfs kernel module is not available

Description:

The cramfs filesystem type is a compressed read-only Linux filesystem embedded in small footprint systems. A cramfs image can be used without having to first decompress the image.

Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.

Run the following script to unload and disable the cramfs module:

- IF - the cramfs kernel module is available in ANY installed kernel:

  • Create a file ending in .conf with install cramfs /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist cramfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Run modprobe -r cramfs 2>/dev/null; rmmod cramfs 2>/dev/null to remove cramfs from the kernel

- IF - the cramfs kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel, no remediation is necessary

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

l_mod_name="cramfs" # set module name

l_mod_type="fs" # set module type

l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

f_module_fix()

{

l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

}

for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

else

echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

fi

done

[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

}

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - kernel module: "cramfs" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.1_Ensure_cramfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.333+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG Finding ID: V-230498</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670651_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - kernel module: "cramfs" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - kernel module: "cramfs" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
  • URL: STIG Finding ID: V-230498

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.1.2 Ensure freevxfs kernel module is not available

Description:

The freevxfs filesystem type is a free version of the Veritas type filesystem. This is the primary filesystem type for HP-UX operating systems.

Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.

Run the following script to unload and disable the freevxfs module:

- IF - the freevxfs kernel module is available in ANY installed kernel:

  • Create a file ending in .conf with install freevxfs /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist freevxfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Run modprobe -r freevxfs 2>/dev/null; rmmod freevxfs 2>/dev/null to remove freevxfs from the kernel

- IF - the freevxfs kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel, no remediation is necessary

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

l_mod_name="freevxfs" # set module name

l_mod_type="fs" # set module type

l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

f_module_fix()

{

l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

}

for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

else

echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

fi

done

[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

}

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - kernel module: "freevxfs" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.2_Ensure_freevxfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.333+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670654_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - kernel module: "freevxfs" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - kernel module: "freevxfs" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.1.3 Ensure hfs kernel module is not available

Description:

The hfs filesystem type is a hierarchical filesystem that allows you to mount Mac OS filesystems.

Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.

Run the following script to unload and disable the hfs module:

- IF - the hfs kernel module is available in ANY installed kernel:

  • Create a file ending in .conf with install hfs /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist hfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Run modprobe -r hfs 2>/dev/null; rmmod hfs 2>/dev/null to remove hfs from the kernel

- IF - the hfs kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel, no remediation is necessary

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

l_mod_name="hfs" # set module name

l_mod_type="fs" # set module type

l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

f_module_fix()

{

l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

}

for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

else

echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

fi

done

[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

}

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - kernel module: "hfs" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.3_Ensure_hfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.334+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670658_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - kernel module: "hfs" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - kernel module: "hfs" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.1.4 Ensure hfsplus kernel module is not available

Description:

The hfsplus filesystem type is a hierarchical filesystem designed to replace hfs that allows you to mount Mac OS filesystems.

Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.

Run the following script to unload and disable the hfsplus module:

- IF - the hfsplus kernel module is available in ANY installed kernel:

  • Create a file ending in .conf with install hfsplus /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist hfsplus in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Run modprobe -r hfsplus 2>/dev/null; rmmod hfsplus 2>/dev/null to remove hfsplus from the kernel

- IF - the hfsplus kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel, no remediation is necessary

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

l_mod_name="hfsplus" # set module name

l_mod_type="fs" # set module type

l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

f_module_fix()

{

l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

}

for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

else

echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

fi

done

[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

}

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - kernel module: "hfsplus" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.4_Ensure_hfsplus_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.334+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670660_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - kernel module: "hfsplus" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - kernel module: "hfsplus" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.1.5 Ensure jffs2 kernel module is not available

Description:

The jffs2 (journaling flash filesystem 2) filesystem type is a log-structured filesystem used in flash memory devices.

Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.

Run the following script to unload and disable the jffs2 module:

- IF - the jffs2 kernel module is available in ANY installed kernel:

  • Create a file ending in .conf with install jffs2 /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist jffs2 in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Run modprobe -r jffs2 2>/dev/null; rmmod jffs2 2>/dev/null to remove jffs2 from the kernel

- IF - the jffs2 kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel, no remediation is necessary

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

l_mod_name="jffs2" # set module name

l_mod_type="fs" # set module type

l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

f_module_fix()

{

l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

}

for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

else

echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

fi

done

[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

}

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - kernel module: "jffs2" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.5_Ensure_jffs2_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.334+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670663_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - kernel module: "jffs2" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - kernel module: "jffs2" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.1.6 Ensure squashfs kernel module is not available

Description:

The squashfs filesystem type is a compressed read-only Linux filesystem embedded in small footprint systems. A squashfs image can be used without having to first decompress the image.

Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.

Run the following script to unload and disable the udf module:

- IF - the squashfs kernel module is available in ANY installed kernel:

  • Create a file ending in .conf with install squashfs /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist squashfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Run modprobe -r squashfs 2>/dev/null; rmmod squashfs 2>/dev/null to remove squashfs from the kernel

- IF - the squashfs kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel, no remediation is necessary

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

l_mod_name="squashfs" # set module name

l_mod_type="fs" # set module type

l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

f_module_fix()

{

l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

}

for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

else

echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

fi

done

[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

}

Impact:

As Snap packages utilize squashfs as a compressed filesystem, disabling squashfs will cause Snap packages to fail.

Snap application packages of software are self-contained and work across a range of Linux distributions. This is unlike traditional Linux package management approaches, like APT or RPM, which require specifically adapted packages per Linux distribution on an application update and delay therefore application deployment from developers to their software's end-user. Snaps themselves have no dependency on any external store ("App store"), can be obtained from any source and can be therefore used for upstream software deployment.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • -- INFO --
  • - module: "squashfs" exists in:
  • - "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - kernel module: "squashfs" is not loaded
  • - kernel module: "squashfs" is not loadable
  • - kernel module: "squashfs" is deny listed
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.6_Ensure_squashfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.334+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">LRI:</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">LAI: &lt;LRI&gt;:&lt;Specific ID&gt;</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670668_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
                  <l> -- INFO --</l>
                  <l> - module: "squashfs" exists in:</l>
                  <l>  - "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l>  - kernel module: "squashfs" is not loaded</l>
                  <l>  - kernel module: "squashfs" is not loadable</l>
                  <l>  - kernel module: "squashfs" is deny listed</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                              <li> -- INFO --</li>
                              <li> - module: "squashfs" exists in:</li>
                              <li>  - "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li>  - kernel module: "squashfs" is not loaded</li>
                              <li>  - kernel module: "squashfs" is not loadable</li>
                              <li>  - kernel module: "squashfs" is deny listed</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
  • URL: LRI:
  • URL: LAI: <LRI>:<Specific ID>

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.1.7 Ensure udf kernel module is not available

Description:

The udf filesystem type is the universal disk format used to implement ISO/IEC 13346 and ECMA-167 specifications. This is an open vendor filesystem type for data storage on a broad range of media. This filesystem type is necessary to support writing DVDs and newer optical disc formats.

Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.

Run the following script to unload and disable the udf module:

- IF - the udf kernel module is available in ANY installed kernel:

  • Create a file ending in .conf with install udf /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist udf in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Run modprobe -r udf 2>/dev/null; rmmod udf 2>/dev/null to remove udf from the kernel

- IF - the udf kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel, no remediation is necessary

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

l_mod_name="udf" # set module name

l_mod_type="fs" # set module type

l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

f_module_fix()

{

l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

}

for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

else

echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

fi

done

[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

}

Impact:

Microsoft Azure requires the usage of udf .

udfshould not be disabled on systems run on Microsoft Azure.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • -- INFO --
  • - module: "udf" exists in:
  • - "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - kernel module: "udf" is not loaded
  • - kernel module: "udf" is not loadable
  • - kernel module: "udf" is deny listed
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.7_Ensure_udf_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.334+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670672_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
                  <l> -- INFO --</l>
                  <l> - module: "udf" exists in:</l>
                  <l>  - "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l>  - kernel module: "udf" is not loaded</l>
                  <l>  - kernel module: "udf" is not loadable</l>
                  <l>  - kernel module: "udf" is deny listed</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                              <li> -- INFO --</li>
                              <li> - module: "udf" exists in:</li>
                              <li>  - "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/fs"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li>  - kernel module: "udf" is not loaded</li>
                              <li>  - kernel module: "udf" is not loadable</li>
                              <li>  - kernel module: "udf" is deny listed</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.1.8 Ensure usb-storage kernel module is not available

Description:

USB storage provides a means to transfer and store files ensuring persistence and availability of the files independent of network connection status. Its popularity and utility has led to USB-based malware being a simple and common means for network infiltration and a first step to establishing a persistent threat within a networked environment.

Restricting USB access on the system will decrease the physical attack surface for a device and diminish the possible vectors to introduce malware.

Run the following script to unload and disable the usb-storage module:

- IF - the usb-storage kernel module is available in ANY installed kernel:

  • Create a file ending in .conf with install usb-storage /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist usb-storage in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Run modprobe -r usb-storage 2>/dev/null; rmmod usb-storage 2>/dev/null to remove usb-storage from the kernel

- IF - the usb-storage kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel, no remediation is necessary

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

l_mod_name="usb-storage" # set module name

l_mod_type="drivers" # set module type

l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

f_module_fix()

{

l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

}

for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

else

echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

fi

done

[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

}

Impact:

Disabling the usb-storage module will disable any usage of USB storage devices.

If requirements and local site policy allow the use of such devices, other solutions should be configured accordingly instead. One example of a commonly used solution is USBGuard .

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • -- INFO --
  • - module: "usb-storage" exists in:
  • - "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/drivers"
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - kernel module: "usb-storage" is not loaded
  • - kernel module: "usb-storage" is not loadable
  • - kernel module: "usb-storage" is deny listed
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.8_Ensure_usb-storage_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.334+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/13/subcontrol/7"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670680_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
                  <l> -- INFO --</l>
                  <l> - module: "usb-storage" exists in:</l>
                  <l>  - "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/drivers"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l>  - kernel module: "usb-storage" is not loaded</l>
                  <l>  - kernel module: "usb-storage" is not loadable</l>
                  <l>  - kernel module: "usb-storage" is deny listed</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                              <li> -- INFO --</li>
                              <li> - module: "usb-storage" exists in:</li>
                              <li>  - "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/drivers"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li>  - kernel module: "usb-storage" is not loaded</li>
                              <li>  - kernel module: "usb-storage" is not loadable</li>
                              <li>  - kernel module: "usb-storage" is deny listed</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-3

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 13: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to prevent data exfiltration, mitigate the effects of exfiltrated data, and ensure the privacy and integrity of sensitive information.
    Subcontrol: 13.7
    Label: Manage USB Devices
    Description: If USB storage devices are required, enterprise software should be used that can configure systems to allow the use of specific devices. An inventory of such devices should be maintained.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications, code, or scripts on enterprise assets.
    Safeguard: 10.3
    Label: Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media
    Description: Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Manual

1.1.1.9 Ensure unused filesystems kernel modules are not available

Description:

Filesystem kernel modules are pieces of code that can be dynamically loaded into the Linux kernel to extend its filesystem capabilities, or so-called base kernel, of an operating system. Filesystem kernel modules are typically used to add support for new hardware (as device drivers), or for adding system calls.

While loadable filesystem kernel modules are a convenient method of modifying the running kernel, this can be abused by attackers on a compromised system to prevent detection of their processes or files, allowing them to maintain control over the system. Many rootkits make use of loadable filesystem kernel modules in this way.

Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it. The following filesystem kernel modules have known CVE's and should be made unavailable if no dependencies exist:

  • afs - CVE-2022-37402
  • ceph - CVE-2022-0670
  • cifs - CVE-2022-29869
  • exfat CVE-2022-29973
  • ext CVE-2022-1184
  • fat CVE-2022-22043
  • fscache CVE-2022-3630
  • fuse CVE-2023-0386
  • gfs2 CVE-2023-3212
  • nfs_common CVE-2023-6660
  • nfsd CVE-2022-43945
  • smbfs_common CVE-2022-2585

- IF - the module is available in the running kernel:

  • Unload the filesystem kernel module from the kernel
  • Create a file ending in .conf with install filesystem kernel modules /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
  • Create a file ending in .conf with deny list filesystem kernel modules in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

WARNING : unloading, disabling or denylisting filesystem modules that are in use on the system maybe FATAL. It is extremely important to thoroughly review the filesystems returned by the audit before following the remediation procedure.

Example of unloading the gfs2 kernel module:

# modprobe -r gfs2 2>/dev/null

# rmmod gfs2 2>/dev/null

Example of fully disabling the gfs2 kernel module:

# printf '%s\n' "blacklist gfs2" "install gfs2 /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/gfs2.conf

Note:

  • Disabling a kernel module by modifying the command above for each unused filesystem kernel module
  • The example gfs2 must be updated with the appropriate module name for the command or example script bellow to run correctly.

Below is an example Script that can be modified to use on various filesystem kernel modules manual remediation process:

Example Script

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

l_mod_name="gfs2" # set module name

l_mod_type="fs" # set module type

l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

f_module_fix()

{

l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

fi

}

for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

else

echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

fi

done

[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

}

Impact:

This list may be quite extensive and covering all edges cases is difficult. Therefore, it's crucial to carefully consider the implications and dependencies before making any changes to the filesystem kernel module configurations.



Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.9_Ensure_unused_filesystems_kernel_modules_are_not_available"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.334+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=filesystem</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=filesystem

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.1.2 Configure Filesystem Partitions

Directories that are used for system-wide functions can be further protected by placing them on separate partitions. This provides protection for resource exhaustion and enables the use of mounting options that are applicable to the directory's intended use. Users' data can be stored on separate partitions and have stricter mount options. A user partition is a filesystem that has been established for use by the users and does not contain software for system operations.

The recommendations in this section are easier to perform during initial system installation. If the system is already installed, it is recommended that a full backup be performed before repartitioning the system.

Note:

-IF- you are repartitioning a system that has already been installed (This may require the system to be in single-user mode):

  • Mount the new partition to a temporary mountpoint e.g. mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
  • Copy data from the original partition to the new partition. e.g. cp -a /var/tmp/* /mnt
  • Verify that all data is present on the new partition. e.g. ls -la /mnt
  • Unmount the new partition. e.g. umount /mnt
  • Remove the data from the original directory that was in the old partition. e.g. rm -Rf /var/tmp/* Otherwise it will still consume space in the old partition that will be masked when the new filesystem is mounted.
  • Mount the new partition to the desired mountpoint. e.g. mount /dev/sda2 /var/tmp
  • Update /etc/fstab with the new mountpoint. e.g. /dev/sda2 /var/tmp xfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

1.1.2.1 Configure /tmp

The /tmp directory is a world-writable directory used to store data used by the system and user applications for a short period of time. This data should have no expectation of surviving a reboot, as this directory is intended to be emptied after each reboot.

Pass

1.1.2.1.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition

Description:

The /tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all users and some applications.

- IF - an entry for /tmp exists in /etc/fstab it will take precedence over entries in systemd default unit file.

Note: In an environment where the main system is diskless and connected to iSCSI, entries in /etc/fstab may not take precedence.

/tmp can be configured to use tmpfs .

tmpfs puts everything into the kernel internal caches and grows and shrinks to accommodate the files it contains and is able to swap unneeded pages out to swap space. It has maximum size limits which can be adjusted on the fly via mount -o remount .

Since tmpfs lives completely in the page cache and on swap, all tmpfs pages will be shown as "Shmem" in /proc/meminfo and "Shared" in free . Notice that these counters also include shared memory. The most reliable way to get the count is using df and du .

tmpfs has three mount options for sizing:

  • size : The limit of allocated bytes for this tmpfs instance. The default is half of your physical RAM without swap. If you oversize your tmpfs instances the machine will deadlock since the OOM handler will not be able to free that memory.
  • nr_blocks : The same as size, but in blocks of PAGE_SIZE.
  • nr_inodes : The maximum number of inodes for this instance. The default is half of the number of your physical RAM pages, or (on a machine with highmem) the number of lowmem RAM pages, whichever is the lower.

These parameters accept a suffix k, m or g and can be changed on remount. The size parameter also accepts a suffix % to limit this tmpfs instance to that percentage of your physical RAM. The default, when neither size nor nr_blocks is specified, is size=50% .

Making /tmp its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such as the noexec option on the mount, making /tmp useless for an attacker to install executable code. It would also prevent an attacker from establishing a hard link to a system setuid program and wait for it to be updated. Once the program was updated, the hard link would be broken, and the attacker would have his own copy of the program. If the program happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker could continue to exploit the known flaw.

This can be accomplished by either mounting tmpfs to /tmp , or creating a separate partition for /tmp .

First ensure that systemd is correctly configured to ensure that /tmp will be mounted at boot time.

# systemctl unmask tmp.mount

For specific configuration requirements of the /tmp mount for your environment, modify /etc/fstab .

Example of using tmpfs with specific mount options:

tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=2G 0 0

Note: the size=2G is an example of setting a specific size for tmpfs .

Example of using a volume or disk with specific mount options. The source location of the volume or disk will vary depending on your environment:

<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0

Impact:

By design files saved to /tmp should have no expectation of surviving a reboot of the system. tmpfs is ram based and all files stored to tmpfs will be lost when the system is rebooted.

If files need to be persistent through a reboot, they should be saved to /var/tmp not /tmp .

Since the /tmp directory is intended to be world-writable, there is a risk of resource exhaustion if it is not bound to tmpfs or a separate partition.

Running out of /tmp space is a problem regardless of what kind of filesystem lies under it, but in a configuration where /tmp is not a separate file system it will essentially have the whole disk available, as the default installation only creates a single / partition. On the other hand, a RAM-based /tmp (as with tmpfs ) will almost certainly be much smaller, which can lead to applications filling up the filesystem much more easily. Another alternative is to create a dedicated partition for /tmp from a separate volume or disk. One of the downsides of a disk-based dedicated partition is that it will be slower than tmpfs which is RAM-based.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point: "/tmp" exists
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.1_Ensure_tmp_is_a_separate_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.335+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-fstab-generator.html</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670686_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point: "/tmp" exists</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point: "/tmp" exists</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/
  • URL: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-fstab-generator.html
  • URL: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.1.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition

Description:

The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Since the /tmp filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /tmp .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /tmp .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /tmp partition.

Example:

<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /tmp with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /tmp

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/tmp"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.335+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670695_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/tmp"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/tmp"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.1.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition

Description:

The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Since the /tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /tmp .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /tmp .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /tmp partition.

Example:

<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /tmp with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /tmp

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/tmp"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.335+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670702_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/tmp"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/tmp"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.1.4 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition

Description:

The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries.

Since the /tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to ensure that users cannot run executable binaries from /tmp .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /tmp .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add noexec to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /tmp partition.

Example:

<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /tmp with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /tmp

Impact:

Setting the noexec option on /tmp may prevent installation and/or updating of some 3rd party software.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/tmp"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.335+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670709_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/tmp"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/tmp"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.1.2.2 Configure /dev/shm

The /dev/shm directory is a world-writable directory that can function as shared memory that facilitates inter process communication (IPC)

Pass

1.1.2.2.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition

Description:

The /dev/shm directory is a world-writable directory that can function as shared memory that facilitates inter process communication (IPC).

Making /dev/shm its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such as the noexec option on the mount, making /dev/shm useless for an attacker to install executable code. It would also prevent an attacker from establishing a hard link to a system setuid program and wait for it to be updated. Once the program was updated, the hard link would be broken and the attacker would have his own copy of the program. If the program happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker could continue to exploit the known flaw.

This can be accomplished by mounting tmpfs to /dev/shm .

For specific configuration requirements of the /dev/shm mount for your environment, modify /etc/fstab .

Example:

tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=2G 0 0

Impact:

Since the /dev/shm directory is intended to be world-writable, there is a risk of resource exhaustion if it is not bound to a separate partition.

/dev/shm utilizing tmpfs can be resized using the size={size} parameter in the relevant entry in /etc/fstab .

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point: "/dev/shm" exists
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.1_Ensure_devshm_is_a_separate_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.335+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-fstab-generator.html</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670720_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point: "/dev/shm" exists</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point: "/dev/shm" exists</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/
  • URL: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-fstab-generator.html
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition

Description:

The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Since the /dev/shm filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users cannot attempt to create special devices in /dev/shm partitions.

- IF - a separate partition exists for /dev/shm .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /dev/shm partition. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

Example:

tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /dev/shm with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /dev/shm

Note: It is recommended to use tmpfs as the device/filesystem type as /dev/shm is used as shared memory space by applications.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/dev/shm"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.335+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670726_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/dev/shm"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/dev/shm"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.2.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition

Description:

The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Setting this option on a file system prevents users from introducing privileged programs onto the system and allowing non-root users to execute them.

- IF - a separate partition exists for /dev/shm .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /dev/shm partition. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

Example:

tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /dev/shm with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /dev/shm

Note: It is recommended to use tmpfs as the device/filesystem type as /dev/shm is used as shared memory space by applications.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/dev/shm"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.335+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670735_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/dev/shm"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/dev/shm"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.2.4 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition

Description:

The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries.

Setting this option on a file system prevents users from executing programs from shared memory. This deters users from introducing potentially malicious software on the system.

- IF - a separate partition exists for /dev/shm .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add noexec to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /dev/shm partition.

Example:

tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /dev/shm with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /dev/shm

Note: It is recommended to use tmpfs as the device/filesystem type as /dev/shm is used as shared memory space by applications.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/dev/shm"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.337+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670742_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/dev/shm"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/dev/shm"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.1.2.3 Configure /home

Please note that home directories can be mounted anywhere and are not necessarily restricted to /home , nor restricted to a single location, nor is the name restricted in any way.

Finding user home directories can be done by looking in /etc/passwd , looking over the mounted file systems with mount or querying the relevant database with getent .

for user in $(awk -F ':' '{print $1}' /etc/passwd); do echo "${user} - $(sudo getent passwd ${user} | awk -F ':' '{print $NF}')"; done
Pass

1.1.2.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home

Description:

The /home directory is used to support disk storage needs of local users.

The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /home directory contains user generated data, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It will essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system as a whole. In addition, other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated to /home and impact all local users.

Configuring /home as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev . These options limit an attacker's ability to create exploits on the system. In the case of /home options such as usrquota/grpquota may be considered to limit the impact that users can have on each other with regards to disk resource exhaustion. Other options allow for specific behavior. See man mount for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.

As /home contains user data, care should be taken to ensure the security and integrity of the data and mount point.

For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify a separate partition for /home .

For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure /etc/fstab as appropriate.

Impact:

Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem partitions may prevent successful resizing or may require the installation of additional tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools may introduce their own security considerations.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point: "/home" exists
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_home"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.337+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670751_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point: "/home" exists</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point: "/home" exists</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition

Description:

The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Since the /home filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /home .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /home .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /home partition.

Example:

<device> /home <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /home with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /home

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/home"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_home_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.337+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670758_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/home"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/home"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition

Description:

The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Since the /home filesystem is only intended for user file storage, set this option to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /home .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /home .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /home partition.

Example:

<device> /home <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /home with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /home

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/home"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_home_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.337+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670764_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/home"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/home"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.1.2.4 Configure /var

The /var directory is used by daemons and other system services to temporarily store dynamic data. Some directories created by these processes may be world-writable.

Pass

1.1.2.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var

Description:

The /var directory is used by daemons and other system services to temporarily store dynamic data. Some directories created by these processes may be world-writable.

The reasoning for mounting /var on a separate partition is as follows.

The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /var directory may contain world-writable files and directories, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It will essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system. In addition, other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated to /var and cause unintended behavior across the system as the disk is full. See man auditd.conf for details.

Configuring /var as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev . These options limit an attacker's ability to create exploits on the system. Other options allow for specific behavior. See man mount for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.

An example of exploiting /var may be an attacker establishing a hard-link to a system setuid program and waiting for it to be updated. Once the program is updated, the hard-link can be broken and the attacker would have their own copy of the program. If the program happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker could continue to exploit the known flaw.

For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify a separate partition for /var .

For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure /etc/fstab as appropriate.

Impact:

Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem partitions may prevent successful resizing or may require the installation of additional tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools may introduce their own security considerations.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point: "/var" exists
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_var"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.337+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670774_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point: "/var" exists</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point: "/var" exists</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.4.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition

Description:

The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Since the /var filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /var .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /var .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var partition.

Example:

<device> /var <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /var with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /var

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/var"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_var_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.337+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670780_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/var"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/var"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition

Description:

The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Since the /var filesystem is only intended for variable files such as logs, set this option to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /var .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /var .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var partition.

Example:

<device> /var <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /var with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /var

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/var"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_var_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.337+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670787_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/var"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/var"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.1.2.5 Configure /var/tmp

The /var/tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all users and some applications. Temporary files residing in /var/tmp are to be preserved between reboots.

Pass

1.1.2.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp

Description:

The /var/tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all users and some applications. Temporary files residing in /var/tmp are to be preserved between reboots.

The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /var/tmp directory is world-writable, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. In addition, other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated to /var/tmp and cause potential disruption to daemons as the disk is full.

Configuring /var/tmp as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev . These options limit an attacker's ability to create exploits on the system.

For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify a separate partition for /var/tmp .

For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure /etc/fstab as appropriate.

Impact:

Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem partitions may prevent successful resizing or may require the installation of additional tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools may introduce their own security considerations.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point: "/var/tmp" exists
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_vartmp"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670799_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point: "/var/tmp" exists</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point: "/var/tmp" exists</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition

Description:

The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Since the /var/tmp filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /var/tmp .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/tmp .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var/tmp partition.

Example:

<device> /var/tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /var/tmp with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /var/tmp

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/var/tmp"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670807_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/var/tmp"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/var/tmp"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.5.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition

Description:

The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Since the /var/tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /var/tmp .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/tmp .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var/tmp partition.

Example:

<device> /var/tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /var/tmp with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /var/tmp

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/var/tmp"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670819_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/var/tmp"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/var/tmp"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.5.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition

Description:

The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries.

Since the /var/tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to ensure that users cannot run executable binaries from /var/tmp .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/tmp .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add noexec to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var/tmp partition.

Example:

<device> /var/tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /var/tmp with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /var/tmp

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/var/tmp"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670828_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/var/tmp"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/var/tmp"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.1.2.6 Configure /var/log

The /var/log directory is used by system services to store log data.

Pass

1.1.2.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log

Description:

The /var/log directory is used by system services to store log data.

The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /var/log directory contains log files which can grow quite large, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It will essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system as a whole.

Configuring /var/log as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev . These options limit an attackers ability to create exploits on the system. Other options allow for specific behavior. See man mount for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.

As /var/log contains log files, care should be taken to ensure the security and integrity of the data and mount point.

For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify a separate partition for /var/log .

For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure /etc/fstab as appropriate.

Impact:

Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem partitions may prevent successful resizing, or may require the installation of additional tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools may introduce their own security considerations.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point: "/var/log" exists
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_varlog"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670838_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point: "/var/log" exists</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point: "/var/log" exists</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
    Subcontrol: 6.4
    Label: Ensure adequate storage for logs
    Description: Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the logs generated.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
    Safeguard: 8.3
    Label: Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage
    Description: Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's audit log management process.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.6.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition

Description:

The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Since the /var/log filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /var/log .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var/log partition.

Example:

<device> /var/log <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /var/log with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /var/log

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/var/log"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670845_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/var/log"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/var/log"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.6.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition

Description:

The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Since the /var/log filesystem is only intended for log files, set this option to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /var/log .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var/log partition.

Example:

<device> /var/log <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /var/log with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /var/log

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/var/log"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670853_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/var/log"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/var/log"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.6.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition

Description:

The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries.

Since the /var/log filesystem is only intended for log files, set this option to ensure that users cannot run executable binaries from /var/log .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add noexec to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var/log partition.

Example:

<device> /var/log <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /var/log with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /var/log

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/var/log"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670860_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/var/log"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/var/log"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.1.2.7 Configure /var/log/audit

The auditing daemon, auditd , stores log data in the /var/log/audit directory.

Pass

1.1.2.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit

Description:

The auditing daemon, auditd , stores log data in the /var/log/audit directory.

The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /var/log/audit directory contains the audit.log file which can grow quite large, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It will essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system as a whole. In addition, other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated to /var/log/audit and cause auditd to trigger its space_left_action as the disk is full. See man auditd.conf for details.

Configuring /var/log/audit as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev . These options limit an attacker's ability to create exploits on the system. Other options allow for specific behavior. See man mount for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.

As /var/log/audit contains audit logs, care should be taken to ensure the security and integrity of the data and mount point.

For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify a separate partition for /var/log/audit .

For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure /etc/fstab as appropriate.

Impact:

Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem partitions may prevent successful resizing or may require the installation of additional tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools may introduce their own security considerations.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point: "/var/log/audit" exists
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_varlogaudit"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670867_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point: "/var/log/audit" exists</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point: "/var/log/audit" exists</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
    Subcontrol: 6.4
    Label: Ensure adequate storage for logs
    Description: Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the logs generated.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
    Safeguard: 8.3
    Label: Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage
    Description: Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's audit log management process.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition

Description:

The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Since the /var/log/audit filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /var/log/audit .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log/audit .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var/log/audit partition.

Example:

<device> /var/log/audit <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /var/log/audit with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /var/log/audit

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/var/log/audit"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670873_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/var/log/audit"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/var/log/audit"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition

Description:

The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Since the /var/log/audit filesystem is only intended for variable files such as logs, set this option to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /var/log/audit .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log/audit .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var/log/audit partition.

Example:

<device> /var/log/audit <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /var/log/audit with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /var/log/audit

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/var/log/audit"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670881_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/var/log/audit"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/var/log/audit"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.1.2.7.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition

Description:

The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries.

Since the /var/log/audit filesystem is only intended for audit logs, set this option to ensure that users cannot run executable binaries from /var/log/audit .

- IF - a separate partition exists for /var/log/audit .

Edit the /etc/fstab file and add noexec to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var/log/audit partition.

Example:

<device> /var/log/audit <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Run the following command to remount /var/log/audit with the configured options:

# mount -o remount /var/log/audit

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/var/log/audit"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670888_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l> - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/var/log/audit"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li> - Mount point option: "noexec" exists on: "/var/log/audit"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.2 Package Management

Patch management procedures may vary widely between enterprises. Large enterprises may choose to install a local updates server that can be used in place of their distributions servers, whereas a single deployment of a system may prefer to get updates directly. Updates can be performed automatically or manually, depending on the site's policy for patch management. Organizations may prefer to test patches against their environment on a non-production system before rolling out to production.

Outdated software is vulnerable to cyber criminals and hackers. Software updates help reduce the risk to your organization. The release of software update notes often reveal the patched exploitable entry points to the public. Public knowledge of these exploits cans your organization more vulnerable to malicious actors attempting to gain entry to your system's data.

Software updates often offer new and improved features and speed enhancements

For the purpose of this benchmark, the requirement is to ensure that a patch management process is defined and maintained, the specifics of which are left to the organization.

1.2.1 Configure Package Repositories

Patch management procedures may vary widely between enterprises. Large enterprises may choose to install a local updates server that can be used in place of their distributions servers, whereas a single deployment of a system may prefer to get updates directly. Updates can be performed automatically or manually, depending on the site's policy for patch management. Organizations may prefer to test patches against their environment on a non-production system before rolling out to production.

Outdated software is vulnerable to cyber criminals and hackers. Software updates help reduce the risk to your organization. The release of software update notes often reveals the patched exploitable entry points to the public. Public knowledge of these exploits can leave your organization more vulnerable to malicious actors attempting to gain access to your system's data.

Note: Creation of an appropriate patch management policy is left to the organization.

Manual

1.2.1.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured

Description:

The RPM Package Manager implements GPG key signing to verify package integrity during and after installation.

It is important to ensure that updates are obtained from a valid source to protect against spoofing that could lead to the inadvertent installation of malware on the system. To this end, verify that GPG keys are configured correctly for your system.

Update your package manager GPG keys in accordance with site policy.



Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.1_Ensure_GPG_keys_are_configured"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers.
    Subcontrol: 3.4
    Label: Deploy Automated Operating System Patch Management Tools
    Description: Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating systems are running the most recent security updates provided by the software vendor.
  • Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers.
    Subcontrol: 3.5
    Label: Deploy Automated Software Patch Management Tools
    Description: Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that third-party software on all systems is running the most recent security updates provided by the software vendor.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize, the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources for new threat and vulnerability information.
    Safeguard: 7.3
    Label: Perform Automated Operating System Patch Management
    Description: Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
  • Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize, the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources for new threat and vulnerability information.
    Safeguard: 7.4
    Label: Perform Automated Application Patch Management
    Description: Perform application updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.2.1.2 Ensure gpgcheck is globally activated

Description:

The gpgcheck option, found in the main section of the /etc/dnf/dnf.conf and individual /etc/yum.repos.d/* files, determines if an RPM package's signature is checked prior to its installation.

It is important to ensure that an RPM's package signature is always checked prior to installation to ensure that the software is obtained from a trusted source.

Edit /etc/dnf/dnf.conf and set gpgcheck=1 :

Example

# sed -i 's/^gpgcheck\s*=\s*.*/gpgcheck=1/' /etc/dnf/dnf.conf

Edit any failing files in /etc/yum.repos.d/* and set all instances starting with gpgcheck to 1 .

Example:

# find /etc/yum.repos.d/ -name "*.repo" -exec echo "Checking:" {} \; -exec sed -i 's/^gpgcheck\s*=\s*.*/gpgcheck=1/' {} \;

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensurefile(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/yum.repos.d exists and matches pattern ^\h*gpgcheck\h*=\h*(0|[2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+|false|no)\b
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/dnf/dnf.conf exists and matches pattern ^\h*gpgcheck\h*=\h*(1|true|yes)\b
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
Textfilecontent Item
Name Type Status Value
Filepath String Exists /etc/dnf/dnf.conf
Path String Exists /etc/dnf
Filename String Exists dnf.conf
Pattern String Exists ^\h*gpgcheck\h*=\h*(1|true|yes)\b
Instance Int Exists 1
Line String Exists gpgcheck=1
Text String Exists gpgcheck=1
Subexpression String Exists 1
Windows View String Not collected No Value
Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/dnf/dnf.conf exists and matches pattern ^\h*gpgcheck\h*=\h*(0|[2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+|false|no)\b
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.2_Ensure_gpgcheck_is_globally_activated"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670897"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670897">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670897"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensurefile(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/yum.repos.d exists and matches pattern ^\h*gpgcheck\h*=\h*(0|[2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+|false|no)\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670904"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670904">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670904"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/dnf/dnf.conf exists and matches pattern ^\h*gpgcheck\h*=\h*(1|true|yes)\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/dnf/dnf.conf</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Path</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/dnf</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filename</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>dnf.conf</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Pattern</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>^\h*gpgcheck\h*=\h*(1|true|yes)\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Instance</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Line</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>gpgcheck=1</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Text</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>gpgcheck=1</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Subexpression</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Windows View</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Not collected</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670911"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670911">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670911"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/dnf/dnf.conf exists and matches pattern ^\h*gpgcheck\h*=\h*(0|[2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+|false|no)\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers.
    Subcontrol: 3.4
    Label: Deploy Automated Operating System Patch Management Tools
    Description: Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating systems are running the most recent security updates provided by the software vendor.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize, the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources for new threat and vulnerability information.
    Safeguard: 7.3
    Label: Perform Automated Operating System Patch Management
    Description: Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Manual

1.2.1.3 Ensure repo_gpgcheck is globally activated

Description:

The repo_gpgcheck option, found in the main section of the /etc/dnf/dnf.conf and individual /etc/yum.repos.d/* files, will perform a GPG signature check on the repodata.

It is important to ensure that the repository data signature is always checked prior to installation to ensure that the software is not tampered with in any way.

Global configuration

Edit /etc/dnf/dnf.conf and set repo_gpgcheck=1 in the [main] section.

Example:

[main]

repo_gpgcheck=1

Per repository configuration

First check that the particular repository support GPG checking on the repodata.

Edit any failing files in /etc/yum.repos.d/* and set all instances starting with repo_gpgcheck to 1 .

Impact:

Not all repositories, notably RedHat, support repo_gpgcheck . Take care to set this value to false (default) for particular repositories that do not support it. If enabled on repositories that do not support repo_gpgcheck installation of packages will fail.

Research is required by the user to determine which repositories is configured on the local system and, from that list, which support repo_gpgcheck .



Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.3_Ensure_repo_gpgcheck_is_globally_activated"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers.
    Subcontrol: 3.4
    Label: Deploy Automated Operating System Patch Management Tools
    Description: Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating systems are running the most recent security updates provided by the software vendor.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize, the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources for new threat and vulnerability information.
    Safeguard: 7.3
    Label: Perform Automated Operating System Patch Management
    Description: Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Manual

1.2.1.4 Ensure package manager repositories are configured

Description:

Systems need to have the respective package manager repositories configured to ensure that the system is able to receive the latest patches and updates.

If a system's package repositories are misconfigured, important patches may not be identified or a rogue repository could introduce compromised software.

Configure your package manager repositories according to site policy.



Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.4_Ensure_package_manager_repositories_are_configured"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers.
    Subcontrol: 3.4
    Label: Deploy Automated Operating System Patch Management Tools
    Description: Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating systems are running the most recent security updates provided by the software vendor.
  • Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers.
    Subcontrol: 3.5
    Label: Deploy Automated Software Patch Management Tools
    Description: Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that third-party software on all systems is running the most recent security updates provided by the software vendor.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize, the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources for new threat and vulnerability information.
    Safeguard: 7.3
    Label: Perform Automated Operating System Patch Management
    Description: Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
  • Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize, the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources for new threat and vulnerability information.
    Safeguard: 7.4
    Label: Perform Automated Application Patch Management
    Description: Perform application updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.2.2 Configure Package Updates

Manual

1.2.2.1 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security software are installed

Description:

Periodically patches are released for included software either due to security flaws or to include additional functionality.

Newer patches may contain security enhancements that would not be available through the latest full update. As a result, it is recommended that the latest software patches be used to take advantage of the latest functionality. As with any software installation, organizations need to determine if a given update meets their requirements and verify the compatibility and supportability of any additional software against the update revision that is selected.

Use your package manager to update all packages on the system according to site policy.

The following command will install all available updates:

# dnf update

Once the update process is complete, verify if reboot is required to load changes.

dnf needs-restarting -r



Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.2.1_Ensure_updates_patches_and_additional_security_software_are_installed"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers.
    Subcontrol: 3.4
    Label: Deploy Automated Operating System Patch Management Tools
    Description: Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating systems are running the most recent security updates provided by the software vendor.
  • Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers.
    Subcontrol: 3.5
    Label: Deploy Automated Software Patch Management Tools
    Description: Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that third-party software on all systems is running the most recent security updates provided by the software vendor.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize, the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources for new threat and vulnerability information.
    Safeguard: 7.3
    Label: Perform Automated Operating System Patch Management
    Description: Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
  • Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize, the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources for new threat and vulnerability information.
    Safeguard: 7.4
    Label: Perform Automated Application Patch Management
    Description: Perform application updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.3 Mandatory Access Control

Mandatory Access Control (MAC) provides an additional layer of access restrictions to processes on top of the base Discretionary Access Controls. By restricting how processes can access files and resources on a system the potential impact from vulnerabilities in the processes can be reduced.

Impact: Mandatory Access Control limits the capabilities of applications and daemons on a system, while this can prevent unauthorized access the configuration of MAC can be complex and difficult to implement correctly preventing legitimate access from occurring.

1.3.1 Configure SELinux

SELinux implements Mandatory Access Control (MAC). Every process and system resource has a special security label called an SELinux context. A SELinux context, sometimes referred to as an SELinux label, is an identifier which abstracts away the system-level details and focuses on the security properties of the entity. Not only does this provide a consistent way of referencing objects in the SELinux policy, but it also removes any ambiguity that can be found in other identification methods. For example, a file can have multiple valid path names on a system that makes use of bind mounts.

The SELinux policy uses these contexts in a series of rules which define how processes can interact with each other and the various system resources. By default, the policy does not allow any interaction unless a rule explicitly grants access.

In Fedora 28 Family Linux distributions, system services are controlled by the systemd daemon; systemd starts and stops all services, and users and processes communicate with systemd using the systemctl utility. The systemd daemon can consult the SELinux policy and check the label of the calling process and the label of the unit file that the caller tries to manage, and then ask SELinux whether or not the caller is allowed the access. This approach strengthens access control to critical system capabilities, which include starting and stopping system services.

This automatically limits the damage that the software can do to files accessible by the calling user. The user does not need to take any action to gain this benefit. For an action to occur, both the traditional DAC permissions must be satisfied as well as the SELinux MAC rules. The action will not be allowed if either one of these models does not permit the action. In this way, SELinux rules can only make a system's permissions more restrictive and secure. SELinux requires a complex policy to allow all the actions required of a system under normal operation.

Two such policies have been designed for use with Fedora 28 Family Linux distributions and are included with the system:

  • targeted - Targeted processes run in their own domain, called a confined domain. In a confined domain, the files that a targeted process has access to are limited. If a confined process is compromised by an attacker, the attacker’s access to resources and the possible damage they can do is also limited. SELinux denies access to these resources and logs the denial.
  • mls - Implements Multi-Level Security (MLS), which introduces even more kinds of labels (sensitivity and category) and rules that govern access based on these.

This section provides guidance for the configuration of the targeted policy.

Note:

  • Remember that SELinux policy rules are checked after DAC rules. SELinux policy rules are not used if DAC rules deny access first, which means that no SELinux denial is logged if the traditional DAC rules prevent the access.
  • This section only applies if SELinux is in use on the system. Additional Mandatory Access Control systems exist.
  • To avoid incorrect SELinux labeling and subsequent problems, ensure that you start services using a systemctl start command.

References:

Pass

1.3.1.1 Ensure SELinux is installed

Description:

SELinux provides Mandatory Access Control.

Without a Mandatory Access Control system installed only the default Discretionary Access Control system will be available.

Run the following command to install SELinux :

# dnf install libselinux

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'libselinux' is installed
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
Rpminfo Item
Name Type Status Value
Name String Exists libselinux
Arch String Exists x86_64
Epoch String Exists (none)
Release String Exists 1.el9
Version String Exists 3.6
Evr Evr String Exists 0:3.6-1.el9
Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
Extended Name String Exists libselinux-0:3.6-1.el9.x86_64
Filepath String Does not exist No Value


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.1_Ensure_SELinux_is_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670927"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670927">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670927"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'libselinux' is installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>libselinux</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>3.6</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:3.6-1.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>libselinux-0:3.6-1.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.3.1.2 Ensure SELinux is not disabled in bootloader configuration

Description:

Configure SELINUX to be enabled at boot time and verify that it has not been overwritten by the grub boot parameters.

SELinux must be enabled at boot time in your grub configuration to ensure that the controls it provides are not overridden.

Run the following command to remove the selinux=0 and enforcing=0 parameters:

grubby --update-kernel ALL --remove-args "selinux=0 enforcing=0"

Run the following command to remove the selinux=0 and enforcing=0 parameters if they were created by the deprecated grub2-mkconfig command:

# grep -Prsq -- '\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?kernelopts=([^#\n\r]+\h+)?(selinux|enforcing)=0\b' /boot/grub2 /boot/efi && grub2-mkconfig -o "$(grep -Prl -- '\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?kernelopts=([^#\n\r]+\h+)?(selinux|enforcing)=0\b' /boot/grub2 /boot/efi)"

Impact:

Files created while SELinux is disabled are not labeled at all. This behavior causes problems when changing to enforcing mode because files are labeled incorrectly or are not labeled at all. To prevent incorrectly labeled and unlabeled files from causing problems, file systems are automatically relabeled when changing from the disabled state to permissive or enforcing mode. This can be a long running process that should be accounted for as it may extend downtime during initial re-boot.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_grubby_not_exist_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - Grub parameter: "selinux=0" is not set
  • *** Lines from grub config: ***
  • args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 net.ifnames=0 rd.blacklist=nouveau nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M $tuned_params"
  • *** END ***
No error lines were collected.
Script: sce/nix_grubby_not_exist_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - Grub parameter: "enforcing=0" is not set
  • *** Lines from grub config: ***
  • args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 net.ifnames=0 rd.blacklist=nouveau nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M $tuned_params"
  • *** END ***
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.2_Ensure_SELinux_is_not_disabled_in_bootloader_configuration"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670932_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_grubby_not_exist_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_grubby_not_exist_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_grubby_not_exist_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - Grub parameter: "selinux=0" is not set</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>*** Lines from grub config: ***</l>
                  <l>args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 net.ifnames=0 rd.blacklist=nouveau nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M $tuned_params"</l>
                  <l>*** END ***</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_grubby_not_exist_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - Grub parameter: "selinux=0" is not set</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>*** Lines from grub config: ***</li>
                              <li>args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 net.ifnames=0 rd.blacklist=nouveau nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M $tuned_params"</li>
                              <li>*** END ***</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670935_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_grubby_not_exist_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_grubby_not_exist_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_grubby_not_exist_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - Grub parameter: "enforcing=0" is not set</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>*** Lines from grub config: ***</l>
                  <l>args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 net.ifnames=0 rd.blacklist=nouveau nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M $tuned_params"</l>
                  <l>*** END ***</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_grubby_not_exist_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - Grub parameter: "enforcing=0" is not set</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>*** Lines from grub config: ***</li>
                              <li>args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 net.ifnames=0 rd.blacklist=nouveau nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M $tuned_params"</li>
                              <li>*** END ***</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.3.1.3 Ensure SELinux policy is configured

Description:

Configure SELinux to meet or exceed the default targeted policy, which constrains daemons and system software only.

Security configuration requirements vary from site to site. Some sites may mandate a policy that is stricter than the default policy, which is perfectly acceptable. This item is intended to ensure that at least the default recommendations are met.

Edit the /etc/selinux/config file to set the SELINUXTYPE parameter:

SELINUXTYPE=targeted

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/selinux/config exists and matches pattern ^\s*SELINUXTYPE\s*=\s*(targeted|mls)\s*(\s+#.*)?$
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
Textfilecontent Item
Name Type Status Value
Filepath String Exists /etc/selinux/config
Path String Exists /etc/selinux
Filename String Exists config
Pattern String Exists ^\s*SELINUXTYPE\s*=\s*(targeted|mls)\s*(\s+#.*)?$
Instance Int Exists 1
Line String Exists SELINUXTYPE=targeted
Text String Exists SELINUXTYPE=targeted
Subexpression String Exists targeted
Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
Windows View String Not collected No Value
Script: sce/sestatus_check.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
No output lines were collected.
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.3_Ensure_SELinux_policy_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670940"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670940">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670940"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/selinux/config exists and matches pattern ^\s*SELINUXTYPE\s*=\s*(targeted|mls)\s*(\s+#.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/selinux/config</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/selinux</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>config</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>^\s*SELINUXTYPE\s*=\s*(targeted|mls)\s*(\s+#.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>SELINUXTYPE=targeted


</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>SELINUXTYPE=targeted


</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>targeted</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670944_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/sestatus_check.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/sestatus_check.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/sestatus_check.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out/>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/sestatus_check.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No output lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.3.1.4 Ensure the SELinux mode is not disabled

Description:

SELinux can run in one of three modes: disabled, permissive, or enforcing:

  • Enforcing - Is the default, and recommended, mode of operation; in enforcing mode SELinux operates normally, enforcing the loaded security policy on the entire system.
  • Permissive - The system acts as if SELinux is enforcing the loaded security policy, including labeling objects and emitting access denial entries in the logs, but it does not actually deny any operations. While not recommended for production systems, permissive mode can be helpful for SELinux policy development.
  • Disabled - Is strongly discouraged; not only does the system avoid enforcing the SELinux policy, it also avoids labeling any persistent objects such as files, making it difficult to enable SELinux in the future

Note: You can set individual domains to permissive mode while the system runs in enforcing mode. For example, to make the httpd_t domain permissive:

# semanage permissive -a httpd_t

Running SELinux in disabled mode is strongly discouraged; not only does the system avoid enforcing the SELinux policy, it also avoids labeling any persistent objects such as files, making it difficult to enable SELinux in the future.

Run one of the following commands to set SELinux's running mode:

To set SELinux mode to Enforcing :

# setenforce 1

- OR -

To set SELinux mode to Permissive :

# setenforce 0

Edit the /etc/selinux/config file to set the SELINUX parameter:

For Enforcing mode:

SELINUX=enforcing

- OR -

For Permissive mode:

SELINUX=permissive

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/selinux/config exists and matches pattern ^\s*SELINUX\s*=\s*(enforcing|permissive)\s*(\s+#.*)?$
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
Textfilecontent Item
Name Type Status Value
Filepath String Exists /etc/selinux/config
Path String Exists /etc/selinux
Filename String Exists config
Pattern String Exists ^\s*SELINUX\s*=\s*(enforcing|permissive)\s*(\s+#.*)?$
Instance Int Exists 1
Line String Exists SELINUX=permissive # SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these three values:
Text String Exists SELINUX=permissive # SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these three values:
Subexpression String Exists permissive
Subexpression String Exists # SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these three values:
Windows View String Not collected No Value
Script: sce/sestatus_check.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
No output lines were collected.
No error lines were collected.
Script: sce/sestatus_check.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
No output lines were collected.
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.4_Ensure_the_SELinux_mode_is_not_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.338+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/selinux_users_and_administrators_guide/sect-security-enhanced_linux-introduction-selinux_modes</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670949"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670949">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670949"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/selinux/config exists and matches pattern ^\s*SELINUX\s*=\s*(enforcing|permissive)\s*(\s+#.*)?$</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/selinux/config</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Path</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/selinux</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filename</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>config</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Pattern</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>^\s*SELINUX\s*=\s*(enforcing|permissive)\s*(\s+#.*)?$</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Instance</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Line</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>SELINUX=permissive
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these three values:</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Text</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>SELINUX=permissive
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these three values:</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Subexpression</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>permissive</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Subexpression</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these three values:</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Windows View</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Not collected</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670953_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/sestatus_check.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/sestatus_check.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/sestatus_check.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out/>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/sestatus_check.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No output lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670956_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/sestatus_check.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/sestatus_check.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/sestatus_check.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out/>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/sestatus_check.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No output lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/selinux_users_and_administrators_guide/sect-security-enhanced_linux-introduction-selinux_modes
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Fail

1.3.1.5 Ensure the SELinux mode is enforcing

Description:

SELinux can run in one of three modes: disabled, permissive, or enforcing:

  • Enforcing - Is the default, and recommended, mode of operation; in enforcing mode SELinux operates normally, enforcing the loaded security policy on the entire system.
  • Permissive - The system acts as if SELinux is enforcing the loaded security policy, including labeling objects and emitting access denial entries in the logs, but it does not actually deny any operations. While not recommended for production systems, permissive mode can be helpful for SELinux policy development.
  • Disabled - Is strongly discouraged; not only does the system avoid enforcing the SELinux policy, it also avoids labeling any persistent objects such as files, making it difficult to enable SELinux in the future

Note: You can set individual domains to permissive mode while the system runs in enforcing mode. For example, to make the httpd_t domain permissive:

# semanage permissive -a httpd_t

Running SELinux in disabled mode the system not only avoids enforcing the SELinux policy, it also avoids labeling any persistent objects such as files, making it difficult to enable SELinux in the future.

Running SELinux in Permissive mode, though helpful for developing SELinux policy, only logs access denial entries, but does not deny any operations.

Run the following command to set SELinux's running mode:

# setenforce 1

Edit the /etc/selinux/config file to set the SELINUX parameter:

For Enforcing mode:

SELINUX=enforcing

Impact:

Running SELinux in Enforcing mode may block intended access to files or processes if the SELinux policy is not correctly configured. If this occurs, review the system logs for details and update labels or policy as appropriate.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/selinux/config exists and matches pattern ^\s*SELINUX\s*=\s*enforcing\s*(\s+#.*)?$
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
No matching system items were found.
Script: sce/sestatus_check.sh
Result: Fail
Exit Value: 102
Output:
  • SELinux status for "^Current mode:\s+enforcing$" not found
No error lines were collected.
Script: sce/sestatus_check.sh
Result: Fail
Exit Value: 102
Output:
  • SELinux status for "^Mode from config file:\s+enforcing$" not found
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.5_Ensure_the_SELinux_mode_is_enforcing"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.339+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/selinux_users_and_administrators_guide/sect-security-enhanced_linux-introduction-selinux_modes</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">CCI-002165: The information system enforces organization-defined discretionary access control policies over defined subjects and objects.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 4 :: AC-3 (4)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">CCI-002696: The information system verifies correct operation of organization-defined security functions.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 4 :: SI-6 a</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670962"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670962">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670962"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/selinux/config exists and matches pattern ^\s*SELINUX\s*=\s*enforcing\s*(\s+#.*)?$</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670966_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/sestatus_check.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/sestatus_check.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/sestatus_check.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l>SELinux status for "^Current mode:\s+enforcing$" not found</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/sestatus_check.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li>SELinux status for "^Current mode:\s+enforcing$" not found</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670970_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/sestatus_check.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/sestatus_check.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/sestatus_check.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l>SELinux status for "^Mode from config file:\s+enforcing$" not found</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/sestatus_check.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li>SELinux status for "^Mode from config file:\s+enforcing$" not found</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/selinux_users_and_administrators_guide/sect-security-enhanced_linux-introduction-selinux_modes
  • URL: CCI-002165: The information system enforces organization-defined discretionary access control policies over defined subjects and objects.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 4 :: AC-3 (4)
  • URL: CCI-002696: The information system verifies correct operation of organization-defined security functions.
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 4 :: SI-6 a

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Manual

1.3.1.6 Ensure no unconfined services exist

Description:

Unconfined processes run in unconfined domains

For unconfined processes, SELinux policy rules are applied, but policy rules exist that allow processes running in unconfined domains almost all access. Processes running in unconfined domains fall back to using DAC rules exclusively. If an unconfined process is compromised, SELinux does not prevent an attacker from gaining access to system resources and data, but of course, DAC rules are still used. SELinux is a security enhancement on top of DAC rules – it does not replace them

Investigate any unconfined processes found during the audit action. If necessary create a customize SELinux policy to allow necessary actions for the service.

Warning: Knowledge about creating and configuring SELinux policies is needed. A Basic example on how to create a policy is included below.

  1. Identify the unconfined service: determine the name and process of the service

  2. Identify the functionality: determine if the functionality is required for operations

  3. Create or add to the custom allow list in the SELinux policy configuration

Example SELinux policy configuration: service_allowlist_policy.te

# Example SELinux policy configuration for allowing access to specific actions and resources for a service



module my_service 1.0;



require {

type my_service_t;

type system_resource_t;

class file { read write execute };

class dir { read write add_name };

class tcp_socket name_connect;

}



allow my_service_t system_resource_t:file { read write execute }; # Allow my_service_t to read, write, and execute files with the system_resource_t context



allow my_service_t system_resource_t:dir { read write add_name }; # Allow my_service_t to read and write to directories with the system_resource_t context



allow my_service_t system_resource_t:tcp_socket name_connect; # Allow my_service_t to establish TCP connections
  1. Compile the policy
# checkmodule -M -, -o service_allowlist_policy.mod service_allowlist_policy.te
  1. Create the package
# semodule_package -o service_allowlist_policy.pp -m service_allowlist_policy.mod
  1. Load the policy
# semodule -i service_allowlist_policy.pp
  1. Apply the policy to the service
# chcon -t se service_allowlist_policy /path/to/service_binary

Impact:

Confining a service that inherently requires unconfined access to function may disrupt its intended operations. This restriction may lead to downtime, degraded performance, or loss in functionality. It is crucial to analyze and adjust SELinux policies in accordance with site security policies and operational requirements.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/unconfined_services.sh
Result: Fail
Exit Value: 102
Output:
  • Unconfined service(s): system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4011 ? 00:00:00 amazon-ssm-agen
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4108 ? 00:00:00 ssm-agent-worke
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4255 ? 00:00:03 ssm-session-wor
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4277 pts/0 00:00:00 sh
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4278 pts/0 00:00:00 sudo
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4290 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4313 pts/0 00:00:00 su
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4314 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 30585 pts/0 00:00:00 sudo
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 30589 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 30612 pts/0 00:00:24 java
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 31564 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 31567 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 31568 pts/0 00:00:00 ps
  • system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 31569 pts/0 00:00:00 grep exist
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.6_Ensure_no_unconfined_services_exist"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.339+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>informational</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nb.fedorapeople.org/cvsfedora/web/html/docs/selinux-guide/f10/en-US/sect-Security-Enhanced_Linux-Targeted_Policy-Unconfined_Processes.html</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/using_selinux/managing-confined-and-unconfined-users_using-selinux</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/id-id/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/using_selinux/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-using_selinux-en-us.pdf</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/unconfined_services.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/unconfined_services.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/unconfined_services.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l>Unconfined service(s): system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4011 ? 00:00:00 amazon-ssm-agen</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4108 ? 00:00:00 ssm-agent-worke</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4255 ? 00:00:03 ssm-session-wor</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4277 pts/0 00:00:00 sh</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4278 pts/0 00:00:00 sudo</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4290 pts/0 00:00:00 bash</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4313 pts/0 00:00:00 su</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4314 pts/0 00:00:00 bash</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 30585 pts/0 00:00:00 sudo</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 30589 pts/0 00:00:00 bash</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 30612 pts/0 00:00:24 java</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 31564 pts/0 00:00:00 bash</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 31567 pts/0 00:00:00 bash</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 31568 pts/0 00:00:00 ps</l>
                  <l>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 31569 pts/0 00:00:00 grep exist</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/unconfined_services.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li>Unconfined service(s): system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4011 ? 00:00:00 amazon-ssm-agen</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4108 ? 00:00:00 ssm-agent-worke</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4255 ? 00:00:03 ssm-session-wor</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4277 pts/0 00:00:00 sh</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4278 pts/0 00:00:00 sudo</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4290 pts/0 00:00:00 bash</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4313 pts/0 00:00:00 su</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 4314 pts/0 00:00:00 bash</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 30585 pts/0 00:00:00 sudo</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 30589 pts/0 00:00:00 bash</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 30612 pts/0 00:00:24 java</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 31564 pts/0 00:00:00 bash</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 31567 pts/0 00:00:00 bash</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 31568 pts/0 00:00:00 ps</li>
                              <li>system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 31569 pts/0 00:00:00 grep exist</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
  • URL: https://nb.fedorapeople.org/cvsfedora/web/html/docs/selinux-guide/f10/en-US/sect-Security-Enhanced_Linux-Targeted_Policy-Unconfined_Processes.html
  • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/using_selinux/managing-confined-and-unconfined-users_using-selinux
  • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/id-id/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/using_selinux/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-using_selinux-en-us.pdf

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.3.1.7 Ensure the MCS Translation Service (mcstrans) is not installed

Description:

The mcstransd daemon provides category label information to client processes requesting information. The label translations are defined in /etc/selinux/targeted/setrans.conf

Since this service is not used very often, remove it to reduce the amount of potentially vulnerable code running on the system.

Run the following command to uninstall mcstrans :

# dnf remove mcstrans

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'mcstrans' is not installed
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.7_Ensure_the_MCS_Translation_Service_mcstrans_is_not_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.339+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670979"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670979">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670979"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'mcstrans' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.3.1.8 Ensure SETroubleshoot is not installed

Description:

The SETroubleshoot service notifies desktop users of SELinux denials through a user-friendly interface. The service provides important information around configuration errors, unauthorized intrusions, and other potential errors.

The SETroubleshoot service is an unnecessary daemon to have running on a server, especially if X Windows is disabled.

Run the following command to uninstall setroubleshoot :

# dnf remove setroubleshoot

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'setroubleshoot' is not installed
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.8_Ensure_SETroubleshoot_is_not_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.339+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670983"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670983">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670983"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'setroubleshoot' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.4 Configure Bootloader

The recommendations in this section focus on securing the bootloader and settings involved in the boot process directly.

Notes:

  • In Fedora 28 based distributions, the kernel command-line parameters for systems using the GRUB2 bootloader were defined in the kernelopts environment variable. This variable was stored in the /boot/grub2/grubenv file for each kernel boot entry. However, storing the kernel command-line parameters using kernelopts was not robust. Therefore, the kernelopts has been removed and the kernel command-line parameters are now stored in the Boot Loader Specification (BLS) snippet, instead of in the /boot/loader/entries/<KERNEL_BOOT_ENTRY>.conf file.
  • Boot loader configuration files are unified across CPU architectures
    • Configuration files for the GRUB boot loader are now stored in the /boot/grub2/ directory on all supported CPU architectures. The /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg file, which GRUB previously used as the main configuration file on UEFI systems, now simply loads the /boot/grub2/grub.cfg file.
    • This change simplifies the layout of the GRUB configuration file, improves user experience, and provides the following notable benefits:
      • You can boot the same installation with either EFI or legacy BIOS.
      • You can use the same documentation and commands for all architectures.
      • GRUB configuration tools are more robust, because they no longer rely on symbolic links and they do not have to handle platform-specific cases.
      • The usage of the GRUB configuration files is aligned with images generated by CoreOS Assembler (COSA) and OSBuild.
      • The usage of the GRUB configuration files is aligned with other Linux distributions.
      • Fedora 28 based distributions no longer boot on 32-bit UEFI
  • Support for the 32-bit UEFI firmware was removed from the GRUB and shim boot loaders. As a consequence, Fedora 28 based distributions require a 64-bit UEFI, and can no longer boot on 64-bit systems that use a 32-bit UEFI.
    • The following packages have been removed as part of this change:
    • grub2-efi-ia32
    • grub2-efi-ia32-cdboot
    • grub2-efi-ia32-modules
    • shim-ia32

Reference:https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html-single/considerations_in_adopting_rhel_8/index#kernel_considerations-in-adopting-RHEL-8

Pass

1.4.1 Ensure bootloader password is set

Description:

Setting the boot loader password will require that anyone rebooting the system must enter a password before being able to set command line boot parameters.

Requiring a boot password upon execution of the boot loader will prevent an unauthorized user from entering boot parameters or changing the boot partition. This prevents users from weakening security (e.g. turning off SELinux at boot time).

Create an encrypted password with grub2-setpassword :

# grub2-setpassword



Enter password: <password>

Confirm password: <password>

Impact:

If password protection is enabled, only the designated superuser can edit a GRUB 2 menu item by pressing e or access the GRUB 2 command line by pressing c

If GRUB 2 is set up to boot automatically to a password-protected menu entry the user has no option to back out of the password prompt to select another menu entry. Holding the SHIFT key will not display the menu in this case. The user must enter the correct username and password. If unable, the configuration files will have to be edited via the LiveCD or other means to fix the problem

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Script: sce/nix_bootloader_password_chk_v2.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - Grub bootloader password is set in: "/boot/grub2/user.cfg"
No error lines were collected.
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'grub2-common' is not installed
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
Rpminfo Item
Name Type Status Value
Name String Exists grub2-common
Arch String Exists noarch
Epoch String Exists 1
Release String Exists 80.el9_4
Version String Exists 2.06
Evr Evr String Exists 1:2.06-80.el9_4
Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
Extended Name String Exists grub2-common-1:2.06-80.el9_4.noarch
Filepath String Does not exist No Value


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.4.1_Ensure_bootloader_password_is_set"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.339+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_bootloader_password_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_bootloader_password_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_bootloader_password_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - Grub bootloader password is set in: "/boot/grub2/user.cfg"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_bootloader_password_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - Grub bootloader password is set in: "/boot/grub2/user.cfg"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670991"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670991">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670991"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'grub2-common' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>grub2-common</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>noarch</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>80.el9_4</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>2.06</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1:2.06-80.el9_4</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>grub2-common-1:2.06-80.el9_4.noarch</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.4.2 Ensure access to bootloader config is configured

Description:

The grub files contain information on boot settings and passwords for unlocking boot options.

Setting the permissions to read and write for root only prevents non-root users from seeing the boot parameters or changing them. Non-root users who read the boot parameters may be able to identify weaknesses in security upon boot and be able to exploit them.

Run the following to update the mode, ownership, and group ownership of the grub configuration files:

- IF - the system uses UEFI (Files located in /boot/efi/EFI/* )

Edit /etc/fstab and add the fmask=0077 , uid=0 , and gid=0 options:

Example:

<device> /boot/efi vfat defaults,umask=0027,fmask=0077,uid=0,gid=0 0 0

Note: This may require a re-boot to enable the change

- OR -

- IF - the system uses BIOS (Files located in /boot/grub2/* )

Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on your grub configuration file(s):

# [ -f /boot/grub2/grub.cfg ] && chown root:root /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

# [ -f /boot/grub2/grub.cfg ] && chmod u-x,go-rwx /boot/grub2/grub.cfg



# [ -f /boot/grub2/grubenv ] && chown root:root /boot/grub2/grubenv

# [ -f /boot/grub2/grubenv ] && chmod u-x,go-rwx /boot/grub2/grubenv



# [ -f /boot/grub2/user.cfg ] && chown root:root /boot/grub2/user.cfg

# [ -f /boot/grub2/user.cfg ] && chmod u-x,go-rwx /boot/grub2/user.cfg

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_grub_file_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** PASS ***
  • - * Correctly set * :
  • - File: "/boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg"
  • - Is correctly mode: "0700" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive
  • - Is correctly owned by user: "root"
  • - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"
  • - File: "/boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grubx64.efi"
  • - Is correctly mode: "0700" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive
  • - Is correctly owned by user: "root"
  • - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"
  • - File: "/boot/grub2/grubenv"
  • - Is correctly mode: "0600" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive
  • - Is correctly owned by user: "root"
  • - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"
  • - File: "/boot/grub2/grub.cfg"
  • - Is correctly mode: "0600" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive
  • - Is correctly owned by user: "root"
  • - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"
  • - File: "/boot/grub2/user.cfg"
  • - Is correctly mode: "0600" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive
  • - Is correctly owned by user: "root"
  • - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.4.2_Ensure_access_to_bootloader_config_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.339+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_grub_file_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_grub_file_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_grub_file_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>  - File: "/boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg"</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly mode: "0700" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly owned by user: "root"</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>  - File: "/boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grubx64.efi"</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly mode: "0700" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly owned by user: "root"</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>  - File: "/boot/grub2/grubenv"</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly mode: "0600" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly owned by user: "root"</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>  - File: "/boot/grub2/grub.cfg"</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly mode: "0600" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly owned by user: "root"</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>  - File: "/boot/grub2/user.cfg"</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly mode: "0600" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly owned by user: "root"</l>
                  <l>   - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_grub_file_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>  - File: "/boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg"</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly mode: "0700" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly owned by user: "root"</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>  - File: "/boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grubx64.efi"</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly mode: "0700" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly owned by user: "root"</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>  - File: "/boot/grub2/grubenv"</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly mode: "0600" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly owned by user: "root"</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>  - File: "/boot/grub2/grub.cfg"</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly mode: "0600" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly owned by user: "root"</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>  - File: "/boot/grub2/user.cfg"</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly mode: "0600" which is mode: "700" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly owned by user: "root"</li>
                              <li>   - Is correctly group-owned by group: "root"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.5 Configure Additional Process Hardening

Pass

1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization is enabled

Description:

Address space layout randomization (ASLR) is an exploit mitigation technique which randomly arranges the address space of key data areas of a process.

Randomly placing virtual memory regions will make it difficult to write memory page exploits as the memory placement will be consistently shifting.

Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

  • kernel.randomize_va_space = 2

Example:

# printf "

kernel.randomize_va_space = 2

" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-kernel_sysctl.conf

Run the following command to set the active kernel parameter:

# sysctl -w kernel.randomize_va_space=2

Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - "kernel.randomize_va_space" is correctly set to "2" in the running configuration
  • - "kernel.randomize_va_space" is correctly set to "2" in "/etc/sysctl.d/60-CIS-Kernel.conf"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.1_Ensure_address_space_layout_randomization_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.339+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">CCI-000366: The organization implements the security configuration settings</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671003_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "kernel.randomize_va_space" is correctly set to "2" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "kernel.randomize_va_space" is correctly set to "2" in "/etc/sysctl.d/60-CIS-Kernel.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "kernel.randomize_va_space" is correctly set to "2" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "kernel.randomize_va_space" is correctly set to "2" in "/etc/sysctl.d/60-CIS-Kernel.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: CCI-000366: The organization implements the security configuration settings
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 8: Malware Defenses: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious code at multiple points in the enterprise, while optimizing the use of automation to enable rapid updating of defense, data gathering, and corrective action.
    Subcontrol: 8.3
    Label: Enable Operating System Anti-Exploitation Features/ Deploy Anti-Exploit Technologies
    Description: Enable anti-exploitation features such as Data Execution Prevention (DEP) or Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) that are available in an operating system or deploy appropriate toolkits that can be configured to apply protection to a broader set of applications and executables.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications, code, or scripts on enterprise assets.
    Safeguard: 10.5
    Label: Enable Anti-Exploitation Features
    Description: Enable anti-exploitation features on enterprise assets and software, where possible, such as Microsoft® Data Execution Prevention (DEP), Windows® Defender Exploit Guard (WDEG), or Apple® System Integrity Protection (SIP) and Gatekeeper™.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted

Description:

The ptrace() system call provides a means by which one process (the "tracer") may observe and control the execution of another process (the "tracee"), and examine and change the tracee's memory and registers.

If one application is compromised, it would be possible for an attacker to attach to other running processes (e.g. Bash, Firefox, SSH sessions, GPG agent, etc) to extract additional credentials and continue to expand the scope of their attack.

Enabling restricted mode will limit the ability of a compromised process to PTRACE_ATTACH on other processes running under the same user. With restricted mode, ptrace will continue to work with root user.

Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

  • kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 1

Example:

# printf "

kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 1

" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-kernel_sysctl.conf

Run the following command to set the active kernel parameter:

# sysctl -w kernel.yama.ptrace_scope=1

Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration
  • - "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/60-CIS-Kernel.conf"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.2_Ensure_ptrace_scope_is_restricted"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.339+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/security/Yama.txt</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://github.com/raj3shp/termspy</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671007_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/60-CIS-Kernel.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/60-CIS-Kernel.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
  • URL: https://github.com/raj3shp/termspy

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.5.3 Ensure core dump backtraces are disabled

Description:

A core dump is the memory of an executable program. It is generally used to determine why a program aborted. It can also be used to glean confidential information from a core file.

A core dump includes a memory image taken at the time the operating system terminates an application. The memory image could contain sensitive data and is generally useful only for developers trying to debug problems, increasing the risk to the system.

Create or edit the file /etc/systemd/coredump.conf , or a file in the /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d directory ending in .conf .

Edit or add the following line in the [Coredump] section:

ProcessSizeMax=0

Example:

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

[ ! -d /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/

if grep -Psq -- '^\h*\[Coredump\]' /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/60-coredump.conf; then

printf '%s\n' "ProcessSizeMax=0" >> /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/60-coredump.conf

else

printf '%s\n' "[Coredump]" "ProcessSizeMax=0" >> /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/60-coredump.conf

fi

}

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - "ProcessSizeMax" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/60-coredump.conf"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.3_Ensure_core_dump_backtraces_are_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.340+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/coredump.conf.html</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6b</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5678213_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "ProcessSizeMax" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/60-coredump.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "ProcessSizeMax" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/60-coredump.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/coredump.conf.html
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6b

Back to Summary
Pass

1.5.4 Ensure core dump storage is disabled

Description:

A core dump is the memory of an executable program. It is generally used to determine why a program aborted. It can also be used to glean confidential information from a core file.

A core dump includes a memory image taken at the time the operating system terminates an application. The memory image could contain sensitive data and is generally useful only for developers trying to debug problems.

Create or edit the file /etc/systemd/coredump.conf , or a file in the /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d directory ending in .conf .

Edit or add the following line in the [Coredump] section:

Storage=none

Example:

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

[ ! -d /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/

if grep -Psq -- '^\h*\[Coredump\]' /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/60-coredump.conf; then

printf '%s\n' "Storage=none" >> /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/60-coredump.conf

else

printf '%s\n' "[Coredump]" "Storage=none" >> /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/60-coredump.conf

fi

}

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - "Storage" is correctly set to "none" in "/etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/60-coredump.conf"
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.4_Ensure_core_dump_storage_is_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.340+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/coredump.conf.html</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5678214_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "Storage" is correctly set to "none" in "/etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/60-coredump.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "Storage" is correctly set to "none" in "/etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/60-coredump.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/coredump.conf.html

Back to Summary

1.6 Configure system wide crypto policy

The crypto policy definition files have a simple syntax following an INI file key = value syntax

Full policy definition files have suffix .pol , subpolicy files have suffix .pmod . Subpolicies do not have to have values set for all the keys.

The effective configuration of a policy with subpolicies applied is the same as a configuration from a single policy obtained by concatenating the policy and the subpolicies in question.

The policy files shipped in packages are placed in /usr/share/crypto-policies/policies and the subpolicies in /usr/share/crypto-policies/policies/modules .

Locally configured policy files should be placed in /etc/crypto-policies/policies and subpolicies in /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules .

The policy and subpolicy files must have names in upper-case except for the .pol and .pmod suffix as the update-crypto-policies command always converts the policy name to upper-case before searching for the policy on the filesystem.

The following predefined policies are included:

  • DEFAULT - The default system-wide cryptographic policy level offers secure settings for current threat models. It allows the TLS 1.2 and 1.3 protocols, as well as the IKEv2 and SSH2 protocols. The RSA keys and Diffie-Hellman parameters are accepted if they are at least 2048 bits long.
  • LEGACY - This policy ensures maximum compatibility with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and earlier; it is less secure due to an increased attack surface. In addition to the DEFAULT level algorithms and protocols, it includes support for the TLS 1.0 and 1.1 protocols. The algorithms DSA, 3DES, and RC4 are allowed, while RSA keys and Diffie-Hellman parameters are accepted if they are at least 1023 bits long.
  • FUTURE - A stricter forward-looking security level intended for testing a possible future policy. This policy does not allow the use of SHA-1 in signature algorithms. It allows the TLS 1.2 and 1.3 protocols, as well as the IKEv2 and SSH2 protocols. The RSA keys and Diffie-Hellman parameters are accepted if they are at least 3072 bits long. If your system communicates on the public internet, you might face interoperability problems.
  • FIPS - A policy level that conforms with the FIPS 140 requirements. The fips-mode-setup tool, which switches the RHEL system into FIPS mode, uses this policy internally. Switching to the FIPS policy does not guarantee compliance with the FIPS 140 standard. You also must re-generate all cryptographic keys after you set the system to FIPS mode. This is not possible in many scenarios.
Pass

1.6.1 Ensure system wide crypto policy is not set to legacy

Description:

When a system-wide policy is set up, the default behavior of applications will be to follow the policy. Applications will be unable to use algorithms and protocols that do not meet the policy, unless you explicitly request the application to do so.

The system-wide crypto-policies followed by the crypto core components allow consistently deprecating and disabling algorithms system-wide.

The LEGACY policy ensures maximum compatibility with version 5 of the operating system and earlier; it is less secure due to an increased attack surface. In addition to the DEFAULT level algorithms and protocols, it includes support for the TLS 1.0 and 1.1 protocols. The algorithms DSA , 3DES , and RC4 are allowed, while RSA keys and Diffie-Hellman parameters are accepted if they are at least 1023 bits long.

If the LEGACY system-wide crypto policy is selected, it includes support for TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, and SSH2 protocols or later. The algorithms DSA, 3DES, and RC4 are allowed, while RSA and Diffie-Hellman parameters are accepted if larger than 1023-bits.

These legacy protocols and algorithms can make the system vulnerable to attacks, including those listed in RFC 7457

Run the following command to change the system-wide crypto policy

# update-crypto-policies --set <CRYPTO POLICY>

Example:

# update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT

Run the following to make the updated system-wide crypto policy active

# update-crypto-policies

Impact:

Environments that require compatibility with older insecure protocols may require the use of the less secure LEGACY policy level.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/config exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*LEGACY\b
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.1_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_is_not_set_to_legacy"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.340+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">CRYPTO-POLICIES(7)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/articles/3642912#what-polices-are-provided-1</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">fips-mode-setup(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671021"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671021">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671021"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/config exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*LEGACY\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: CRYPTO-POLICIES(7)
  • URL: https://access.redhat.com/articles/3642912#what-polices-are-provided-1
  • URL: fips-mode-setup(8)
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.4
    Label: Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit
    Description: Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.10
    Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit
    Description: Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.6.2 Ensure system wide crypto policy is not set in sshd configuration

Description:

System-wide Crypto policy can be over-ridden or opted out of for openSSH

Over-riding or opting out of the system-wide crypto policy could allow for the use of less secure Ciphers, MACs, KexAlgorithms and GSSAPIKexAlgorithm

Note: If changes to the system-wide crypto policy are required to meet local site policy for the openSSH server, these changes should be done with a sub-policy assigned to the system-wide crypto policy. For additional information see the CRYPTO-POLICIES(7) man page

Run the following commands:

# sed -ri "s/^\s*(CRYPTO_POLICY\s*=.*)$/# \1/" /etc/sysconfig/sshd



# systemctl reload sshd

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/sysconfig/sshd exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*CRYPTO_POLICY\h*=.*$
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
Rpminfo Item
Name Type Status Value
Name String Exists openssh-server
Arch String Exists x86_64
Epoch String Exists (none)
Release String Exists 38.el9
Version String Exists 8.7p1
Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
Filepath String Does not exist No Value


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.2_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_is_not_set_in_sshd_configuration"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.340+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8, IA-5, AC-17</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671025"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671025">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671025"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/sysconfig/sshd exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*CRYPTO_POLICY\h*=.*$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671030"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671030">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671030"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8, IA-5, AC-17

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.4
    Label: Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit
    Description: Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.10
    Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit
    Description: Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.6.3 Ensure system wide crypto policy disables sha1 hash and signature support

Description:

SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm) is a cryptographic hash function that produces a 160 bit hash value.

The SHA-1 hash function has an inherently weak design, and advancing cryptanalysis has made it vulnerable to attacks. The most significant danger for a hash algorithm is when a "collision" which happens when two different pieces of data produce the same hash value occurs. This hashing algorithm has been considered weak since 2005.

Note: The use of SHA-1 with hashbased message authentication codes (HMAC) do not rely on the collision resistance of the corresponding hash function, and therefore the recent attacks on SHA-1 have a significantly lower impact on the use of SHA-1 for HMAC. Because of this, the recommendation does not disable the hmac-sha1 MAC.

Note:

  • The commands below are written for the included DEFAULT system-wide crypto policy. If another policy is in use and follows local site policy, replace DEFAULT with the name of your system-wide crypto policy.
  • Multiple subpolicies may be assigned to a policy as a colon separated list. e.g. DEFAULT:NO-SHA1:NO-SSHCBC
  • Subpolicies:
    • Not included in the update-crypto-policies --set command will not be applied to the system wide crypto policy.
    • must exist before they can be applied to the system wide crypto policy.
    • .pmod file filenames must be in all upper case, upper case, e.g. NO-SHA1.pmod , or they will not be read by the update-crypto-policies --set command.

Create or edit a file in /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/ ending in .pmod and add or modify the following lines:

hash = -SHA1

sign = -*-SHA1

sha1_in_certs = 0

Example:

# printf '%s\n' "# This is a subpolicy dropping the SHA1 hash and signature support" "hash = -SHA1" "sign = -*-SHA1" "sha1_in_certs = 0" >> /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/NO-SHA1.pmod

Run the following command to update the system-wide cryptographic policy

# update-crypto-policies --set <CRYPTO_POLICY>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY1>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY2>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY3>

Example:

update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT:NO-SHA1

Run the following command to reboot the system to make your cryptographic settings effective for already running services and applications:

# reboot

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Complex Check
AND
Complex Check
OR
Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*hash\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+\b)?sha1?\b
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*hash\h*=\h*\-([^#\n\r]+\b)?sha1?\b
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
No matching system items were found.
Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(hash|sign)\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\bSHA1?\b
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.
Complex Check
OR
Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*sign\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+\b)?sha1?\b
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*sign\h*=\h*\-([^#\n\r]+\b)?sha1?\b
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.3_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_sha1_hash_and_signature_support"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.340+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">crypto-policies(7)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">update-crypto-policies(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">Red Hat Enterprise 8 security hardening</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/how-customize-crypto-policies-rhel-82</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/articles/3642912</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671040"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671040">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671040"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*hash\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+\b)?sha1?\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671044"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671044">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671044"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*hash\h*=\h*\-([^#\n\r]+\b)?sha1?\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671035"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671035">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671035"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(hash|sign)\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\bSHA1?\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671048"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671048">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671048"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*sign\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+\b)?sha1?\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671052"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671052">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671052"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*sign\h*=\h*\-([^#\n\r]+\b)?sha1?\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: crypto-policies(7)
  • URL: update-crypto-policies(8)
  • URL: Red Hat Enterprise 8 security hardening
  • URL: https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/how-customize-crypto-policies-rhel-82
  • URL: https://access.redhat.com/articles/3642912
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.4
    Label: Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit
    Description: Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.10
    Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit
    Description: Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.6.4 Ensure system wide crypto policy disables macs less than 128 bits

Description:

Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm is a family of cryptographic functions that is parameterized by a symmetric key. Each of the functions can act on input data (called a “message”) of variable length to produce an output value of a specified length. The output value is called the MAC of the input message.

A MAC algorithm can be used to provide data-origin authentication and data-integrity protection

Weak algorithms continue to have a great deal of attention as a weak spot that can be exploited with expanded computing power. An attacker that breaks the algorithm could take advantage of a MiTM position to decrypt the tunnel and capture credentials and information.

A MAC algorithm must be computationally infeasible to determine the MAC of a message without knowledge of the key, even if one has already seen the results of using that key to compute the MAC's of other messages.

Note:

  • The commands below are written for the included DEFAULT system-wide crypto policy. If another policy is in use and follows local site policy, replace DEFAULT with the name of your system-wide crypto policy.
  • Multiple subpolicies may be assigned to a policy as a colon separated list. e.g. DEFAULT:NO-SHA1:NO-SSHCBC
  • Subpolicies:
    • Not included in the update-crypto-policies --set command will not be applied to the system wide crypto policy.
    • must exist before they can be applied to the system wide crypto policy.
    • .pmod file filenames must be in all upper case, upper case, e.g. NO-WEAKMAC.pmod , or they will not be read by the update-crypto-policies --set command.

Create or edit a file in /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/ ending in .pmod and add or modify one of the following lines:

mac = -*-64* # Disables weak macs

Example:

# printf '%s\n' "# This is a subpolicy to disable weak macs" "mac = -*-64" >> /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/NO-WEAKMAC.pmod

Run the following command to update the system-wide cryptographic policy

# update-crypto-policies --set <CRYPTO_POLICY>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY1>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY2>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY3>

Example:

update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT:NO-SHA1:NO-WEAKMAC

Run the following command to reboot the system to make your cryptographic settings effective for already running services and applications:

# reboot

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Complex Check
AND
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*mac@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?-64\b
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
No matching system items were found.
Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*mac@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?-([^#\n\r]+)?-64\b
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*mac@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
No matching system items were found.
Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*mac\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?-64\b
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.4_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_macs_less_than_128_bits"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.340+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-5161</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">crypto-policies(7)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">update-crypto-policies(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">Red Hat Enterprise 8 security hardening</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/how-customize-crypto-policies-rhel-82</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/message_authentication_code_algorithm</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671061"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671061">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671061"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*mac@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?-64\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671064"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671064">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671064"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*mac@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?-([^#\n\r]+)?-64\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671068"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671068">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671068"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*mac@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671056"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671056">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671056"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*mac\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?-64\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-5161
  • URL: crypto-policies(7)
  • URL: update-crypto-policies(8)
  • URL: Red Hat Enterprise 8 security hardening
  • URL: https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/how-customize-crypto-policies-rhel-82
  • URL: https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/message_authentication_code_algorithm
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.4
    Label: Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit
    Description: Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.10
    Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit
    Description: Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.6.5 Ensure system wide crypto policy disables cbc for ssh

Description:

Cypher Block Chaining (CBC) is an algorithm that uses a block cipher.

A vulnerability exists in SSH messages that employ CBC mode that may allow an attacker to recover plaintext from a block of ciphertext. If exploited, this attack can potentially allow an attacker to recover up to 32 bits of plaintext from an arbitrary block of ciphertext from a connection secured using the SSH protocol.

Note:

  • The commands below are written for the included DEFAULT system-wide crypto policy. If another policy is in use and follows local site policy, replace DEFAULT with the name of your system-wide crypto policy.
  • CBC can be turned off globally by using the argument cipher opposed to cipher@SSH
  • Multiple subpolicies may be assigned to a policy as a colon separated list. e.g. DEFAULT:NO-SHA1:NO-SSHCBC
  • Subpolicies:
    • Not included in the update-crypto-policies --set command will not be applied to the system wide crypto policy.
    • must exist before they can be applied to the system wide crypto policy.
    • .pmod file filenames must be in all upper case, upper case, e.g. NO-SSHCBC.pmod , or they will not be read by the update-crypto-policies --set command. Create or edit a file in /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/ ending in .pmod and add or modify one of the the following lines:
cipher@SSH = -*-CBC # Disables the CBC cipher for SSH

Example:

# printf '%s\n' "# This is a subpolicy to disable all CBC mode ciphers" "# for the SSH protocol (libssh and OpenSSH)" "cipher@SSH = -*-CBC" >> /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/NO-SSHCBC.pmod

Run the following command to update the system-wide cryptographic policy

# update-crypto-policies --set <CRYPTO_POLICY>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY1>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY2>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY3>

Example:

update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT:NO-SHA1:NO-WEAKMAC:NO-SSHCBC

Run the following command to reboot the system to make your cryptographic settings effective for already running services and applications:

# reboot

Impact:

CBC ciphers might be the only common cyphers when connecting to older SSH clients and servers

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
Textfilecontent Item
Name Type Status Value
Filepath String Exists /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol
Path String Exists /etc/crypto-policies/state
Filename String Exists CURRENT.pol
Pattern String Exists (?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*
Instance Int Exists 1
Line String Exists cipher@libssh =
Text String Exists cipher@libssh =
Subexpression String Exists lib
Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
Windows View String Not collected No Value
Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?-CBC\b
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.
Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*cipher\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?-CBC\b
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
Textfilecontent Item
Name Type Status Value
Filepath String Exists /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol
Path String Exists /etc/crypto-policies/state
Filename String Exists CURRENT.pol
Pattern String Exists (?i)^\h*cipher\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?-CBC\b
Instance Int Exists 1
Line String Exists cipher = AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305 AES-256-CTR AES-256-CBC AES-128-GCM AES-128-CCM AES-128-CTR AES-128-CBC
Text String Exists cipher = AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305 AES-256-CTR AES-256-CBC AES-128-GCM AES-128-CCM AES-128-CTR AES-128-CBC
Subexpression String Exists AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305 AES-256-CTR AES-256-CBC AES-128-GCM AES-128-CCM AES-128-CTR AES-128
Windows View String Not collected No Value


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.5_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_cbc_for_ssh"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-5161</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">crypto-policies(7)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">update-crypto-policies(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">Red Hat Enterprise 8 security hardening</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/how-customize-crypto-policies-rhel-82</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671077"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671077">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671077"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Path</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/crypto-policies/state</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filename</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>CURRENT.pol</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Pattern</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>(?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Instance</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Line</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cipher@libssh = </td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Text</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cipher@libssh = </td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Subexpression</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>lib</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Subexpression</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Does not exist</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Windows View</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Not collected</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671080"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671080">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671080"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?-CBC\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671073"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671073">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671073"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*cipher\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?-CBC\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/crypto-policies/state</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>CURRENT.pol</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(?i)^\h*cipher\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?-CBC\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>cipher = AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305 AES-256-CTR AES-256-CBC AES-128-GCM AES-128-CCM AES-128-CTR AES-128-CBC</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>cipher = AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305 AES-256-CTR AES-256-CBC AES-128-GCM AES-128-CCM AES-128-CTR AES-128-CBC</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305 AES-256-CTR AES-256-CBC AES-128-GCM AES-128-CCM AES-128-CTR AES-128</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-5161
  • URL: crypto-policies(7)
  • URL: update-crypto-policies(8)
  • URL: Red Hat Enterprise 8 security hardening
  • URL: https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/how-customize-crypto-policies-rhel-82
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.4
    Label: Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit
    Description: Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.10
    Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit
    Description: Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Manual

1.6.6 Ensure system wide crypto policy disables chacha20-poly1305 for ssh

Description:

ChaCha20-Poly1305 is an authenticated encryption with additional data (AEAD) algorithm, that combines the ChaCha20 stream cipher with the Poly1305 message authentication code. Its usage in IETF protocols is standardized in RFC 8439.

A vulnerability exists in ChaCha20-Poly1305 as referenced in CVE-2023-48795

Note:

  • The commands below are written for the included DEFAULT system-wide crypto policy. If another policy is in use and follows local site policy, replace DEFAULT with the name of your system-wide crypto policy.
  • chacha20-poly1305 can be turned off globally by using the argument cipher opposed to cipher@SSH
  • Multiple subpolicies may be assigned to a policy as a colon separated list. e.g. DEFAULT:NO-SHA1:NO-SSHCBC
  • Subpolicies:
    • Not included in the update-crypto-policies --set command will not be applied to the system wide crypto policy.
    • must exist before they can be applied to the system wide crypto policy.
    • .pmod file filenames must be in all upper case, upper case, e.g. NO-SSHCHACHA20.pmod , or they will not be read by the update-crypto-policies --set command.

- IF -CVE-2023-48795 has been addressed, and it meets local site policy, this recommendation may be skipped.

Create or edit a file in /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/ ending in .pmod and add or modify one of the the following lines:

cipher@SSH = -CHACHA20-POLY1305 # Disables the chacha20-poly1305 cipher for SSH

Example:

# printf '%s\n' "# This is a subpolicy to disable the chacha20-poly1305 ciphers" "# for the SSH protocol (libssh and OpenSSH)" "cipher@SSH = -CHACHA20-POLY1305" >> /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/NO-SSHCHACHA20.pmod

Run the following command to update the system-wide cryptographic policy

# update-crypto-policies --set <CRYPTO_POLICY>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY1>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY2>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY3>

Example:

# update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT:NO-SHA1:NO-WEAKMAC:NO-SSHCBC:NO-SSHCHACHA20

Run the following command to reboot the system to make your cryptographic settings effective for already running services and applications:

# reboot

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
Textfilecontent Item
Name Type Status Value
Filepath String Exists /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol
Path String Exists /etc/crypto-policies/state
Filename String Exists CURRENT.pol
Pattern String Exists (?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*
Instance Int Exists 1
Line String Exists cipher@libssh =
Text String Exists cipher@libssh =
Subexpression String Exists lib
Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
Windows View String Not collected No Value
Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\bchacha20-poly1305\b
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
Textfilecontent Item
Name Type Status Value
Filepath String Exists /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol
Path String Exists /etc/crypto-policies/state
Filename String Exists CURRENT.pol
Pattern String Exists (?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\bchacha20-poly1305\b
Instance Int Exists 1
Line String Exists cipher@libssh = AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305
Text String Exists cipher@libssh = AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305
Subexpression String Exists lib
Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
Subexpression String Exists AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM
Windows View String Not collected No Value
Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*cipher\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\bchacha20-poly1305\b
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
Textfilecontent Item
Name Type Status Value
Filepath String Exists /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol
Path String Exists /etc/crypto-policies/state
Filename String Exists CURRENT.pol
Pattern String Exists (?i)^\h*cipher\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\bchacha20-poly1305\b
Instance Int Exists 1
Line String Exists cipher = AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305
Text String Exists cipher = AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305
Subexpression String Exists AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM
Windows View String Not collected No Value


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.6_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_chacha20-poly1305_for_ssh"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>informational</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">crypto-policies(7)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">update-crypto-policies(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">Red Hat Enterprise 8 security hardening</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/how-customize-crypto-policies-rhel-82</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671090"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671090">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671090"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Path</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/crypto-policies/state</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filename</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>CURRENT.pol</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Pattern</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>(?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Instance</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Line</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cipher@libssh = </td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Text</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cipher@libssh = </td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Subexpression</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>lib</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Subexpression</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Does not exist</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Windows View</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Not collected</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671093"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671093">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671093"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\bchacha20-poly1305\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Path</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/crypto-policies/state</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filename</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>CURRENT.pol</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Pattern</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>(?i)^\h*cipher@(lib|open)ssh(-server|-client)?\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\bchacha20-poly1305\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Instance</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Line</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cipher@libssh = AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Text</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cipher@libssh = AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Subexpression</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>lib</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Subexpression</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Does not exist</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Subexpression</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM </td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Windows View</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Not collected</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671086"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671086">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671086"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*cipher\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\bchacha20-poly1305\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/crypto-policies/state</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>CURRENT.pol</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(?i)^\h*cipher\h*=\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\bchacha20-poly1305\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>cipher = AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>cipher = AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM CHACHA20-POLY1305</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>AES-256-GCM AES-256-CCM </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795
  • URL: crypto-policies(7)
  • URL: update-crypto-policies(8)
  • URL: Red Hat Enterprise 8 security hardening
  • URL: https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/how-customize-crypto-policies-rhel-82
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.4
    Label: Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit
    Description: Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.10
    Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit
    Description: Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Manual

1.6.7 Ensure system wide crypto policy disables EtM for ssh

Description:

Encrypt-then-MAC (EtM) - The ciphertext is generated by encrypting the plaintext and then appending a MAC of the encrypted plaintext

There is an effective attack against SSH's use of Cypher-Block-Chaining (CBC) with Encrypt-then-MAC as referenced in CVE-2023-48795

Note:

  • The commands below are written for the included DEFAULT system-wide crypto policy. If another policy is in use and follows local site policy, replace DEFAULT with the name of your system-wide crypto policy.
  • EtM can be turned off globally by using the argument etm opposed to etm@SSH
  • Multiple subpolicies may be assigned to a policy as a colon separated list. e.g. DEFAULT:NO-SHA1:NO-SSHCBC
  • Subpolicies:
    • Not included in the update-crypto-policies --set command will not be applied to the system wide crypto policy.
    • must exist before they can be applied to the system wide crypto policy.
    • .pmod file filenames must be in all upper case, upper case, e.g. NO-SSHCHACHA20.pmod , or they will not be read by the update-crypto-policies --set command.

- IF -CVE-2023-48795 has been addressed, and it meets local site policy, this recommendation may be skipped.

Create or edit a file in /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/ ending in .pmod and add or modify the following line:

etm@SSH = DISABLE_ETM # This disables EtM for openSSH and libssh

Example:

# printf '%s\n' "# This is a subpolicy to disable Encrypt then MAC" "# for the SSH protocol (libssh and OpenSSH)" "etm@SSH = DISABLE_ETM" >> /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/NO-SSHETM.pmod

Run the following command to update the system-wide cryptographic policy

# update-crypto-policies --set <CRYPTO_POLICY>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY1>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY2>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY3>

Example:

# update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT:NO-SHA1:NO-WEAKMAC:NO-SSHCBC:NO-SSHCHACHA20:NO-SSHETM

Run the following command to reboot the system to make your cryptographic settings effective for already running services and applications:

# reboot

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Complex Check
AND
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*etm\@openssh-client\h*=\h*DISABLE_ETM\b
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
No matching system items were found.
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*etm\@openssh-server\h*=\h*DISABLE_ETM\b
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
No matching system items were found.
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*etm\@libssh\h*=\h*DISABLE_ETM\b
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
No matching system items were found.
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*etm\h*=\h*DISABLE_ETM\b
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Fail
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.7_Ensure_system_wide_crypto_policy_disables_EtM_for_ssh"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>informational</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">crypto-policies(7)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">update-crypto-policies(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">Red Hat Enterprise 8 security hardening</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/how-customize-crypto-policies-rhel-82</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0499</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5734043"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5734043">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5734043"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*etm\@openssh-client\h*=\h*DISABLE_ETM\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5734044"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5734044">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5734044"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*etm\@openssh-server\h*=\h*DISABLE_ETM\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5734045"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5734045">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5734045"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*etm\@libssh\h*=\h*DISABLE_ETM\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5734042"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5734042">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5734042"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/crypto-policies/state/CURRENT.pol exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*etm\h*=\h*DISABLE_ETM\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795
  • URL: crypto-policies(7)
  • URL: update-crypto-policies(8)
  • URL: Red Hat Enterprise 8 security hardening
  • URL: https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/how-customize-crypto-policies-rhel-82
  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8
  • URL: https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0499

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.4
    Label: Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit
    Description: Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.10
    Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit
    Description: Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.7 Configure Command Line Warning Banners

Presenting a warning message prior to the normal user login may assist in the prosecution of trespassers on the computer system. Changing some of these login banners also has the side effect of hiding OS version information and other detailed system information from attackers attempting to target specific exploits at a system.

Guidelines published by the US Department of Defense require that warning messages include at least the name of the organization that owns the system, the fact that the system is subject to monitoring and that such monitoring is in compliance with local statutes, and that use of the system implies consent to such monitoring. It is important that the organization's legal counsel review the content of all messages before any system modifications are made, as these warning messages are inherently site-specific. More information (including citations of relevant case law) can be found at http://www.justice.gov/criminal/cybercrime/

The /etc/motd , /etc/issue , and /etc/issue.net files govern warning banners for standard command line logins for both local and remote users.

Note: The text provided in the remediation actions for these items is intended as an example only. Please edit to include the specific text for your organization as approved by your legal department.

Pass

1.7.1 Ensure message of the day is configured properly

Description:

The contents of the /etc/motd file are displayed to users after login and function as a message of the day for authenticated users.

Unix-based systems have typically displayed information about the OS release and patch level upon logging in to the system. This information can be useful to developers who are developing software for a particular OS platform. If mingetty(8) supports the following options, they display operating system information: \m - machine architecture \r - operating system release \s - operating system name \v - operating system version

Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns the system and any monitoring policies that are in place. Displaying OS and patch level information in login banners also has the side effect of providing detailed system information to attackers attempting to target specific exploits of a system. Authorized users can easily get this information by running the " uname -a " command once they have logged in.

Edit the file found in /etc/motd.d/* with the appropriate contents according to your site policy, remove any instances of \m , \r , \s , \v or references to the OS platform

- OR -

- IF - the motd is not used, this file can be removed.

Run the following command to remove the motd file:

# rm /etc/motd

Run the following script and review and/or update all returned files' contents to:

  • Remove all system information ( \v , \r ; \m , \s )
  • Remove any refence to the operating system
  • Ensure contents follow local site policy
#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

a_files=()

for l_file in /etc/motd{,.d/*}; do

if grep -Psqi -- "(\\\v|\\\r|\\\m|\\\s|\b$(grep ^ID= /etc/os-release | cut -d= -f2 | sed -e 's/"//g')\b)" "$l_file"; then

echo -e "\n - File: \"$l_file\" includes system information. Edit this file to remove these entries"

else

a_files+=("$l_file")

fi

done

if [ "${#a_files[@]}" -gt 0 ]; then

echo -e "\n- ** Please review the following files and verify their contents follow local site policy **\n"

printf '%s\n' "${a_files[@]}"

fi

}

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_motd_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - ** Please review the following files and verify their contents follow local site policy **
  • /etc/motd
  • /etc/motd.d/insights-client
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - No MOTD files include system information
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.1_Ensure_message_of_the_day_is_configured_properly"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_motd_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_motd_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_motd_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>-  ** Please review the following files and verify their contents follow local site policy **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>/etc/motd</l>
                  <l>/etc/motd.d/insights-client</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - No MOTD files include system information</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_motd_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>-  ** Please review the following files and verify their contents follow local site policy **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>/etc/motd</li>
                              <li>/etc/motd.d/insights-client</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - No MOTD files include system information</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3

Back to Summary
Pass

1.7.2 Ensure local login warning banner is configured properly

Description:

The contents of the /etc/issue file are displayed to users prior to login for local terminals.

Unix-based systems have typically displayed information about the OS release and patch level upon logging in to the system. This information can be useful to developers who are developing software for a particular OS platform. If mingetty(8) supports the following options, they display operating system information: \m - machine architecture \r - operating system release \s - operating system name \v - operating system version - or the operating system's name

Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns the system and any monitoring policies that are in place. Displaying OS and patch level information in login banners also has the side effect of providing detailed system information to attackers attempting to target specific exploits of a system. Authorized users can easily get this information by running the " uname -a " command once they have logged in.

Edit the /etc/issue file with the appropriate contents according to your site policy, remove any instances of \m , \r , \s , \v or references to the OS platform

Example:

# echo "Authorized users only. All activity may be monitored and reported." > /etc/issue

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/wbissue.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • Warning Banner "/etc/issue" passed
No error lines were collected.
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/issue exists and matches pattern ^.+$
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
Textfilecontent Item
Name Type Status Value
Filepath String Exists /etc/issue
Path String Exists /etc
Filename String Exists issue
Pattern String Exists ^.+$
Instance Int Exists 1
Line String Exists WARNING: You have accessed a system managed by VMO2 Limited.
Text String Exists WARNING: You have accessed a system managed by VMO2 Limited.
Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
Windows View String Not collected No Value


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.2_Ensure_local_login_warning_banner_is_configured_properly"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/wbissue.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/wbissue.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/wbissue.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l>Warning Banner "/etc/issue" passed</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/wbissue.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li>Warning Banner "/etc/issue" passed</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671123"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671123">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671123"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/issue exists and matches pattern ^.+$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/issue</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>issue</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>^.+$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>WARNING: You have accessed a system managed by VMO2 Limited.</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>WARNING: You have accessed a system managed by VMO2 Limited.</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3

Back to Summary
Pass

1.7.3 Ensure remote login warning banner is configured properly

Description:

The contents of the /etc/issue.net file are displayed to users prior to login for remote connections from configured services.

Unix-based systems have typically displayed information about the OS release and patch level upon logging in to the system. This information can be useful to developers who are developing software for a particular OS platform. If mingetty(8) supports the following options, they display operating system information: \m - machine architecture \r - operating system release \s - operating system name \v - operating system version

Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns the system and any monitoring policies that are in place. Displaying OS and patch level information in login banners also has the side effect of providing detailed system information to attackers attempting to target specific exploits of a system. Authorized users can easily get this information by running the " uname -a " command once they have logged in.

Edit the /etc/issue.net file with the appropriate contents according to your site policy, remove any instances of \m , \r , \s , \v or references to the OS platform

Example:

# echo "Authorized users only. All activity may be monitored and reported." > /etc/issue.net

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/wbissue.net.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • Warning Banner "/etc/issue.net" passed
No error lines were collected.
Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/issue.net exists and matches pattern ^.+$
Existence Check: At Least One Exists
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
Textfilecontent Item
Name Type Status Value
Filepath String Exists /etc/issue.net
Path String Exists /etc
Filename String Exists issue.net
Pattern String Exists ^.+$
Instance Int Exists 1
Line String Exists WARNING: You have accessed a system managed by VMO2 Limited.
Text String Exists WARNING: You have accessed a system managed by VMO2 Limited.
Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
Windows View String Not collected No Value


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.3_Ensure_remote_login_warning_banner_is_configured_properly"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/wbissue.net.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/wbissue.net.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/wbissue.net.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l>Warning Banner "/etc/issue.net" passed</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/wbissue.net.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li>Warning Banner "/etc/issue.net" passed</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671133"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671133">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671133"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/issue.net exists and matches pattern ^.+$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/issue.net</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>issue.net</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>^.+$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>WARNING: You have accessed a system managed by VMO2 Limited.</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>WARNING: You have accessed a system managed by VMO2 Limited.</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3

Back to Summary
Pass

1.7.4 Ensure access to /etc/motd is configured

Description:

The contents of the /etc/motd file are displayed to users after login and function as a message of the day for authenticated users.

- IF - the /etc/motd file does not have the correct access configured, it could be modified by unauthorized users with incorrect or misleading information.

Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/motd :

# chown root:root $(readlink -e /etc/motd)

# chmod u-x,go-wx $(readlink -e /etc/motd)

- OR -

Run the following command to remove the /etc/motd file:

# rm /etc/motd

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - file: "/etc/motd" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
No error lines were collected.
Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - "/etc/motd/" doesn't exist
No error lines were collected.
Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - "/etc/motd/" doesn't exist
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.4_Ensure_access_to_etcmotd_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671138_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/motd" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/motd" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671141_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - "/etc/motd/" doesn't exist</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - "/etc/motd/" doesn't exist</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671145_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - "/etc/motd/" doesn't exist</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - "/etc/motd/" doesn't exist</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.7.5 Ensure access to /etc/issue is configured

Description:

The contents of the /etc/issue file are displayed to users prior to login for local terminals.

- IF - the /etc/issue file does not have the correct access configured, it could be modified by unauthorized users with incorrect or misleading information.

Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/issue :

# chown root:root $(readlink -e /etc/issue)

# chmod u-x,go-wx $(readlink -e /etc/issue)

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - file: "/etc/issue" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
No error lines were collected.
Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - "/etc/issue/" doesn't exist
No error lines were collected.
Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - "/etc/issue/" doesn't exist
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.5_Ensure_access_to_etcissue_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671151_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/issue" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/issue" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671154_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - "/etc/issue/" doesn't exist</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - "/etc/issue/" doesn't exist</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671157_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - "/etc/issue/" doesn't exist</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - "/etc/issue/" doesn't exist</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.7.6 Ensure access to /etc/issue.net is configured

Description:

The contents of the /etc/issue.net file are displayed to users prior to login for remote connections from configured services.

- IF - the /etc/issue.net file does not have the correct access configured, it could be modified by unauthorized users with incorrect or misleading information.

Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/issue.net :

# chown root:root $(readlink -e /etc/issue.net)

# chmod u-x,go-wx $(readlink -e /etc/issue.net)

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Complex Check
AND
Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - file: "/etc/issue.net" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
No error lines were collected.
Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - "/etc/issue.net/" doesn't exist
No error lines were collected.
Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
Result: Pass
Exit Value: 101
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** PASS **
  • - "/etc/issue.net/" doesn't exist
No error lines were collected.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.6_Ensure_access_to_etcissue.net_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671162_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/issue.net" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/issue.net" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671167_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - "/etc/issue.net/" doesn't exist</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - "/etc/issue.net/" doesn't exist</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671169_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - "/etc/issue.net/" doesn't exist</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - "/etc/issue.net/" doesn't exist</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
    Subcontrol: 14.6
    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
    Safeguard: 3.3
    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary

1.8 Configure GNOME Display Manager

The GNOME Display Manager (GDM) is a program that manages graphical display servers and handles graphical user logins.

Note: If GDM is not installed on the system, this section can be skipped

Pass

1.8.1 Ensure GNOME Display Manager is removed

Description:

The GNOME Display Manager (GDM) is a program that manages graphical display servers and handles graphical user logins.

If a Graphical User Interface (GUI) is not required, it should be removed to reduce the attack surface of the system.

Run the following command to remove the gdm package

# dnf remove gdm

Impact:

Removing the GNOME Display manager will remove the Graphical User Interface (GUI) from the system.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
AND
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.1_Ensure_GNOME_Display_Manager_is_removed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/GDM</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671175"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671175">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671175"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/GDM

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
    Subcontrol: 9.2
    Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
    Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.8
    Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
    Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
    Implementation Group: IG-2
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.8.2 Ensure GDM login banner is configured

Description:

GDM is the GNOME Display Manager which handles graphical login for GNOME based systems.

Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns the system and any monitoring policies that are in place.

Run the following script to verify that the banner message is enabled and set:

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

l_pkgoutput=""

if command -v dpkg-query > /dev/null 2>&1; then

l_pq="dpkg-query -W"

elif command -v rpm > /dev/null 2>&1; then

l_pq="rpm -q"

fi

l_pcl="gdm gdm3" # Space separated list of packages to check

for l_pn in $l_pcl; do

$l_pq "$l_pn" > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_pkgoutput="$l_pkgoutput\n - Package: \"$l_pn\" exists on the system\n - checking configuration"

done

if [ -n "$l_pkgoutput" ]; then



l_gdmprofile="gdm" # Set this to desired profile name IaW Local site policy

l_bmessage="'Authorized uses only. All activity may be monitored and reported'" # Set to desired banner message

if [ ! -f "/etc/dconf/profile/$l_gdmprofile" ]; then

echo "Creating profile \"$l_gdmprofile\""

echo -e "user-db:user\nsystem-db:$l_gdmprofile\nfile-db:/usr/share/$l_gdmprofile/greeter-dconf-defaults" > /etc/dconf/profile/$l_gdmprofile

fi

if [ ! -d "/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/" ]; then

echo "Creating dconf database directory \"/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/\""

mkdir /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/

fi

if ! grep -Piq '^\h*banner-message-enable\h*=\h*true\b' /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/*; then

echo "creating gdm keyfile for machine-wide settings"

if ! grep -Piq -- '^\h*banner-message-enable\h*=\h*' /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/*; then

l_kfile="/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/01-banner-message"

echo -e "\n[org/gnome/login-screen]\nbanner-message-enable=true" >> "$l_kfile"

else

l_kfile="$(grep -Pil -- '^\h*banner-message-enable\h*=\h*' /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/*)"

! grep -Pq '^\h*\[org\/gnome\/login-screen\]' "$l_kfile" && sed -ri '/^\s*banner-message-enable/ i\[org/gnome/login-screen]' "$l_kfile"

! grep -Pq '^\h*banner-message-enable\h*=\h*true\b' "$l_kfile" && sed -ri 's/^\s*(banner-message-enable\s*=\s*)(\S+)(\s*.*$)/\1true \3//' "$l_kfile"

# sed -ri '/^\s*\[org\/gnome\/login-screen\]/ a\\nbanner-message-enable=true' "$l_kfile"

fi

fi

if ! grep -Piq "^\h*banner-message-text=[\'\"]+\S+" "$l_kfile"; then

sed -ri "/^\s*banner-message-enable/ a\banner-message-text=$l_bmessage" "$l_kfile"

fi

dconf update

else

echo -e "\n\n - GNOME Desktop Manager isn't installed\n - Recommendation is Not Applicable\n - No remediation required\n"

fi

}

Note:

  • There is no character limit for the banner message. gnome-shell autodetects longer stretches of text and enters two column mode.

  • The banner message cannot be read from an external file.

    - OR -

Run the following command to remove the gdm package:

# dnf remove gdm

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Script: sce/nix_gdm_login_banner_configured_chk.sh
Result: Fail
Exit Value: 102
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** FAIL **
  • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
  • - The "banner-message-enable" option isn't configured
No error lines were collected.
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.2_Ensure_GDM_login_banner_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/login-banner.html.en</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_login_banner_configured_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_login_banner_configured_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_gdm_login_banner_configured_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - The "banner-message-enable" option isn't configured</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_gdm_login_banner_configured_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - The "banner-message-enable" option isn't configured</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671183"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671183">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671183"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/login-banner.html.en

Back to Summary
Pass

1.8.3 Ensure GDM disable-user-list option is enabled

Description:

GDM is the GNOME Display Manager which handles graphical login for GNOME based systems.

The disable-user-list option controls if a list of users is displayed on the login screen

Displaying the user list eliminates half of the Userid/Password equation that an unauthorized person would need to log on.

Run the following script to enable the disable-user-list option:

Note: the l_gdm_profile variable in the script can be changed if a different profile name is desired in accordance with local site policy.

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

l_gdmprofile="gdm"

if [ ! -f "/etc/dconf/profile/$l_gdmprofile" ]; then

echo "Creating profile \"$l_gdmprofile\""

echo -e "user-db:user\nsystem-db:$l_gdmprofile\nfile-db:/usr/share/$l_gdmprofile/greeter-dconf-defaults" > /etc/dconf/profile/$l_gdmprofile

fi

if [ ! -d "/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/" ]; then

echo "Creating dconf database directory \"/etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/\""

mkdir /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/

fi

if ! grep -Piq '^\h*disable-user-list\h*=\h*true\b' /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/*; then

echo "creating gdm keyfile for machine-wide settings"

if ! grep -Piq -- '^\h*\[org\/gnome\/login-screen\]' /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/*; then

echo -e "\n[org/gnome/login-screen]\n# Do not show the user list\ndisable-user-list=true" >> /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/00-login-screen

else

sed -ri '/^\s*\[org\/gnome\/login-screen\]/ a\# Do not show the user list\ndisable-user-list=true' $(grep -Pil -- '^\h*\[org\/gnome\/login-screen\]' /etc/dconf/db/$l_gdmprofile.d/*)

fi

fi

dconf update

}

Note: When the user profile is created or changed, the user will need to log out and log in again before the changes will be applied.

- OR -

Run the following command to remove the GNOME package:

# dnf remove gdm

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Script: sce/nix_gdm_disable_user_list_chk.sh
Result: Fail
Exit Value: 102
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • *** FAIL: ***
  • - The "disable-user-list" option is not enabled
No error lines were collected.
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.3_Ensure_GDM_disable-user-list_option_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/login-userlist-disable.html.en</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_disable_user_list_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_disable_user_list_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_gdm_disable_user_list_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>   *** FAIL: ***</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - The "disable-user-list" option is not enabled</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_gdm_disable_user_list_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>   *** FAIL: ***</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - The "disable-user-list" option is not enabled</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671190"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671190">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671190"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/login-userlist-disable.html.en

Back to Summary
Pass

1.8.4 Ensure GDM screen locks when the user is idle

Description:

GNOME Desktop Manager can make the screen lock automatically whenever the user is idle for some amount of time.

  • idle-delay=uint32 {n} - Number of seconds of inactivity before the screen goes blank
  • lock-delay=uint32 {n} - Number of seconds after the screen is blank before locking the screen

Example key file:

# Specify the dconf path

[org/gnome/desktop/session]



# Number of seconds of inactivity before the screen goes blank

# Set to 0 seconds if you want to deactivate the screensaver.

idle-delay=uint32 900



# Specify the dconf path

[org/gnome/desktop/screensaver]



# Number of seconds after the screen is blank before locking the screen

lock-delay=uint32 5

Setting a lock-out value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized user access to another user's session that has been left unattended.

Create or edit a file in the /etc/dconf/profile/ and verify it includes the following:

user-db:user

system-db:{NAME_OF_DCONF_DATABASE}

Note:local is the name of a dconf database used in the examples.

Example:

# echo -e '\nuser-db:user\nsystem-db:local' >> /etc/dconf/profile/user

Create the directory /etc/dconf/db/{NAME_OF_DCONF_DATABASE}.d/ if it doesn't already exist:

Example:

# mkdir /etc/dconf/db/local.d

Create the key file /etc/dconf/db/{NAME_OF_DCONF_DATABASE}.d/{FILE_NAME} to provide information for the {NAME_OF_DCONF_DATABASE} database:

Example script:

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

l_key_file="/etc/dconf/db/local.d/00-screensaver"

l_idmv="900" # Set max value for idle-delay in seconds (between 1 and 900)

l_ldmv="5" # Set max value for lock-delay in seconds (between 0 and 5)

{

echo '# Specify the dconf path'

echo '[org/gnome/desktop/session]'

echo ''

echo '# Number of seconds of inactivity before the screen goes blank'

echo '# Set to 0 seconds if you want to deactivate the screensaver.'

echo "idle-delay=uint32 $l_idmv"

echo ''

echo '# Specify the dconf path'

echo '[org/gnome/desktop/screensaver]'

echo ''

echo '# Number of seconds after the screen is blank before locking the screen'

echo "lock-delay=uint32 $l_ldmv"

} > "$l_key_file"

}

Note: You must include the uint32 along with the integer key values as shown.

Run the following command to update the system databases:

# dconf update

Note: Users must log out and back in again before the system-wide settings take effect.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Script: sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_chk.sh
Result: Fail
Exit Value: 102
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** FAIL **
  • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
  • - The "idle-delay" option doesn't exist, remaining tests skipped
No error lines were collected.
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.4_Ensure_GDM_screen_locks_when_the_user_is_idle"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/11"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/desktop-lockscreen.html.en</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671196_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - The "idle-delay" option doesn't exist, remaining tests skipped</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - The "idle-delay" option doesn't exist, remaining tests skipped</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671200"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671200">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671200"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/desktop-lockscreen.html.en

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
    Subcontrol: 16.11
    Label: Lock Workstation Sessions After Inactivity
    Description: Automatically lock workstation sessions after a standard period of inactivity.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.3
    Label: Configure Automatic Session Locking on Enterprise Assets
    Description: Configure automatic session locking on enterprise assets after a defined period of inactivity. For general purpose operating systems, the period must not exceed 15 minutes. For mobile end-user devices, the period must not exceed 2 minutes.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.8.5 Ensure GDM screen locks cannot be overridden

Description:

GNOME Desktop Manager can make the screen lock automatically whenever the user is idle for some amount of time.

By using the lockdown mode in dconf, you can prevent users from changing specific settings.

To lock down a dconf key or subpath, create a locks subdirectory in the keyfile directory. The files inside this directory contain a list of keys or subpaths to lock. Just as with the keyfiles, you may add any number of files to this directory.

Example Lock File:

# Lock desktop screensaver settings

/org/gnome/desktop/session/idle-delay

/org/gnome/desktop/screensaver/lock-delay

Setting a lock-out value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized user access to another user's session that has been left unattended.

Without locking down the system settings, user settings take precedence over the system settings.

Run the following script to ensure screen locks cannot be overridden:

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

# Check if GNMOE Desktop Manager is installed. If package isn't installed, recommendation is Not Applicable\n

# determine system's package manager

l_pkgoutput=""

if command -v dpkg-query > /dev/null 2>&1; then

l_pq="dpkg-query -W"

elif command -v rpm > /dev/null 2>&1; then

l_pq="rpm -q"

fi

# Check if GDM is installed

l_pcl="gdm gdm3" # Space separated list of packages to check

for l_pn in $l_pcl; do

$l_pq "$l_pn" > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_pkgoutput="y" && echo -e "\n - Package: \"$l_pn\" exists on the system\n - remediating configuration if needed"

done

# Check configuration (If applicable)

if [ -n "$l_pkgoutput" ]; then

# Look for idle-delay to determine profile in use, needed for remaining tests

l_kfd="/etc/dconf/db/$(grep -Psril '^\h*idle-delay\h*=\h*uint32\h+\d+\b' /etc/dconf/db/*/ | awk -F'/' '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}').d" #set directory of key file to be locked

# Look for lock-delay to determine profile in use, needed for remaining tests

l_kfd2="/etc/dconf/db/$(grep -Psril '^\h*lock-delay\h*=\h*uint32\h+\d+\b' /etc/dconf/db/*/ | awk -F'/' '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}').d" #set directory of key file to be locked

if [ -d "$l_kfd" ]; then # If key file directory doesn't exist, options can't be locked

if grep -Prilq '^\h*\/org\/gnome\/desktop\/session\/idle-delay\b' "$l_kfd"; then

echo " - \"idle-delay\" is locked in \"$(grep -Pril '^\h*\/org\/gnome\/desktop\/session\/idle-delay\b' "$l_kfd")\""

else

echo "creating entry to lock \"idle-delay\""

[ ! -d "$l_kfd"/locks ] && echo "creating directory $l_kfd/locks" && mkdir "$l_kfd"/locks

{

echo -e '\n# Lock desktop screensaver idle-delay setting'

echo '/org/gnome/desktop/session/idle-delay'

} >> "$l_kfd"/locks/00-screensaver

fi

else

echo -e " - \"idle-delay\" is not set so it can not be locked\n - Please follow Recommendation \"Ensure GDM screen locks when the user is idle\" and follow this Recommendation again"

fi

if [ -d "$l_kfd2" ]; then # If key file directory doesn't exist, options can't be locked

if grep -Prilq '^\h*\/org\/gnome\/desktop\/screensaver\/lock-delay\b' "$l_kfd2"; then

echo " - \"lock-delay\" is locked in \"$(grep -Pril '^\h*\/org\/gnome\/desktop\/screensaver\/lock-delay\b' "$l_kfd2")\""

else

echo "creating entry to lock \"lock-delay\""

[ ! -d "$l_kfd2"/locks ] && echo "creating directory $l_kfd2/locks" && mkdir "$l_kfd2"/locks

{

echo -e '\n# Lock desktop screensaver lock-delay setting'

echo '/org/gnome/desktop/screensaver/lock-delay'

} >> "$l_kfd2"/locks/00-screensaver

fi

else

echo -e " - \"lock-delay\" is not set so it can not be locked\n - Please follow Recommendation \"Ensure GDM screen locks when the user is idle\" and follow this Recommendation again"

fi

else

echo -e " - GNOME Desktop Manager package is not installed on the system\n - Recommendation is not applicable"

fi

}

Run the following command to update the system databases:

# dconf update

Note: Users must log out and back in again before the system-wide settings take effect.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Script: sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_override_chk.sh
Result: Fail
Exit Value: 102
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** FAIL **
  • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
  • - "idle-delay" is not set so it can not be locked
  • - "lock-delay" is not set so it can not be locked
No error lines were collected.
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.5_Ensure_GDM_screen_locks_cannot_be_overridden"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.341+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/11"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/desktop-lockscreen.html.en</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/dconf-lockdown.html.en</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_override_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_override_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_override_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "idle-delay" is not set so it can not be locked</l>
                  <l> - "lock-delay" is not set so it can not be locked</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_override_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "idle-delay" is not set so it can not be locked</li>
                              <li> - "lock-delay" is not set so it can not be locked</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671208"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671208">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671208"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/desktop-lockscreen.html.en
  • URL: https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/dconf-lockdown.html.en

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
    Subcontrol: 16.11
    Label: Lock Workstation Sessions After Inactivity
    Description: Automatically lock workstation sessions after a standard period of inactivity.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
    Safeguard: 4.3
    Label: Configure Automatic Session Locking on Enterprise Assets
    Description: Configure automatic session locking on enterprise assets after a defined period of inactivity. For general purpose operating systems, the period must not exceed 15 minutes. For mobile end-user devices, the period must not exceed 2 minutes.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.8.6 Ensure GDM automatic mounting of removable media is disabled

Description:

By default GNOME automatically mounts removable media when inserted as a convenience to the user.

With automounting enabled anyone with physical access could attach a USB drive or disc and have its contents available in system even if they lacked permissions to mount it themselves.

Run the following script to disable automatic mounting of media for all GNOME users:

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

l_pkgoutput=""

l_gpname="local" # Set to desired dconf profile name (default is local)

# Check if GNOME Desktop Manager is installed. If package isn't installed, recommendation is Not Applicable\n

# determine system's package manager

if command -v dpkg-query > /dev/null 2>&1; then

l_pq="dpkg-query -W"

elif command -v rpm > /dev/null 2>&1; then

l_pq="rpm -q"

fi

# Check if GDM is installed

l_pcl="gdm gdm3" # Space separated list of packages to check

for l_pn in $l_pcl; do

$l_pq "$l_pn" > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_pkgoutput="$l_pkgoutput\n - Package: \"$l_pn\" exists on the system\n - checking configuration"

done

# Check configuration (If applicable)

if [ -n "$l_pkgoutput" ]; then

echo -e "$l_pkgoutput"

# Look for existing settings and set variables if they exist

l_kfile="$(grep -Prils -- '^\h*automount\b' /etc/dconf/db/*.d)"

l_kfile2="$(grep -Prils -- '^\h*automount-open\b' /etc/dconf/db/*.d)"

# Set profile name based on dconf db directory ({PROFILE_NAME}.d)

if [ -f "$l_kfile" ]; then

l_gpname="$(awk -F\/ '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}' <<< "$l_kfile")"

echo " - updating dconf profile name to \"$l_gpname\""

elif [ -f "$l_kfile2" ]; then

l_gpname="$(awk -F\/ '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}' <<< "$l_kfile2")"

echo " - updating dconf profile name to \"$l_gpname\""

fi

# check for consistency (Clean up configuration if needed)

if [ -f "$l_kfile" ] && [ "$(awk -F\/ '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}' <<< "$l_kfile")" != "$l_gpname" ]; then

sed -ri "/^\s*automount\s*=/s/^/# /" "$l_kfile"

l_kfile="/etc/dconf/db/$l_gpname.d/00-media-automount"

fi

if [ -f "$l_kfile2" ] && [ "$(awk -F\/ '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}' <<< "$l_kfile2")" != "$l_gpname" ]; then

sed -ri "/^\s*automount-open\s*=/s/^/# /" "$l_kfile2"

fi

[ -z "$l_kfile" ] && l_kfile="/etc/dconf/db/$l_gpname.d/00-media-automount"

# Check if profile file exists

if grep -Pq -- "^\h*system-db:$l_gpname\b" /etc/dconf/profile/*; then

echo -e "\n - dconf database profile exists in: \"$(grep -Pl -- "^\h*system-db:$l_gpname\b" /etc/dconf/profile/*)\""

else

if [ ! -f "/etc/dconf/profile/user" ]; then

l_gpfile="/etc/dconf/profile/user"

else

l_gpfile="/etc/dconf/profile/user2"

fi

echo -e " - creating dconf database profile"

{

echo -e "\nuser-db:user"

echo "system-db:$l_gpname"

} >> "$l_gpfile"

fi

# create dconf directory if it doesn't exists

l_gpdir="/etc/dconf/db/$l_gpname.d"

if [ -d "$l_gpdir" ]; then

echo " - The dconf database directory \"$l_gpdir\" exists"

else

echo " - creating dconf database directory \"$l_gpdir\""

mkdir "$l_gpdir"

fi

# check automount-open setting

if grep -Pqs -- '^\h*automount-open\h*=\h*false\b' "$l_kfile"; then

echo " - \"automount-open\" is set to false in: \"$l_kfile\""

else

echo " - creating \"automount-open\" entry in \"$l_kfile\""

! grep -Psq -- '\^\h*\[org\/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\]\b' "$l_kfile" && echo '[org/gnome/desktop/media-handling]' >> "$l_kfile"

sed -ri '/^\s*\[org\/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\]/a \\nautomount-open=false' "$l_kfile"

fi

# check automount setting

if grep -Pqs -- '^\h*automount\h*=\h*false\b' "$l_kfile"; then

echo " - \"automount\" is set to false in: \"$l_kfile\""

else

echo " - creating \"automount\" entry in \"$l_kfile\""

! grep -Psq -- '\^\h*\[org\/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\]\b' "$l_kfile" && echo '[org/gnome/desktop/media-handling]' >> "$l_kfile"

sed -ri '/^\s*\[org\/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\]/a \\nautomount=false' "$l_kfile"

fi

# update dconf database

dconf update

else

echo -e "\n - GNOME Desktop Manager package is not installed on the system\n - Recommendation is not applicable"

fi

}

- OR -

Run the following command to uninstall the GNOME desktop Manager package:

# dnf remove gdm

Impact:

The use of portable hard drives is very common for workstation users. If your organization allows the use of portable storage or media on workstations and physical access controls to workstations is considered adequate there is little value add in turning off automounting.

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Script: sce/nix_gdm_automount_chk.sh
Result: Fail
Exit Value: 102
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** FAIL **
  • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
  • - neither "automount" or "automount-open" is set
No error lines were collected.
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.6_Ensure_GDM_automatic_mounting_of_removable_media_is_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.343+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/solutions/20107</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_automount_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_automount_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_gdm_automount_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - neither "automount" or "automount-open" is set</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_gdm_automount_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - neither "automount" or "automount-open" is set</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671217"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671217">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671217"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://access.redhat.com/solutions/20107

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 8: Malware Defenses: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious code at multiple points in the enterprise, while optimizing the use of automation to enable rapid updating of defense, data gathering, and corrective action.
    Subcontrol: 8.5
    Label: Configure Devices Not To Auto-Run Content
    Description: Configure devices to not auto-run content from removable media.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications, code, or scripts on enterprise assets.
    Safeguard: 10.3
    Label: Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media
    Description: Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.8.7 Ensure GDM disabling automatic mounting of removable media is not overridden

Description:

By default GNOME automatically mounts removable media when inserted as a convenience to the user

By using the lockdown mode in dconf, you can prevent users from changing specific settings.

To lock down a dconf key or subpath, create a locks subdirectory in the keyfile directory. The files inside this directory contain a list of keys or subpaths to lock. Just as with the keyfiles, you may add any number of files to this directory.

Example Lock File:

# Lock automount settings

/org/gnome/desktop/media-handling/automount

/org/gnome/desktop/media-handling/automount-open

With automounting enabled anyone with physical access could attach a USB drive or disc and have its contents available in system even if they lacked permissions to mount it themselves.

Run the following script to lock disable automatic mounting of media for all GNOME users:

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

# Check if GNMOE Desktop Manager is installed. If package isn't installed, recommendation is Not Applicable\n

# determine system's package manager

l_pkgoutput=""

if command -v dpkg-query > /dev/null 2>&1; then

l_pq="dpkg-query -W"

elif command -v rpm > /dev/null 2>&1; then

l_pq="rpm -q"

fi

# Check if GDM is installed

l_pcl="gdm gdm3" # Space separated list of packages to check

for l_pn in $l_pcl; do

$l_pq "$l_pn" > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_pkgoutput="y" && echo -e "\n - Package: \"$l_pn\" exists on the system\n - remediating configuration if needed"

done

# Check configuration (If applicable)

if [ -n "$l_pkgoutput" ]; then

# Look for automount to determine profile in use, needed for remaining tests

l_kfd="/etc/dconf/db/$(grep -Psril '^\h*automount\b' /etc/dconf/db/*/ | awk -F'/' '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}').d" #set directory of key file to be locked

# Look for automount-open to determine profile in use, needed for remaining tests

l_kfd2="/etc/dconf/db/$(grep -Psril '^\h*automount-open\b' /etc/dconf/db/*/ | awk -F'/' '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}').d" #set directory of key file to be locked

if [ -d "$l_kfd" ]; then # If key file directory doesn't exist, options can't be locked

if grep -Priq '^\h*\/org/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\/automount\b' "$l_kfd"; then

echo " - \"automount\" is locked in \"$(grep -Pril '^\h*\/org/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\/automount\b' "$l_kfd")\""

else

echo " - creating entry to lock \"automount\""

[ ! -d "$l_kfd"/locks ] && echo "creating directory $l_kfd/locks" && mkdir "$l_kfd"/locks

{

echo -e '\n# Lock desktop media-handling automount setting'

echo '/org/gnome/desktop/media-handling/automount'

} >> "$l_kfd"/locks/00-media-automount

fi

else

echo -e " - \"automount\" is not set so it can not be locked\n - Please follow Recommendation \"Ensure GDM automatic mounting of removable media is disabled\" and follow this Recommendation again"

fi

if [ -d "$l_kfd2" ]; then # If key file directory doesn't exist, options can't be locked

if grep -Priq '^\h*\/org/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\/automount-open\b' "$l_kfd2"; then

echo " - \"automount-open\" is locked in \"$(grep -Pril '^\h*\/org/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\/automount-open\b' "$l_kfd2")\""

else

echo " - creating entry to lock \"automount-open\""

[ ! -d "$l_kfd2"/locks ] && echo "creating directory $l_kfd2/locks" && mkdir "$l_kfd2"/locks

{

echo -e '\n# Lock desktop media-handling automount-open setting'

echo '/org/gnome/desktop/media-handling/automount-open'

} >> "$l_kfd2"/locks/00-media-automount

fi

else

echo -e " - \"automount-open\" is not set so it can not be locked\n - Please follow Recommendation \"Ensure GDM automatic mounting of removable media is disabled\" and follow this Recommendation again"

fi

# update dconf database

dconf update

else

echo -e " - GNOME Desktop Manager package is not installed on the system\n - Recommendation is not applicable"

fi

}

Impact:

The use of portable hard drives is very common for workstation users

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Script: sce/nix_gdm_automount_locked_chk.sh
Result: Fail
Exit Value: 102
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** FAIL **
  • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
  • - neither "automount" or "automount-open" is set
No error lines were collected.
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.7_Ensure_GDM_disabling_automatic_mounting_of_removable_media_is_not_overridden"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.343+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/dconf-lockdown.html.en</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_automount_locked_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_automount_locked_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_gdm_automount_locked_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - neither "automount" or "automount-open" is set</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_gdm_automount_locked_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - neither "automount" or "automount-open" is set</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671226"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671226">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671226"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

  • URL: https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/dconf-lockdown.html.en

CIS Controls V7.0:

  • Control 8: Malware Defenses: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious code at multiple points in the enterprise, while optimizing the use of automation to enable rapid updating of defense, data gathering, and corrective action.
    Subcontrol: 8.5
    Label: Configure Devices Not To Auto-Run Content
    Description: Configure devices to not auto-run content from removable media.
    • >

CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

  • Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
    CIS Control Information
    Control: Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications, code, or scripts on enterprise assets.
    Safeguard: 10.3
    Label: Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media
    Description: Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media.
    Implementation Group: IG-1
    Security Function: Protect
    • >

Back to Summary
Pass

1.8.8 Ensure GDM autorun-never is enabled

Description:

The autorun-never setting allows the GNOME Desktop Display Manager to disable autorun through GDM.

Malware on removable media may take advantage of Autorun features when the media is inserted into a system and execute.

Run the following script to set autorun-never to true for GDM users:

#!/usr/bin/env bash



{

l_pkgoutput="" l_output="" l_output2=""

l_gpname="local" # Set to desired dconf profile name (default is local)

# Check if GNOME Desktop Manager is installed. If package isn't installed, recommendation is Not Applicable\n

# determine system's package manager

if command -v dpkg-query > /dev/null 2>&1; then

l_pq="dpkg-query -W"

elif command -v rpm > /dev/null 2>&1; then

l_pq="rpm -q"

fi

# Check if GDM is installed

l_pcl="gdm gdm3" # Space separated list of packages to check

for l_pn in $l_pcl; do

$l_pq "$l_pn" > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_pkgoutput="$l_pkgoutput\n - Package: \"$l_pn\" exists on the system\n - checking configuration"

done

echo -e "$l_pkgoutput"

# Check configuration (If applicable)

if [ -n "$l_pkgoutput" ]; then

echo -e "$l_pkgoutput"

# Look for existing settings and set variables if they exist

l_kfile="$(grep -Prils -- '^\h*autorun-never\b' /etc/dconf/db/*.d)"

# Set profile name based on dconf db directory ({PROFILE_NAME}.d)

if [ -f "$l_kfile" ]; then

l_gpname="$(awk -F\/ '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}' <<< "$l_kfile")"

echo " - updating dconf profile name to \"$l_gpname\""

fi

[ ! -f "$l_kfile" ] && l_kfile="/etc/dconf/db/$l_gpname.d/00-media-autorun"

# Check if profile file exists

if grep -Pq -- "^\h*system-db:$l_gpname\b" /etc/dconf/profile/*; then

echo -e "\n - dconf database profile exists in: \"$(grep -Pl -- "^\h*system-db:$l_gpname\b" /etc/dconf/profile/*)\""

else

[ ! -f "/etc/dconf/profile/user" ] && l_gpfile="/etc/dconf/profile/user" || l_gpfile="/etc/dconf/profile/user2"

echo -e " - creating dconf database profile"

{

echo -e "\nuser-db:user"

echo "system-db:$l_gpname"

} >> "$l_gpfile"

fi

# create dconf directory if it doesn't exists

l_gpdir="/etc/dconf/db/$l_gpname.d"

if [ -d "$l_gpdir" ]; then

echo " - The dconf database directory \"$l_gpdir\" exists"

else

echo " - creating dconf database directory \"$l_gpdir\""

mkdir "$l_gpdir"

fi

# check autorun-never setting

if grep -Pqs -- '^\h*autorun-never\h*=\h*true\b' "$l_kfile"; then

echo " - \"autorun-never\" is set to true in: \"$l_kfile\""

else

echo " - creating or updating \"autorun-never\" entry in \"$l_kfile\""

if grep -Psq -- '^\h*autorun-never' "$l_kfile"; then

sed -ri 's/(^\s*autorun-never\s*=\s*)(\S+)(\s*.*)$/\1true \3/' "$l_kfile"

else

! grep -Psq -- '\^\h*\[org\/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\]\b' "$l_kfile" && echo '[org/gnome/desktop/media-handling]' >> "$l_kfile"

sed -ri '/^\s*\[org\/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\]/a \\nautorun-never=true' "$l_kfile"

fi

fi

else

echo -e "\n - GNOME Desktop Manager package is not installed on the system\n - Recommendation is not applicable"

fi

# update dconf database

dconf update

}

Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
OR
Script: sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_chk.sh
Result: Fail
Exit Value: 102
Output:
  • - Audit Result:
  • ** FAIL **
  • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
  • - "autorun-never" is not set
No error lines were collected.
Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed
Existence Check: None Exist
Item Check: All
Result: Pass
No matching system items were found.


Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.8_Ensure_GDM_autorun-never_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.343+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "autorun-never" is not set</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "autorun-never" is not set</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671235"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671235">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671235"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

References:

    CIS Controls V7.0:

    • Control 8: Malware Defenses: -- More
      CIS Control Information
      Control: Control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious code at multiple points in the enterprise, while optimizing the use of automation to enable rapid updating of defense, data gathering, and corrective action.
      Subcontrol: 8.5
      Label: Configure Devices Not To Auto-Run Content
      Description: Configure devices to not auto-run content from removable media.
      • >

    CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

    • Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
      CIS Control Information
      Control: Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications, code, or scripts on enterprise assets.
      Safeguard: 10.3
      Label: Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media
      Description: Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media.
      Implementation Group: IG-1
      Security Function: Protect
      • >

    Back to Summary
    Pass

    1.8.9 Ensure GDM autorun-never is not overridden

    Description:

    The autorun-never setting allows the GNOME Desktop Display Manager to disable autorun through GDM.

    By using the lockdown mode in dconf, you can prevent users from changing specific settings.

    To lock down a dconf key or subpath, create a locks subdirectory in the keyfile directory. The files inside this directory contain a list of keys or subpaths to lock. Just as with the keyfiles, you may add any number of files to this directory.

    Example Lock File:

    # Lock desktop media-handling settings

    /org/gnome/desktop/media-handling/autorun-never

    Malware on removable media may take advantage of Autorun features when the media is inserted into a system and execute.

    Run the following script to ensure that autorun-never=true cannot be overridden:

    #!/usr/bin/env bash



    {

    # Check if GNOME Desktop Manager is installed. If package isn't installed, recommendation is Not Applicable\n

    # determine system's package manager

    l_pkgoutput=""

    if command -v dpkg-query > /dev/null 2>&1; then

    l_pq="dpkg-query -W"

    elif command -v rpm > /dev/null 2>&1; then

    l_pq="rpm -q"

    fi

    # Check if GDM is installed

    l_pcl="gdm gdm3" # Space separated list of packages to check

    for l_pn in $l_pcl; do

    $l_pq "$l_pn" > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_pkgoutput="y" && echo -e "\n - Package: \"$l_pn\" exists on the system\n - remediating configuration if needed"

    done

    # Check configuration (If applicable)

    if [ -n "$l_pkgoutput" ]; then

    # Look for autorun to determine profile in use, needed for remaining tests

    l_kfd="/etc/dconf/db/$(grep -Psril '^\h*autorun-never\b' /etc/dconf/db/*/ | awk -F'/' '{split($(NF-1),a,".");print a[1]}').d" #set directory of key file to be locked

    if [ -d "$l_kfd" ]; then # If key file directory doesn't exist, options can't be locked

    if grep -Priq '^\h*\/org/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\/autorun-never\b' "$l_kfd"; then

    echo " - \"autorun-never\" is locked in \"$(grep -Pril '^\h*\/org/gnome\/desktop\/media-handling\/autorun-never\b' "$l_kfd")\""

    else

    echo " - creating entry to lock \"autorun-never\""

    [ ! -d "$l_kfd"/locks ] && echo "creating directory $l_kfd/locks" && mkdir "$l_kfd"/locks

    {

    echo -e '\n# Lock desktop media-handling autorun-never setting'

    echo '/org/gnome/desktop/media-handling/autorun-never'

    } >> "$l_kfd"/locks/00-media-autorun

    fi

    else

    echo -e " - \"autorun-never\" is not set so it can not be locked\n - Please follow Recommendation \"Ensure GDM autorun-never is enabled\" and follow this Recommendation again"

    fi

    # update dconf database

    dconf update

    else

    echo -e " - GNOME Desktop Manager package is not installed on the system\n - Recommendation is not applicable"

    fi

    }

    Show Assessment Evidence
    Complex Check
    OR
    Script: sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_override_chk.sh
    Result: Fail
    Exit Value: 102
    Output:
    • - Audit Result:
    • ** FAIL **
    • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
    • - "autorun-never" is not set so it can not be locked
    No error lines were collected.
    Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed
    Existence Check: None Exist
    Item Check: All
    Result: Pass
    No matching system items were found.


    Show Rule Result XML
    <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.9_Ensure_GDM_autorun-never_is_not_overridden"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.343+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_override_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_override_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_override_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "autorun-never" is not set so it can not be locked</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_override_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "autorun-never" is not set so it can not be locked</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671243"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671243">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671243"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

    References:

      CIS Controls V7.0:

      • Control 8: Malware Defenses: -- More
        CIS Control Information
        Control: Control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious code at multiple points in the enterprise, while optimizing the use of automation to enable rapid updating of defense, data gathering, and corrective action.
        Subcontrol: 8.5
        Label: Configure Devices Not To Auto-Run Content
        Description: Configure devices to not auto-run content from removable media.
        • >

      CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

      • Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
        CIS Control Information
        Control: Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications, code, or scripts on enterprise assets.
        Safeguard: 10.3
        Label: Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media
        Description: Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media.
        Implementation Group: IG-1
        Security Function: Protect
        • >

      Back to Summary
      Pass

      1.8.10 Ensure XDMCP is not enabled

      Description:

      X Display Manager Control Protocol (XDMCP) is designed to provide authenticated access to display management services for remote displays

      XDMCP is inherently insecure.

      • XDMCP is not a ciphered protocol. This may allow an attacker to capture keystrokes entered by a user
      • XDMCP is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. This may allow an attacker to steal the credentials of legitimate users by impersonating the XDMCP server.

      Edit the file /etc/gdm/custom.conf and remove the line:

      Enable=true

      Show Assessment Evidence
      Complex Check
      AND
      Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/gdm/custom.conf exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\s*Enable\s*=\s*true\b
      Existence Check: None Exist
      Item Check: All
      Result: Pass
      No matching system items were found.


      Show Rule Result XML
      <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.8.10_Ensure_XDMCP_is_not_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.343+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671249"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671249">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671249"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/gdm/custom.conf exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\s*Enable\s*=\s*true\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

      References:

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        2 Services

        While applying system updates and patches helps correct known vulnerabilities, one of the best ways to protect the system against as yet unreported vulnerabilities is to disable all services that are not required for normal system operation. This prevents the exploitation of vulnerabilities discovered at a later date. If a service is not enabled, it cannot be exploited. The actions in this section of the document provide guidance on some services which can be safely disabled and under which circumstances, greatly reducing the number of possible threats to the resulting system. Additionally, some services which should remain enabled but with secure configuration are covered as well as insecure service clients.

        2.1 Configure Server Services

        This section describes services that are installed on systems that specifically need to run these services. If any of these services are not required, it is recommended that the package be removed.

        - IF - the package is required for a dependency:

        • Ensure the dependent package is approved by local site policy
        • Ensure stopping and masking the service and/or socket meets local site policy
        • Stop and mask the service and/or socket to reduce the potential attack surface

        The following commands can be used to stop and mask the service and socket:

        # systemctl stop <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service

        # systemctl mask <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service

        Note: This should not be considered a comprehensive list of services not required for normal system operation. You may wish to consider additions to those listed here for your environment

        Pass

        2.1.1 Ensure autofs services are not in use

        Description:

        autofs allows automatic mounting of devices, typically including CD/DVDs and USB drives.

        With automounting enabled anyone with physical access could attach a USB drive or disc and have its contents available in system even if they lacked permissions to mount it themselves.

        Run the following commands to stop autofs.service and remove autofs package:

        # systemctl stop autofs.service

        # dnf remove autofs

        - OR -

        - IF - the autofs package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask autofs.service :

        # systemctl stop autofs.service

        # systemctl mask autofs.service

        Impact:

        The use of portable hard drives is very common for workstation users. If your organization allows the use of portable storage or media on workstations and physical access controls to workstations is considered adequate there is little value add in turning off automounting.

        There may be packages that are dependent on the autofs package. If the autofs package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the autofs package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the autofs.service leaving the autofs package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'autofs.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists autofs.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'autofs.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists autofs.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'autofs' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.1_Ensure_autofs_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.344+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-3, MP-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670700"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670700_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670700"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670700">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670700"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'autofs.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>autofs.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670703"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670703_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670703"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670703">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670703"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'autofs.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>autofs.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670692"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670692">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670692"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'autofs' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-3, MP-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 8: Malware Defenses: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious code at multiple points in the enterprise, while optimizing the use of automation to enable rapid updating of defense, data gathering, and corrective action.
          Subcontrol: 8.5
          Label: Configure Devices Not To Auto-Run Content
          Description: Configure devices to not auto-run content from removable media.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications, code, or scripts on enterprise assets.
          Safeguard: 10.3
          Label: Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media
          Description: Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.2 Ensure avahi daemon services are not in use

        Description:

        Avahi is a free zeroconf implementation, including a system for multicast DNS/DNS-SD service discovery. Avahi allows programs to publish and discover services and hosts running on a local network with no specific configuration. For example, a user can plug a computer into a network and Avahi automatically finds printers to print to, files to look at and people to talk to, as well as network services running on the machine.

        Automatic discovery of network services is not normally required for system functionality. It is recommended to remove this package to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following commands to stop avahi-daemon.socket and avahi-daemon.service , and remove the avahi package:

        # systemctl stop avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service

        # dnf remove avahi

        - OR -

        - IF - the avahi package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask the avahi-daemon.socket and avahi-daemon.service :

        # systemctl stop avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service

        # systemctl mask avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the avahi package. If the avahi package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the avahi package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the avahi-daemon.socket and avahi-daemon.service leaving the avahi package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists avahi-daemon.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists avahi-daemon.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists avahi-daemon.socket
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists avahi-daemon.socket
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'avahi' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.2_Ensure_avahi_daemon_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.346+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670718"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670718_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670718"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670718">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670718"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>avahi-daemon.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670723"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670723_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670723"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670723">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670723"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>avahi-daemon.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>ActiveState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>inactive</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670729"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670729_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670729"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670729">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670729"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>avahi-daemon.socket</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670736"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670736_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670736"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670736">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670736"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>avahi-daemon.socket</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670713"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670713">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670713"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'avahi' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.3 Ensure dhcp server services are not in use

        Description:

        The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a service that allows machines to be dynamically assigned IP addresses. There are two versions of the DHCP protocol DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 . At startup the server may be started for one or the other via the -4 or -6 arguments.

        Unless a system is specifically set up to act as a DHCP server, it is recommended that the dhcp-server package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following commands to stop dhcpd.service and dhcpd6.service and remove dhcp-server package:

        # systemctl stop dhcpd.service dhcpd6.service

        # dnf remove dhcp-server

        - OR -

        - IF - the dhcp-server package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask dhcpd.service and dhcpd6.service :

        # systemctl stop dhcpd.service dhcpd6.service

        # systemctl mask dhcpd.service dhcpd6.service

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the dhcp-server package. If the dhcp-server package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the dhcp-server package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the dhcpd.service and dhcpd6.service leaving the dhcp-server package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'dhcpd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists dhcpd.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'dhcpd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists dhcpd.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'dhcpd6.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists dhcpd6.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'dhcpd6.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists dhcpd6.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'dhcp-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.3_Ensure_dhcp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.346+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">dhcpd(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670746"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670746_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670746"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670746">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670746"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'dhcpd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>dhcpd.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670752"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670752_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670752"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670752">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670752"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'dhcpd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>dhcpd.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>ActiveState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>inactive</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670755"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670755_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670755"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670755">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670755"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'dhcpd6.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>dhcpd6.service</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670761"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670761_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670761"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670761">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670761"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'dhcpd6.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>dhcpd6.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670744"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670744">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670744"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'dhcp-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: dhcpd(8)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.4 Ensure dns server services are not in use

        Description:

        The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system that maps names to IP addresses for computers, services and other resources connected to a network.

        Unless a system is specifically designated to act as a DNS server, it is recommended that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following commands to stop named.service and remove bind package:

        # systemctl stop named.service

        # dnf remove bind

        - OR -

        - IF - the bind package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask named.service :

        # systemctl stop named.service

        # systemctl mask named.service

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the bind package. If the bind package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the bind package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the named.service leaving the bind package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'named.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists named.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'named.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists named.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'bind' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.4_Ensure_dns_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.346+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670773"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670773_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670773"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670773">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670773"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'named.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>named.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670777"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670777_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670777"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670777">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670777"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'named.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>named.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670768"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670768">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670768"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'bind' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.5 Ensure dnsmasq services are not in use

        Description:

        dnsmasq is a lightweight tool that provides DNS caching, DNS forwarding and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) services.

        Unless a system is specifically designated to act as a DNS caching, DNS forwarding and/or DHCP server, it is recommended that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following commands to stop dnsmasq.service and remove dnsmasq package:

        # systemctl stop dnsmasq.service

        # dnf remove dnsmasq

        - OR -

        - IF - the dnsmasq package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask the dnsmasq.service :

        # systemctl stop dnsmasq.service

        # systemctl mask dnsmasq.service

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the dnsmasq package. If the dnsmasq package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the dnsmasq package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the dnsmasq.service leaving the dnsmasq package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'dnsmasq.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists dnsmasq.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'dnsmasq.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists dnsmasq.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'dnsmasq' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.5_Ensure_dnsmasq_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.346+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670791"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670791_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670791"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670791">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670791"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'dnsmasq.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>dnsmasq.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670796"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670796_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670796"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670796">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670796"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'dnsmasq.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>dnsmasq.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670785"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670785">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670785"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'dnsmasq' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.6 Ensure samba file server services are not in use

        Description:

        The Samba daemon allows system administrators to configure their Linux systems to share file systems and directories with Windows desktops. Samba will advertise the file systems and directories via the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. Windows desktop users will be able to mount these directories and file systems as letter drives on their systems.

        If there is no need to mount directories and file systems to Windows systems, then this package can be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following command to stop smb.service and remove samba package:

        # systemctl stop smb.service

        # dnf remove samba

        - OR -

        - IF - the samba package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask the smb.service :

        # systemctl stop smb.service

        # systemctl mask smb.service

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the samba package. If the samba package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the samba package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the smb.service leaving the samba package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'smb.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists smb.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'smb.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists smb.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'samba' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.6_Ensure_samba_file_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.346+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670809"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670809_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670809"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670809">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670809"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'smb.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>smb.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670816"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670816_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670816"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670816">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670816"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'smb.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>smb.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670803"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670803">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670803"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'samba' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.7 Ensure ftp server services are not in use

        Description:

        FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a traditional and widely used standard tool for transferring files between a server and clients over a network, especially where no authentication is necessary (permits anonymous users to connect to a server).

        Unless there is a need to run the system as a FTP server, it is recommended that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following commands to stop vsftpd.service and remove vsftpd package:

        # systemctl stop vsftpd.service

        # dnf remove vsftpd

        - OR -

        - IF - the vsftpd package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask the vsftpd.service :

        # systemctl stop vsftpd.service

        # systemctl mask vsftpd.service

        Note: Other ftp server packages may exist. If not required and authorized by local site policy, they should also be removed. If the package is required for a dependency, the service should be stopped and masked.

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the vsftpd package. If the vsftpd package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the vsftpd package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the vsftpd.service leaving the vsftpd package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'vsftpd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists vsftpd.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'vsftpd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists vsftpd.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'vsftpd' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.7_Ensure_ftp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.346+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670832"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670832_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670832"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670832">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670832"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'vsftpd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>vsftpd.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670839"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670839_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670839"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670839">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670839"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'vsftpd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>vsftpd.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670825"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670825">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670825"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'vsftpd' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.8 Ensure message access server services are not in use

        Description:

        dovecot and cyrus-imapd are open source IMAP and POP3 server packages for Linux based systems.

        Unless POP3 and/or IMAP servers are to be provided by this system, it is recommended that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Note: Several IMAP/POP3 servers exist and can use other service names. These should also be audited and the packages removed if not required.

        Run the following commands to stop dovecot.socket , dovecot.service , and cyrus-imapd.service , and remove dovecot and cyrus-imapd packages:

        # systemctl stop dovecot.socket dovecot.service cyrus-imapd.service

        # dnf remove dovecot cyrus-imapd

        - OR -

        - IF - a package is installed and is required for dependencies:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask dovecot.socket , dovecot.service , and cyrus-imapd.service :

        # systemctl stop dovecot.socket dovecot.service cyrus-imapd.service

        # systemctl mask dovecot.socket dovecot.service cyrus-imapd.service

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on dovecot and cyrus-imapd packages. If dovecot and cyrus-imapd packages are removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing dovecot and cyrus-imapd packages, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask dovecot.socket , dovecot.service and cyrus-imapd.service leaving dovecot and cyrus-imapd packages installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'dovecot.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists dovecot.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'dovecot.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists dovecot.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'dovecot.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists dovecot.socket
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'dovecot.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists dovecot.socket
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'dovecot' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'cyrus-imapd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists cyrus-imapd.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'cyrus-imapd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists cyrus-imapd.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cyrus-imapd' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.8_Ensure_message_access_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.346+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670859"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670859_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                              name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670859"/>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="definition"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670859">
                           <div class="criteria">
                              <div class="criterion"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670859"
                                   check="all"
                                   check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                          <td>Ensure systemd 'dovecot.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                          <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                          <td>All</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                    <thead>
                                       <tr>
                                          <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                       </tr>
                                    </thead>
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Unit</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>dovecot.service</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Property</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr class="evaluated">
                                          <td>Value</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>No Value</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670862"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670862_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                              name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670862"/>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="definition"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670862">
                           <div class="criteria">
                              <div class="criterion"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670862"
                                   check="all"
                                   check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                          <td>Ensure systemd 'dovecot.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                          <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                          <td>All</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                    <thead>
                                       <tr>
                                          <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                       </tr>
                                    </thead>
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Unit</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>dovecot.service</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Property</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>ActiveState</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr class="evaluated">
                                          <td>Value</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>inactive</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670866"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670866_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670866"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670866">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670866"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'dovecot.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>dovecot.socket</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670869"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670869_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670869"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670869">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670869"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'dovecot.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>dovecot.socket</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>ActiveState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>inactive</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670847"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670847">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670847"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'dovecot' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670874"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670874_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670874"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670874">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670874"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'cyrus-imapd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>cyrus-imapd.service</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670878"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670878_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670878"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670878">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670878"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'cyrus-imapd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>cyrus-imapd.service</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>ActiveState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>inactive</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670852"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670852">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670852"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cyrus-imapd' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.9 Ensure network file system services are not in use

        Description:

        The Network File System (NFS) is one of the first and most widely distributed file systems in the UNIX environment. It provides the ability for systems to mount file systems of other servers through the network.

        If the system does not require access to network shares or the ability to provide network file system services for other host's network shares, it is recommended that the nfs-utils package be removed to reduce the attack surface of the system.

        Run the following command to stop nfs-server.service and remove nfs-utils package:

        # systemctl stop nfs-server.service

        # dnf remove nfs-utils

        - OR -

        - IF - the nfs-utils package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask the nfs-server.service :

        # systemctl stop nfs-server.service

        # systemctl mask nfs-server.service

        Impact:

        Many of the libvirt packages used by Enterprise Linux virtualization are dependent on the nfs-utils package. If the nfs-utils package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the nfs-utils package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the nfs-server.service leaving the nfs-utils package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'nfs-server.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists nfs-server.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'nfs-server.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists nfs-server.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'nfs-utils' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.9_Ensure_network_file_system_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.347+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670889"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670889_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670889"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670889">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670889"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'nfs-server.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>nfs-server.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670892"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670892_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670892"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670892">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670892"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'nfs-server.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>nfs-server.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670884"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670884">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670884"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'nfs-utils' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.10 Ensure nis server services are not in use

        Description:

        The Network Information Service (NIS), formerly known as Yellow Pages, is a client-server directory service protocol used to distribute system configuration files. The NIS client ( ypbind ) was used to bind a machine to an NIS server and receive the distributed configuration files.

        The NIS service is inherently an insecure system that has been vulnerable to DOS attacks, buffer overflows and has poor authentication for querying NIS maps. NIS generally has been replaced by such protocols as Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). It is recommended that the service be removed.

        Run the following commands to stop ypserv.service and remove ypserv package:

        # systemctl stop ypserv.service

        # dnf remove ypserv

        - OR -

        - IF - the ypserv package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask ypserv.service :

        # systemctl stop ypserv.service

        # systemctl mask ypserv.service

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the ypserv package. If the ypserv package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the ypserv package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the ypserv.service leaving the ypserv package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'ypserv.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists ypserv.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'ypserv.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists ypserv.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'ypserv' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.10_Ensure_nis_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.347+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670903"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670903_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670903"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670903">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670903"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'ypserv.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ypserv.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670909"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670909_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670909"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670909">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670909"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'ypserv.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ypserv.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670898"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670898">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670898"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'ypserv' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.11 Ensure print server services are not in use

        Description:

        The Common Unix Print System (CUPS) provides the ability to print to both local and network printers. A system running CUPS can also accept print jobs from remote systems and print them to local printers. It also provides a web based remote administration capability.

        If the system does not need to print jobs or accept print jobs from other systems, it is recommended that CUPS be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following commands to stop cups.socket and cups.service , and remove the cups package:

        # systemctl stop cups.socket cups.service

        # dnf remove cups

        - OR -

        - IF - the cups package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask the cups.socket and cups.service :

        # systemctl stop cups.socket cups.service

        # systemctl mask cups.socket cups.service

        Impact:

        Removing the cups package, or disabling cups.socket and/or cups.service will prevent printing from the system, a common task for workstation systems.

        There may be packages that are dependent on the cups package. If the cups package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the cups package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask cups.socket and cups.service leaving the cups package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'cups.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists cups.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'cups.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists cups.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'cups.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists cups.socket
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'cups.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists cups.socket
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cups' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.11_Ensure_print_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.347+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">http://www.cups.org</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670921"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670921_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670921"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670921">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670921"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'cups.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>cups.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670924"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670924_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670924"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670924">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670924"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'cups.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>cups.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>ActiveState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>inactive</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670926"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670926_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670926"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670926">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670926"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'cups.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>cups.socket</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670930"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670930_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670930"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670930">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670930"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'cups.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cups.socket</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670915"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670915">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670915"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'cups' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: http://www.cups.org
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.12 Ensure rpcbind services are not in use

        Description:

        The rpcbind utility maps RPC services to the ports on which they listen. RPC processes notify rpcbind when they start, registering the ports they are listening on and the RPC program numbers they expect to serve. The client system then contacts rpcbind on the server with a particular RPC program number. The rpcbind.service redirects the client to the proper port number so it can communicate with the requested service.

        Portmapper is an RPC service, which always listens on tcp and udp 111, and is used to map other RPC services (such as nfs, nlockmgr, quotad, mountd, etc.) to their corresponding port number on the server. When a remote host makes an RPC call to that server, it first consults with portmap to determine where the RPC server is listening.

        A small request (~82 bytes via UDP) sent to the Portmapper generates a large response (7x to 28x amplification), which makes it a suitable tool for DDoS attacks. If rpcbind is not required, it is recommended to remove rpcbind package to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following commands to stop rpcbind.socket and rpcbind.service , and remove the rpcbind package:

        # systemctl stop rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service

        # dnf remove rpcbind

        - OR -

        - IF - the rpcbind package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask the rpcbind.socket and rpcbind.service :

        # systemctl stop rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service

        # systemctl mask rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service

        Impact:

        Many of the libvirt packages used by Enterprise Linux virtualization, and the nfs-utils package used for The Network File System (NFS), are dependent on the rpcbind package. If the rpcbind package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the rpcbind package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the rpcbind.socket and rpcbind.service leaving the rpcbind package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists rpcbind.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists rpcbind.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists rpcbind.socket
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists rpcbind.socket
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'rpcbind' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.12_Ensure_rpcbind_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.347+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670938"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670938_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670938"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670938">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670938"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>rpcbind.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670941"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670941_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670941"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670941">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670941"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>rpcbind.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>ActiveState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>inactive</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670945"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670945_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670945"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670945">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670945"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>rpcbind.socket</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670948"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670948_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670948"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670948">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670948"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rpcbind.socket</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670934"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670934">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670934"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'rpcbind' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.13 Ensure rsync services are not in use

        Description:

        The rsyncd.service can be used to synchronize files between systems over network links.

        Unless required, the rsync-daemon package should be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        The rsyncd.service presents a security risk as it uses unencrypted protocols for communication.

        Run the following commands to stop rsyncd.socket and rsyncd.service , and remove the rsync-daemon package:

        # systemctl stop rsyncd.socket rsyncd.service

        # dnf remove rsync-daemon

        - OR -

        - IF - the rsync-daemon package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask the rsyncd.socket and rsyncd.service :

        # systemctl stop rsyncd.socket rsyncd.service

        # systemctl mask rsyncd.socket rsyncd.service

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the rsync-daemon package. If the rsync-daemon package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the rsync-daemon package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the rsyncd.socket and rsyncd.service leaving the rsync-daemon package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyncd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists rsyncd.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyncd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists rsyncd.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyncd.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists rsyncd.socket
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyncd.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists rsyncd.socket
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals ''rsync-daemon' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.13_Ensure_rsync_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.347+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670957"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670957_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670957"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670957">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670957"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyncd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>rsyncd.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670960"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670960_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670960"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670960">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670960"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyncd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>rsyncd.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>ActiveState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>inactive</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670964"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670964_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670964"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670964">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670964"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyncd.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>rsyncd.socket</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670969"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670969_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670969"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670969">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670969"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyncd.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyncd.socket</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670954"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670954">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670954"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals ''rsync-daemon' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.14 Ensure snmp services are not in use

        Description:

        Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a widely used protocol for monitoring the health and welfare of network equipment, computer equipment and devices like UPSs.

        Net-SNMP is a suite of applications used to implement SNMPv1 (RFC 1157), SNMPv2 (RFCs 1901-1908), and SNMPv3 (RFCs 3411-3418) using both IPv4 and IPv6.

        Support for SNMPv2 classic (a.k.a. "SNMPv2 historic" - RFCs 1441-1452) was dropped with the 4.0 release of the UCD-snmp package.

        The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) server is used to listen for SNMP commands from an SNMP management system, execute the commands or collect the information and then send results back to the requesting system.

        The SNMP server can communicate using SNMPv1 , which transmits data in the clear and does not require authentication to execute commands. SNMPv3 replaces the simple/clear text password sharing used in SNMPv2 with more securely encoded parameters. If the the SNMP service is not required, the net-snmp package should be removed to reduce the attack surface of the system.

        Note: If SNMP is required:

        • The server should be configured for SNMP v3 only. User Authentication and Message Encryption should be configured.
        • If SNMP v2 is absolutely necessary, modify the community strings' values.

        Run the following commands to stop snmpd.service and remove net-snmp package:

        # systemctl stop snmpd.service

        # dnf remove net-snmp

        - OR - If the package is required for dependencies:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask the snmpd.service :

        # systemctl stop snmpd.service

        # systemctl mask snmpd.service

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the net-snmp package. If the net-snmp package is removed, these packages will be removed as well.

        Before removing the net-snmp package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system. If a dependent package is required, stop and mask the snmpd.service leaving the net-snmp package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'snmpd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists snmpd.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'snmpd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists snmpd.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'net-snmp' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.14_Ensure_snmp_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.347+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670977"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670977_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670977"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670977">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670977"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'snmpd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>snmpd.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670981"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670981_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670981"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670981">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670981"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'snmpd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>snmpd.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670973"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670973">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670973"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'net-snmp' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.15 Ensure telnet server services are not in use

        Description:

        The telnet-server package contains the telnet daemon, which accepts connections from users from other systems via the telnet protocol.

        The telnet protocol is insecure and unencrypted. The use of an unencrypted transmission medium could allow a user with access to sniff network traffic the ability to steal credentials. The ssh package provides an encrypted session and stronger security.

        Run the following commands to stop telnet.socket and remove the telnet-server package:

        # systemctl stop telnet.socket

        # dnf remove telnet-server

        - OR -

        - IF - a package is installed and is required for dependencies:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask telnet.socket :

        # systemctl stop telnet.socket

        # systemctl mask telnet.socket

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the telnet-server package. If the telnet-server package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the telnet-server package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the telnet.socket leaving the telnet-server package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'telnet.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists telnet.socket
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'telnet.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists telnet.socket
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'telnet-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.15_Ensure_telnet_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.347+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/2/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7, CM-11</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670989"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670989_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670989"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670989">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670989"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'telnet.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>telnet.socket</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670992"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670992_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670992"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670992">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670992"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'telnet.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>telnet.socket</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670986"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670986">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670986"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'telnet-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7, CM-11

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 2: Inventory and Control of Software Assets: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Actively manage (inventory, track, and correct) all software on the network so that only authorized software is installed and can execute, and that all unauthorized and unmanaged software is found and prevented from installation or execution.
          Subcontrol: 2.6
          Label: Address unapproved software
          Description: Ensure that unauthorized software is either removed or the inventory is updated in a timely manner
        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.16 Ensure tftp server services are not in use

        Description:

        Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple protocol for exchanging files between two TCP/IP machines. TFTP servers allow connections from a TFTP Client for sending and receiving files.

        Unless there is a need to run the system as a TFTP server, it is recommended that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        TFTP does not have built-in encryption, access control or authentication. This makes it very easy for an attacker to exploit TFTP to gain access to files

        Run the following commands to stop tftp.socket and tftp.service , and remove the tftp-server package:

        # systemctl stop tftp.socket tftp.service

        # dnf remove tftp-server

        - OR -

        - IF - the tftp-server package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask tftp.socket and tftp.service :

        # systemctl stop tftp.socket tftp.service

        # systemctl mask tftp.socket tftp.service

        Impact:

        TFTP is often used to provide files for network booting such as for PXE based installation of servers.

        There may be packages that are dependent on the tftp-server package. If the tftp-server package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the tftp-server package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the tftp.socket and tftp.service leaving the tftp-server package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'tftp.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists tftp.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'tftp.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists tftp.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'tftp.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists tftp.socket
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'tftp.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists tftp.socket
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'tftp-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.16_Ensure_tftp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.347+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671000"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671000_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671000"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671000">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671000"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'tftp.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>tftp.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671004"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671004_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671004"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671004">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671004"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'tftp.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>tftp.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>ActiveState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>inactive</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671006"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671006_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671006"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671006">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671006"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'tftp.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>tftp.socket</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671010"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671010_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671010"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671010">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671010"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'tftp.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>tftp.socket</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670997"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670997">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670997"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'tftp-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.17 Ensure web proxy server services are not in use

        Description:

        Squid is a standard proxy server used in many distributions and environments.

        Unless a system is specifically set up to act as a proxy server, it is recommended that the squid package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Note: Several HTTP proxy servers exist. These should be checked and removed unless required.

        Run the following commands to stop squid.service and remove the squid package:

        # systemctl stop squid.service

        # dnf remove squid

        - OR - If the squid package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask the squid.service :

        # systemctl stop squid.service

        # systemctl mask squid.service

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the squid package. If the squid package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the squid package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the squid.service leaving the squid package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'squid.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists squid.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'squid.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists squid.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'squid' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.17_Ensure_web_proxy_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.347+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671018"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671018_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671018"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671018">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671018"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'squid.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>squid.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671019"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671019_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671019"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671019">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671019"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'squid.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>squid.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671014"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671014">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671014"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'squid' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.18 Ensure web server services are not in use

        Description:

        Web servers provide the ability to host web site content.

        Unless there is a local site approved requirement to run a web server service on the system, web server packages should be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following commands to stop httpd.socket , httpd.service , and nginx.service , and remove httpd and nginx packages:

        # systemctl stop httpd.socket httpd.service nginx.service

        # dnf remove httpd nginx

        - OR -

        - IF - a package is installed and is required for dependencies:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask httpd.socket , httpd.service , and nginx.service :

        # systemctl stop httpd.socket httpd.service nginx.service

        # systemctl mask httpd.socket httpd.service nginx.service

        Note: Other web server packages may exist. If not required and authorized by local site policy, they should also be removed. If the package is required for a dependency, the service and socket should be stopped and masked.

        Impact:

        Removal of web server packages will remove that ability for the server to host web services.

        - IF - the web server package is required for a dependency, any related service or socket should be stopped and masked.

        Note: If the remediation steps to mask a service are followed and that package is not installed on the system, the service and/or socket will still be masked. If the package is installed due to an approved requirement to host a web server, the associated service and/or socket would need to be unmasked before it could be enabled and/or started.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'httpd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists httpd.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'httpd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists httpd.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'httpd.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists httpd.socket
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'httpd.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists httpd.socket
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'httpd' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'nginx.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists nginx.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'nginx.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists nginx.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'nginx' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.18_Ensure_web_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671033"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671033_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                              name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671033"/>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="definition"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671033">
                           <div class="criteria">
                              <div class="criterion"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671033"
                                   check="all"
                                   check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                          <td>Ensure systemd 'httpd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                          <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                          <td>All</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                    <thead>
                                       <tr>
                                          <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                       </tr>
                                    </thead>
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Unit</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>httpd.service</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Property</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr class="evaluated">
                                          <td>Value</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>No Value</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671036"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671036_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                              name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671036"/>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="definition"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671036">
                           <div class="criteria">
                              <div class="criterion"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671036"
                                   check="all"
                                   check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                          <td>Ensure systemd 'httpd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                          <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                          <td>All</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                    <thead>
                                       <tr>
                                          <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                       </tr>
                                    </thead>
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Unit</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>httpd.service</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Property</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>ActiveState</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr class="evaluated">
                                          <td>Value</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>inactive</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671039"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671039_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671039"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671039">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671039"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'httpd.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>httpd.socket</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671043"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671043_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671043"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671043">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671043"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'httpd.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>httpd.socket</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>ActiveState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>inactive</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671024"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671024">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671024"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'httpd' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671047"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671047_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671047"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671047">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671047"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'nginx.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>nginx.service</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671050"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671050_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671050"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671050">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671050"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'nginx.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>nginx.service</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>ActiveState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>inactive</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671028"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671028">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671028"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'nginx' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.19 Ensure xinetd services are not in use

        Description:

        The eXtended InterNET Daemon ( xinetd ) is an open source super daemon that replaced the original inetd daemon. The xinetd daemon listens for well known services and dispatches the appropriate daemon to properly respond to service requests.

        If there are no xinetd services required, it is recommended that the package be removed to reduce the attack surface are of the system.

        Note: If an xinetd service or services are required, ensure that any xinetd service not required is stopped and masked

        Run the following commands to stop xinetd.service , and remove the xinetd package:

        # systemctl stop xinetd.service

        # dnf remove xinetd

        - OR -

        - IF - the xinetd package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask the xinetd.service :

        # systemctl stop xinetd.service

        # systemctl mask xinetd.service

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the xinetd package. If the xinetd package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the xinetd package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the avahi-daemon.socket and avahi-daemon.service leaving the avahi package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'xinetd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists xinetd.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'xinetd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists xinetd.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'xinetd' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.19_Ensure_xinetd_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671059"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671059_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671059"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671059">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671059"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'xinetd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>xinetd.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671063"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671063_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671063"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671063">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671063"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'xinetd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>xinetd.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671055"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671055">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671055"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'xinetd' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.20 Ensure X window server services are not in use

        Description:

        The X Window System provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) where users can have multiple windows in which to run programs and various add on. The X Windows system is typically used on workstations where users login, but not on servers where users typically do not login.

        Unless your organization specifically requires graphical login access via X Windows, remove it to reduce the potential attack surface.

        - IF - a Graphical Desktop Manager or X-Windows server is not required and approved by local site policy:

        Run the following command to remove the X Windows Server packages:

        # dnf remove xorg-x11-server-common

        Impact:

        If a Graphical Desktop Manager (GDM) is in use on the system, there may be a dependency on the xorg-x11-server-common package. If the GDM is required and approved by local site policy, the package should not be removed.

        Many Linux systems run applications which require a Java runtime. Some Linux Java packages have a dependency on specific X Windows xorg-x11-fonts. One workaround to avoid this dependency is to use the "headless" Java packages for your specific Java runtime.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'xorg-x11-server-common' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is installed
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.20_Ensure_X_window_server_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-11</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671067"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671067">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671067"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'xorg-x11-server-common' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671071"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671071">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671071"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-11

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.1.21 Ensure mail transfer agents are configured for local-only mode

        Description:

        Mail Transfer Agents (MTA), such as sendmail and Postfix, are used to listen for incoming mail and transfer the messages to the appropriate user or mail server. If the system is not intended to be a mail server, it is recommended that the MTA be configured to only process local mail.

        The software for all Mail Transfer Agents is complex and most have a long history of security issues. While it is important to ensure that the system can process local mail messages, it is not necessary to have the MTA's daemon listening on a port unless the server is intended to be a mail server that receives and processes mail from other systems.

        Edit /etc/postfix/main.cf and add the following line to the RECEIVING MAIL section. If the line already exists, change it to look like the line below:

        inet_interfaces = loopback-only

        Run the following command to restart postfix :

        # systemctl restart postfix

        Note:

        • This remediation is designed around the postfix mail server.
        • Depending on your environment you may have an alternative MTA installed such as sendmail. If this is the case consult the documentation for your installed MTA to configure the recommended state.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_mail_transfer_agent_local_only_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - Port "25" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface
        • - Port "465" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface
        • - Port "587" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.21_Ensure_mail_transfer_agents_are_configured_for_local-only_mode"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mail_transfer_agent_local_only_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mail_transfer_agent_local_only_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mail_transfer_agent_local_only_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Port "25" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface</l>
                  <l> - Port "465" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface</l>
                  <l> - Port "587" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mail_transfer_agent_local_only_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Port "25" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface</li>
                              <li> - Port "465" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface</li>
                              <li> - Port "587" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Manual

        2.1.22 Ensure only approved services are listening on a network interface

        Description:

        A network port is identified by its number, the associated IP address, and the type of the communication protocol such as TCP or UDP.

        A listening port is a network port on which an application or process listens on, acting as a communication endpoint.

        Each listening port can be open or closed (filtered) using a firewall. In general terms, an open port is a network port that accepts incoming packets from remote locations.

        Services listening on the system pose a potential risk as an attack vector. These services should be reviewed, and if not required, the service should be stopped, and the package containing the service should be removed. If required packages have a dependency, the service should be stopped and masked to reduce the attack surface of the system.

        Run the following commands to stop the service and remove the package containing the service:

        # systemctl stop <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service

        # dnf remove <package_name>

        - OR - If required packages have a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask the service and socket:

        # systemctl stop <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service

        # systemctl mask <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service

        Note: replace <service_name> with the appropriate service name.

        Impact:

        There may be packages that are dependent on the service's package. If the service's package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the service's package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask the <service_name>.socket and <service_name>.service leaving the service's package installed.



        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.22_Ensure_only_approved_services_are_listening_on_a_network_interface"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        2.2 Configure Client Services

        A number of insecure services exist. While disabling the servers prevents a local attack against these services, it is advised to remove their clients unless they are required.

        Note: This should not be considered a comprehensive list of insecure service clients. You may wish to consider additions to those listed here for your environment.

        Pass

        2.2.1 Ensure ftp client is not installed

        Description:

        FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a traditional and widely used standard tool for transferring files between a server and clients over a network, especially where no authentication is necessary (permits anonymous users to connect to a server).

        FTP does not protect the confidentiality of data or authentication credentials. It is recommended SFTP be used if file transfer is required. Unless there is a need to run the system as a FTP server (for example, to allow anonymous downloads), it is recommended that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following command to remove ftp :

        # dnf remove ftp

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'ftp' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.1_Ensure_ftp_client_is_not_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671082"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671082">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671082"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'ftp' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.2.2 Ensure ldap client is not installed

        Description:

        The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) was introduced as a replacement for NIS/YP. It is a service that provides a method for looking up information from a central database.

        If the system will not need to act as an LDAP client, it is recommended that the software be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following command to remove the openldap-clients package:

        # dnf remove openldap-clients

        Impact:

        Removing the LDAP client will prevent or inhibit using LDAP for authentication in your environment.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openldap-clients' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.2_Ensure_ldap_client_is_not_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/2/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671088"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671088">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671088"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openldap-clients' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 2: Inventory and Control of Software Assets: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Actively manage (inventory, track, and correct) all software on the network so that only authorized software is installed and can execute, and that all unauthorized and unmanaged software is found and prevented from installation or execution.
          Subcontrol: 2.6
          Label: Address unapproved software
          Description: Ensure that unauthorized software is either removed or the inventory is updated in a timely manner
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.2.3 Ensure nis client is not installed

        Description:

        The Network Information Service (NIS), formerly known as Yellow Pages, is a client-server directory service protocol used to distribute system configuration files. The NIS client ( ypbind ) was used to bind a machine to an NIS server and receive the distributed configuration files.

        The NIS service is inherently an insecure system that has been vulnerable to DOS attacks, buffer overflows and has poor authentication for querying NIS maps. NIS generally has been replaced by such protocols as Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). It is recommended that the service be removed.

        Run the following command to remove the ypbind package:

        # dnf remove ypbind

        Impact:

        Many insecure service clients are used as troubleshooting tools and in testing environments. Uninstalling them can inhibit capability to test and troubleshoot. If they are required it is advisable to remove the clients after use to prevent accidental or intentional misuse.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'ypbind' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.3_Ensure_nis_client_is_not_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671092"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671092">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671092"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'ypbind' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.2.4 Ensure telnet client is not installed

        Description:

        The telnet package contains the telnet client, which allows users to start connections to other systems via the telnet protocol.

        The telnet protocol is insecure and unencrypted. The use of an unencrypted transmission medium could allow an unauthorized user to steal credentials. The ssh package provides an encrypted session and stronger security and is included in most Linux distributions.

        Run the following command to remove the telnet package:

        # dnf remove telnet

        Impact:

        Many insecure service clients are used as troubleshooting tools and in testing environments. Uninstalling them can inhibit capability to test and troubleshoot. If they are required it is advisable to remove the clients after use to prevent accidental or intentional misuse.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'telnet' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.4_Ensure_telnet_client_is_not_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/2/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671096"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671096">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671096"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'telnet' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 2: Inventory and Control of Software Assets: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Actively manage (inventory, track, and correct) all software on the network so that only authorized software is installed and can execute, and that all unauthorized and unmanaged software is found and prevented from installation or execution.
          Subcontrol: 2.6
          Label: Address unapproved software
          Description: Ensure that unauthorized software is either removed or the inventory is updated in a timely manner
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.2.5 Ensure tftp client is not installed

        Description:

        Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple protocol for exchanging files between two TCP/IP machines. TFTP servers allow connections from a TFTP Client for sending and receiving files.

        TFTP does not have built-in encryption, access control or authentication. This makes it very easy for an attacker to exploit TFTP to gain access to files

        Run the following command to remove tftp :

        # dnf remove tftp

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'tftp' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.5_Ensure_tftp_client_is_not_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671101"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671101">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671101"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'tftp' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        2.3 Configure Time Synchronization

        It is recommended that systems be configured to synchronize their time using a service such as chrony .

        Virtual systems may be configured to receive their time synchronization from their host system.

        The host system must be configured to synchronize its time from an authoritative source to be considered compliant with this section.

        Any "physical" clock present on a system should be synchronized from an authoritative time source.

        Only one time synchronization method should be in use on the system

        Notes: Only the section related to the time synchronization method in use on the system should be followed, all other time synchronization recommendations should be skipped

        Pass

        2.3.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use

        Description:

        System time should be synchronized between all systems in an environment. This is typically done by establishing an authoritative time server or set of servers and having all systems synchronize their clocks to them.

        Note: If another method for time synchronization is being used, this section may be skipped.

        Time synchronization is important to support time sensitive security mechanisms like Kerberos and also ensures log files have consistent time records across the enterprise, which aids in forensic investigations.

        Run the following command to install chrony :

        # dnf install chrony

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'chrony' is installed
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists chrony
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 1.el9
        Version String Exists 4.5
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:4.5-1.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists chrony-0:4.5-1.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.1_Ensure_time_synchronization_is_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/1"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671108"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671108">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671108"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'chrony' is installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>chrony</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>4.5</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:4.5-1.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>chrony-0:4.5-1.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Subcontrol: 6.1
          Label: Utilize Three Synchronized Time Sources
          Description: Use at least three synchronized time sources from which all servers and network devices retrieve time information on a regular basis so that timestamps in logs are consistent.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Safeguard: 8.4
          Label: Standardize Time Synchronization
          Description: Standardize time synchronization. Configure at least two synchronized time sources across enterprise assets, where supported.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.3.2 Ensure chrony is configured

        Description:

        chrony is a daemon which implements the Network Time Protocol (NTP) and is designed to synchronize system clocks across a variety of systems and use a source that is highly accurate. More information on chrony can be found at http://chrony.tuxfamily.org/ . chrony can be configured to be a client and/or a server.

        If chrony is in use on the system proper configuration is vital to ensuring time synchronization is working properly.

        Add or edit server or pool lines to /etc/chrony.conf or a file in the /etc/chrony.d directory as appropriate:

        Example:

        server <remote-server>

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        OR
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/chrony.d exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(server|pool)\h+[^#\n\r]+
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'chrony' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists chrony
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 1.el9
        Version String Exists 4.5
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:4.5-1.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists chrony-0:4.5-1.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/chrony.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(server|pool)\h+[^#\n\r]+
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists /etc/chrony.conf
        Path String Exists /etc
        Filename String Exists chrony.conf
        Pattern String Exists (?i)^\h*(server|pool)\h+[^#\n\r]+
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists server 169.254.169.123 prefer iburst minpoll 4 maxpoll 4
        Text String Exists server 169.254.169.123 prefer iburst minpoll 4 maxpoll 4
        Subexpression String Exists server
        Windows View String Not collected No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.2_Ensure_chrony_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/1"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671112"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671112">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671112"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/chrony.d exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(server|pool)\h+[^#\n\r]+</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671117"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671117">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671117"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'chrony' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>chrony</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Arch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Epoch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>(none)</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Release</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Version</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>4.5</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Evr</td>
                                 <td>Evr String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>0:4.5-1.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Extended Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>chrony-0:4.5-1.el9.x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Does not exist</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671119"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671119">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671119"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/chrony.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(server|pool)\h+[^#\n\r]+</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/chrony.conf</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>chrony.conf</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(?i)^\h*(server|pool)\h+[^#\n\r]+</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>server 169.254.169.123 prefer iburst minpoll 4 maxpoll 4</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>server 169.254.169.123 prefer iburst minpoll 4 maxpoll 4</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Subcontrol: 6.1
          Label: Utilize Three Synchronized Time Sources
          Description: Use at least three synchronized time sources from which all servers and network devices retrieve time information on a regular basis so that timestamps in logs are consistent.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Safeguard: 8.4
          Label: Standardize Time Synchronization
          Description: Standardize time synchronization. Configure at least two synchronized time sources across enterprise assets, where supported.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.3.3 Ensure chrony is not run as the root user

        Description:

        The file /etc/sysconfig/chronyd allows configuration of options for chrony to include the user chrony is run as. By default this is set to the user chrony

        Services should not be set to run as the root user

        Edit the file /etc/sysconfig/chronyd and add or modify the following line to remove -u root :

        Example:

        OPTIONS="-F 2"

        Run the following command to reload the chronyd.service configuration:

        # systemctl reload-or-restart chronyd.service

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/sysconfig/chronyd exists and matches pattern ^\h*OPTIONS=\"?\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?-u\h+root\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.3_Ensure_chrony_is_not_run_as_the_root_user"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671126"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671126">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671126"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/sysconfig/chronyd exists and matches pattern ^\h*OPTIONS=\"?\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?-u\h+root\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
        Back to Summary

        2.4 Job Schedulers

        A job scheduler is used to execute jobs, commands, or shell scripts, at fixed times, dates, or intervals

        2.4.1 Configure cron

        cron is a time based job scheduler

        Notes:

        • Other methods, such as systemd timers , exist for scheduling jobs. If another method is used, cron should be removed, and the alternate method should be secured in accordance with local site policy
        • - IF - cron is not installed on the system, this section can be skipped
        Pass

        2.4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is enabled and active

        Description:

        The cron daemon is used to execute batch jobs on the system.

        While there may not be user jobs that need to be run on the system, the system does have maintenance jobs that may include security monitoring that have to run, and cron is used to execute them.

        - IF - cron is installed on the system:

        Run the following commands to unmask, enable, and start cron :

        # systemctl unmask "$(systemctl list-unit-files | awk '$1~/^crond?\.service/{print $1}')"

        # systemctl --now enable "$(systemctl list-unit-files | awk '$1~/^crond?\.service/{print $1}')"

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists cron.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists cron.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: At least one
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists cronie
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 11.el9
        Version String Exists 1.5.7
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:1.5.7-11.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists crond.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists enabled
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists crond.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists active


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.1_Ensure_cron_daemon_is_enabled_and_active"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.348+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671132"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671132_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671132"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671132">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671132"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>cron.service</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671137"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671137_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671137"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671137">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671137"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>cron.service</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>ActiveState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>inactive</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671135"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671135">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671135"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671142"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671142">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671142"
                             check="at least one"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>At least one</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Name</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>cronie</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Arch</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>x86_64</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Epoch</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>(none)</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Release</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>11.el9</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Version</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>1.5.7</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Evr</td>
                                    <td>Evr String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>0:1.5.7-11.el9</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Extended Name</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Filepath</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Does not exist</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671146"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671146_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671146"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671146">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671146"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>crond.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>enabled</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671148"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671148_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671148"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671148">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671148"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>crond.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>active</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured

        Description:

        The /etc/crontab file is used by cron to control its own jobs. The commands in this item make sure that root is the user and group owner of the file and that only the owner can access the file.

        This file contains information on what system jobs are run by cron. Write access to these files could provide unprivileged users with the ability to elevate their privileges. Read access to these files could provide users with the ability to gain insight on system jobs that run on the system and could provide them a way to gain unauthorized privileged access.

        - IF - cron is installed on the system:

        Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on /etc/crontab :

        # chown root:root /etc/crontab

        # chmod og-rwx /etc/crontab

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - file: "/etc/crontab" is mode: "0600" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - file: "/etc/crontab" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - file: "/etc/crontab" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists cronie
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 11.el9
        Version String Exists 1.5.7
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:1.5.7-11.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_etccrontab_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.349+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671152_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - file: "/etc/crontab" is mode: "0600" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - file: "/etc/crontab" is mode: "0600" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671163_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - file: "/etc/crontab" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - file: "/etc/crontab" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671168_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/crontab" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/crontab" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671156"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671156">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671156"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671160"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671160">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671160"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Arch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Epoch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>(none)</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Release</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Version</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1.5.7</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Evr</td>
                                 <td>Evr String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>0:1.5.7-11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Extended Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Does not exist</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.6
          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured

        Description:

        This directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on an hourly basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing regular users from accessing this directory.

        Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them the means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges or circumvent auditing controls.

        - IF - cron is installed on the system:

        Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the /etc/cron.hourly directory:

        # chown root:root /etc/cron.hourly/

        # chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.hourly/

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists cronie
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 11.el9
        Version String Exists 1.5.7
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:1.5.7-11.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.hourly_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.349+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671172_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671181_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671184_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671174"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671174">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671174"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671176"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671176">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671176"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Arch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Epoch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>(none)</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Release</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Version</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1.5.7</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Evr</td>
                                 <td>Evr String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>0:1.5.7-11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Extended Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Does not exist</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.6
          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured

        Description:

        The /etc/cron.daily directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a daily basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing regular users from accessing this directory.

        Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them the means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges or circumvent auditing controls.

        - IF - cron is installed on the system:

        Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the /etc/cron.daily directory:

        # chown root:root /etc/cron.daily/

        # chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.daily/

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists cronie
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 11.el9
        Version String Exists 1.5.7
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:1.5.7-11.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.4_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.daily_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.349+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671189_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671197_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671201_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671192"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671192">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671192"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671195"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671195">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671195"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Arch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Epoch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>(none)</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Release</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Version</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1.5.7</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Evr</td>
                                 <td>Evr String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>0:1.5.7-11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Extended Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Does not exist</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.6
          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured

        Description:

        The /etc/cron.weekly directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a weekly basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing regular users from accessing this directory.

        Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them the means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges or circumvent auditing controls.

        - IF - cron is installed on the system:

        Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the /etc/cron.weekly directory:

        # chown root:root /etc/cron.weekly/

        # chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.weekly/

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists cronie
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 11.el9
        Version String Exists 1.5.7
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:1.5.7-11.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.5_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.weekly_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.349+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671205_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671216_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671220_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671209"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671209">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671209"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671212"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671212">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671212"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Arch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Epoch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>(none)</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Release</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Version</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1.5.7</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Evr</td>
                                 <td>Evr String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>0:1.5.7-11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Extended Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Does not exist</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.6
          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured

        Description:

        The /etc/cron.monthly directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a monthly basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing regular users from accessing this directory.

        Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them the means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges or circumvent auditing controls.

        - IF - cron is installed on the system:

        Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the /etc/cron.monthly directory:

        # chown root:root /etc/cron.monthly/

        # chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.monthly/

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists cronie
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 11.el9
        Version String Exists 1.5.7
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:1.5.7-11.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.6_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.monthly_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.349+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671225_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671237_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671240_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671229"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671229">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671229"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671233"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671233">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671233"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Arch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Epoch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>(none)</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Release</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Version</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1.5.7</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Evr</td>
                                 <td>Evr String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>0:1.5.7-11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Extended Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Does not exist</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.6
          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured

        Description:

        The /etc/cron.d directory contains system cron jobs that need to run in a similar manner to the hourly, daily weekly and monthly jobs from /etc/crontab , but require more granular control as to when they run. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing regular users from accessing this directory.

        Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them the means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges or circumvent auditing controls.

        - IF - cron is installed on the system:

        Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the /etc/cron.d directory:

        # chown root:root /etc/cron.d/

        # chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.d/

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists cronie
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 11.el9
        Version String Exists 1.5.7
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:1.5.7-11.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.7_Ensure_permissions_on_etccron.d_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.349+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671245_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is mode: "0700" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671254_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671256_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671247"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671247">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671247"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671251"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671251">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671251"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Arch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Epoch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>(none)</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Release</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Version</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1.5.7</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Evr</td>
                                 <td>Evr String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>0:1.5.7-11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Extended Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Does not exist</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.6
          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        2.4.1.8 Ensure crontab is restricted to authorized users

        Description:

        crontab is the program used to install, deinstall, or list the tables used to drive the cron daemon. Each user can have their own crontab, and though these are files in /var/spool/cron/crontabs , they are not intended to be edited directly.

        If the /etc/cron.allow file exists, then you must be listed (one user per line) therein in order to be allowed to use this command. If the /etc/cron.allow file does not exist but the /etc/cron.deny file does exist, then you must not be listed in the /etc/cron.deny file in order to use this command.

        If neither of these files exists, then depending on site-dependent configuration parameters, only the super user will be allowed to use this command, or all users will be able to use this command.

        If both files exist then /etc/cron.allow takes precedence. Which means that /etc/cron.deny is not considered and your user must be listed in /etc/cron.allow in order to be able to use the crontab.

        Regardless of the existence of any of these files, the root administrative user is always allowed to setup a crontab.

        The files /etc/cron.allow and /etc/cron.deny , if they exist, must be either world-readable, or readable by group crontab . If they are not, then cron will deny access to all users until the permissions are fixed.

        There is one file for each user's crontab under the /var/spool/cron/crontabs directory. Users are not allowed to edit the files under that directory directly to ensure that only users allowed by the system to run periodic tasks can add them, and only syntactically correct crontabs will be written there. This is enforced by having the directory writable only by the crontab group and configuring crontab command with the setgid bid set for that specific group.

        Note:

        • Even though a given user is not listed in cron.allow , cron jobs can still be run as that user
        • The files /etc/cron.allow and /etc/cron.deny , if they exist, only controls administrative access to the crontab command for scheduling and modifying cron jobs

        On many systems, only the system administrator is authorized to schedule cron jobs. Using the cron.allow file to control who can run cron jobs enforces this policy. It is easier to manage an allow list than a deny list. In a deny list, you could potentially add a user ID to the system and forget to add it to the deny files.

        - IF - cron is installed on the system:

        Run the following script to:

        • Create /etc/cron.allow if it doesn't exist
        • Change owner to user root
        • Change group owner to group root
        • Change mode to 640 or more restrictive
        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        [ ! -e "/etc/cron.allow" ] && touch /etc/cron.allow

        chown root:root /etc/cron.allow

        chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/cron.allow

        }

        - IF -/etc/cron.deny exists, run the following commands to:

        • Change owner to user root
        • Change group owner to group root
        • Change mode to 640 or more restrictive
        # [ -e "/etc/cron.deny" ] && chown root:root /etc/cron.deny

        # [ -e "/etc/cron.deny" ] && chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/cron.deny

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - file: "/etc/cron.deny" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - file: "/etc/cron.deny" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - file: "/etc/cron.deny" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - file: "/etc/cron.allow" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - file: "/etc/cron.allow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - file: "/etc/cron.allow" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/cron.allow exists and unknown test
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        File Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists /etc/cron.allow
        Path String Exists /etc
        Filename String Exists cron.allow
        Type String Exists regular
        Group Id Int Exists 0
        User Id Int Exists 0
        A Time Int Exists 1721556945
        C Time Int Exists 1721556945
        M Time Int Exists 1721556945
        Size Int Exists 0
        Suid Int Exists false
        Sgid Boolean Exists false
        Sticky Boolean Exists false
        Uread Boolean Exists true
        Uwrite Boolean Exists true
        Uexec Boolean Exists false
        Gread Boolean Exists true
        Gwrite Boolean Exists false
        Gexec Boolean Exists false
        Oread Boolean Exists false
        Owrite Boolean Exists false
        Oexec Boolean Exists false
        Has Extended Acl Boolean Exists false
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists cronie
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 11.el9
        Version String Exists 1.5.7
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:1.5.7-11.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.8_Ensure_crontab_is_restricted_to_authorized_users"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.350+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                     <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                        <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                     negate="false"
                                     multi-check="false">
                           <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                               value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671265_var"/>
                           <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
                           <xccdf:check-content>
                              <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                              xccdf="pass"
                                              script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                              exit-value="101">
                                 <out>
                                    <l/>
                                    <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                    <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                                    <l> - file: "/etc/cron.deny" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)</l>
                                 </out>
                                 <err/>
                                 <env/>
                              </command_result>
                           </xccdf:check-content>
                           <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                              <div class="sce">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                          <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                          <td>101</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                          <td>
                                             <ul class="unstyled">
                                                <li/>
                                                <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                                <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                                <li> - file: "/etc/cron.deny" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)</li>
                                             </ul>
                                          </td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </evidence>
                        </xccdf:check>
                        <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                     negate="false"
                                     multi-check="false">
                           <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                               value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671267_var"/>
                           <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
                           <xccdf:check-content>
                              <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                              xccdf="pass"
                                              script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                              exit-value="101">
                                 <out>
                                    <l/>
                                    <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                    <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                                    <l> - file: "/etc/cron.deny" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                                 </out>
                                 <err/>
                                 <env/>
                              </command_result>
                           </xccdf:check-content>
                           <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                              <div class="sce">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                          <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                          <td>101</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                          <td>
                                             <ul class="unstyled">
                                                <li/>
                                                <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                                <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                                <li> - file: "/etc/cron.deny" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                             </ul>
                                          </td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </evidence>
                        </xccdf:check>
                     </xccdf:complex-check>
                     <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                  negate="false"
                                  multi-check="false">
                        <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                            value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671270_var"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content>
                           <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                           xccdf="pass"
                                           script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                           exit-value="101">
                              <out>
                                 <l/>
                                 <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                 <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                                 <l> - file: "/etc/cron.deny" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                              </out>
                              <err/>
                              <env/>
                           </command_result>
                        </xccdf:check-content>
                        <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                           <div class="sce">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                       <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                       <td>101</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                       <td>
                                          <ul class="unstyled">
                                             <li/>
                                             <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                             <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                             <li> - file: "/etc/cron.deny" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                                          </ul>
                                       </td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </evidence>
                     </xccdf:check>
                  </xccdf:complex-check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671273_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                        xccdf="pass"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                        exit-value="101">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                              <l> - file: "/etc/cron.allow" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)</l>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>101</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                          <li> - file: "/etc/cron.allow" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)</li>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671276_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content>
                     <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                     xccdf="pass"
                                     script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                     exit-value="101">
                        <out>
                           <l/>
                           <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                           <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                           <l> - file: "/etc/cron.allow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                        </out>
                        <err/>
                        <env/>
                     </command_result>
                  </xccdf:check-content>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="sce">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                 <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                 <td>101</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                 <td>
                                    <ul class="unstyled">
                                       <li/>
                                       <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                       <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                       <li> - file: "/etc/cron.allow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                    </ul>
                                 </td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671279_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - file: "/etc/cron.allow" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - file: "/etc/cron.allow" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671281"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671281">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671281"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/cron.allow exists and unknown test</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>File Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/cron.allow</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Path</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filename</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cron.allow</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Type</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>regular</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Group Id</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>0</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>User Id</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>0</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>A Time</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1721556945</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>C Time</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1721556945</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>M Time</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1721556945</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Size</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>0</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Suid</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>false</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Sgid</td>
                                 <td>Boolean</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>false</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Sticky</td>
                                 <td>Boolean</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>false</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Uread</td>
                                 <td>Boolean</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>true</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Uwrite</td>
                                 <td>Boolean</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>true</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Uexec</td>
                                 <td>Boolean</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>false</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Gread</td>
                                 <td>Boolean</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>true</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Gwrite</td>
                                 <td>Boolean</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>false</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Gexec</td>
                                 <td>Boolean</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>false</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Oread</td>
                                 <td>Boolean</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>false</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Owrite</td>
                                 <td>Boolean</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>false</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Oexec</td>
                                 <td>Boolean</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>false</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Has Extended Acl</td>
                                 <td>Boolean</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>false</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671259"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671259">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671259"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671262"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671262">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671262"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Arch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Epoch</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>(none)</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Release</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Version</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1.5.7</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Evr</td>
                                 <td>Evr String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>0:1.5.7-11.el9</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Extended Name</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>cronie-0:1.5.7-11.el9.x86_64</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Does not exist</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.6
          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        2.4.2 Configure at

        at is a command-line utility used to schedule a job for later execution

        Note: if at is not installed on the system, this section can be skipped

        Pass

        2.4.2.1 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users

        Description:

        at allows fairly complex time specifications, extending the POSIX.2 standard. It accepts times of the form HH:MM to run a job at a specific time of day. (If that time is already past, the next day is assumed.) You may also specify midnight, noon, or teatime (4pm) and you can have a time-of-day suffixed with AM or PM for running in the morning or the evening. You can also say what day the job will be run, by giving a date in the form month-name day with an optional year, or giving a date of the form MMDD[CC]YY, MM/DD/[CC]YY, DD.MM.[CC]YY or [CC]YY-MM-DD. The specification of a date must follow the specification of the time of day. You can also give times like now + count time-units, where the time-units can be minutes, hours, days, or weeks and you can tell at to run the job today by suffixing the time with today and to run the job tomorrow by suffixing the time with tomorrow.

        The /etc/at.allow and /etc/at.deny files determine which user can submit commands for later execution via at or batch. The format of the files is a list of usernames, one on each line. Whitespace is not permitted. If the file /etc/at.allow exists, only usernames mentioned in it are allowed to use at. If /etc/at.allow does not exist, /etc/at.deny is checked, every username not mentioned in it is then allowed to use at. An empty /etc/at.deny means that every user may use at. If neither file exists, only the superuser is allowed to use at.

        On many systems, only the system administrator is authorized to schedule at jobs. Using the at.allow file to control who can run at jobs enforces this policy. It is easier to manage an allow list than a deny list. In a deny list, you could potentially add a user ID to the system and forget to add it to the deny files.

        - IF - at is installed on the system:

        Run the following script to:

        • /etc/at.allow :
          • Create the file if it doesn't exist
          • Change owner or user root
          • If group daemon exists, change to group daemon , else change group to root
          • Change mode to 640 or more restrictive
        • - IF -/etc/at.deny exists:
          • Change owner or user root
          • If group daemon exists, change to group daemon , else change group to root
          • Change mode to 640 or more restrictive
        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        grep -Pq -- '^daemon\b' /etc/group && l_group="daemon" || l_group="root"

        [ ! -e "/etc/at.allow" ] && touch /etc/at.allow

        chown root:"$l_group" /etc/at.allow

        chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/at.allow

        [ -e "/etc/at.deny" ] && chown root:"$l_group" /etc/at.deny

        [ -e "/etc/at.deny" ] && chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/at.deny

        }

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        OR
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/at.allow exists and unknown test
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'at' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.2.1_Ensure_at_is_restricted_to_authorized_users"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.350+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671283"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671283">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671283"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/at.allow exists and unknown test</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671285"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671285">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671285"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure package name equals 'at' is not installed</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                     <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                  negate="false"
                                  multi-check="false">
                        <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                            value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671286_var"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content>
                           <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                           xccdf="pass"
                                           script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                           exit-value="101">
                              <out>
                                 <l/>
                                 <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                 <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                                 <l> - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist</l>
                              </out>
                              <err/>
                              <env/>
                           </command_result>
                        </xccdf:check-content>
                        <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                           <div class="sce">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                       <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                       <td>101</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                       <td>
                                          <ul class="unstyled">
                                             <li/>
                                             <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                             <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                             <li> - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist</li>
                                          </ul>
                                       </td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </evidence>
                     </xccdf:check>
                     <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                  negate="false"
                                  multi-check="false">
                        <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                            value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671288_var"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content>
                           <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                           xccdf="pass"
                                           script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                           exit-value="101">
                              <out>
                                 <l/>
                                 <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                 <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                                 <l> - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist</l>
                              </out>
                              <err/>
                              <env/>
                           </command_result>
                        </xccdf:check-content>
                        <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                           <div class="sce">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                       <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                       <td>101</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                       <td>
                                          <ul class="unstyled">
                                             <li/>
                                             <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                             <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                             <li> - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist</li>
                                          </ul>
                                       </td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </evidence>
                     </xccdf:check>
                  </xccdf:complex-check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671290_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                        xccdf="pass"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                        exit-value="101">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                              <l> - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist</l>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>101</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                          <li> - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist</li>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671292_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content>
                     <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                     xccdf="pass"
                                     script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                     exit-value="101">
                        <out>
                           <l/>
                           <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                           <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                           <l> - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist</l>
                        </out>
                        <err/>
                        <env/>
                     </command_result>
                  </xccdf:check-content>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="sce">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                 <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                 <td>101</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                 <td>
                                    <ul class="unstyled">
                                       <li/>
                                       <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                       <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                       <li> - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist</li>
                                    </ul>
                                 </td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671294_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671296_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.6
          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        3 Network

        This section provides guidance on for securing the network configuration of the system

        3.1 Configure Network Devices

        To reduce the attack surface of a system, unused devices should be disabled.

        Note: This should not be considered a comprehensive list, you may wish to consider additions to those listed here for your environment.

        Manual

        3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified

        Description:

        Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of Internet Protocol (IP). It's designed to supply IP addressing and additional security to support the predicted growth of connected devices. IPv6 is based on 128-bit addressing and can support 340 undecillion, which is 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 unique addresses.

        Features of IPv6

        • Hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructure
        • Statefull and Stateless configuration
        • Support for quality of service (QoS)
        • An ideal protocol for neighboring node interaction

        IETF RFC 4038 recommends that applications are built with an assumption of dual stack. It is recommended that IPv6 be enabled and configured in accordance with Benchmark recommendations.

        - IF - dual stack and IPv6 are not used in your environment, IPv6 may be disabled to reduce the attack surface of the system, and recommendations pertaining to IPv6 can be skipped.

        Note: It is recommended that IPv6 be enabled and configured unless this is against local site policy

        Enable or disable IPv6 in accordance with system requirements and local site policy

        Impact:

        IETF RFC 4038 recommends that applications are built with an assumption of dual stack.

        When enabled, IPv6 will require additional configuration to reduce risk to the system.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** FAIL **
        • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
        • - IPv6 is enabled on the system
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.1_Ensure_IPv6_status_is_identified"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.350+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>informational</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - IPv6 is enabled on the system</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - IPv6 is enabled on the system</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.1.2 Ensure wireless interfaces are disabled

        Description:

        Wireless networking is used when wired networks are unavailable.

        - IF - wireless is not to be used, wireless devices can be disabled to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following script to disable any wireless interfaces:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        module_fix()

        {

        if ! modprobe -n -v "$l_mname" | grep -P -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)'; then

        echo -e " - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be un-loadable"

        echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mname".conf

        fi

        if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then

        echo -e " - unloading module \"$l_mname\""

        modprobe -r "$l_mname"

        fi

        if ! grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" /etc/modprobe.d/*; then

        echo -e " - deny listing \"$l_mname\""

        echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mname".conf

        fi

        }

        if [ -n "$(find /sys/class/net/*/ -type d -name wireless)" ]; then

        l_dname=$(for driverdir in $(find /sys/class/net/*/ -type d -name wireless | xargs -0 dirname); do basename "$(readlink -f "$driverdir"/device/driver/module)";done | sort -u)

        for l_mname in $l_dname; do

        module_fix

        done

        fi

        }

        Impact:

        Many if not all laptop workstations and some desktop workstations will connect via wireless requiring these interfaces be enabled.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_wireless_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - System has no wireless NICs installed
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.2_Ensure_wireless_interfaces_are_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.350+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/15/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/15/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_wireless_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_wireless_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_wireless_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - System has no wireless NICs installed</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_wireless_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - System has no wireless NICs installed</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 15: Wireless Access Control: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the security use of wireless local area networks (WLANs), access points, and wireless client systems.
          Subcontrol: 15.4
          Label: Disable Wireless Access on Devices if Not Required
          Description: Disable wireless access on devices that do not have a business purpose for wireless access.
        • Control 15: Wireless Access Control: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the security use of wireless local area networks (WLANs), access points, and wireless client systems.
          Subcontrol: 15.5
          Label: Limit Wireless Access on Client Devices
          Description: Configure wireless access on client machines that do have an essential wireless business purpose, to allow access only to authorized wireless networks and to restrict access to other wireless networks.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.1.3 Ensure bluetooth services are not in use

        Description:

        Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data between devices over short distances. It employs UHF radio waves in the ISM bands, from 2.402 GHz to 2.48 GHz. It is mainly used as an alternative to wire connections.

        An attacker may be able to find a way to access or corrupt your data. One example of this type of activity is bluesnarfing , which refers to attackers using a Bluetooth connection to steal information off of your Bluetooth device. Also, viruses or other malicious code can take advantage of Bluetooth technology to infect other devices. If you are infected, your data may be corrupted, compromised, stolen, or lost.

        Run the following commands to stop bluetooth.service , and remove the bluez package:

        # systemctl stop bluetooth.service

        # dnf remove bluez

        - OR -

        - IF - the bluez package is required as a dependency:

        Run the following commands to stop and mask bluetooth.service :

        # systemctl stop bluetooth.service

        # systemctl mask bluetooth.service

        Note: A reboot may be required

        Impact:

        Many personal electronic devices (PEDs) use Bluetooth technology. For example, you may be able to operate your computer with a wireless keyboard. Disabling Bluetooth will prevent these devices from connecting to the system.

        There may be packages that are dependent on the bluez package. If the bluez package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing the bluez package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.

        - IF - a dependent package is required: stop and mask bluetooth.service leaving the bluez package installed.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'bluetooth.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists bluetooth.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'bluetooth.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists bluetooth.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'bluez' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.3_Ensure_bluetooth_services_are_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.350+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670685"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670685_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670685"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670685">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670685"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'bluetooth.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>bluetooth.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670689"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670689_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670689"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670689">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670689"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'bluetooth.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>bluetooth.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670691"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670691">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670691"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'bluez' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        3.2 Configure Network Kernel Modules

        The Linux kernel modules support several network protocols that are not commonly used. If these protocols are not needed, it is recommended that they be disabled in the kernel.

        Note: This should not be considered a comprehensive list of uncommon network protocols, you may wish to consider additions to those listed here for your environment.

        Pass

        3.2.1 Ensure dccp kernel module is not available

        Description:

        The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a transport layer protocol that supports streaming media and telephony. DCCP provides a way to gain access to congestion control, without having to do it at the application layer, but does not provide in-sequence delivery.

        - IF - the protocol is not required, it is recommended that the drivers not be installed to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following script to unload and disable the dccp module:

        - IF - the dccp kernel module is available in ANY installed kernel:

        • Create a file ending in .conf with install dccp /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
        • Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist dccp in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
        • Run modprobe -r dccp 2>/dev/null; rmmod dccp 2>/dev/null to remove dccp from the kernel

        - IF - the dccp kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel, no remediation is necessary

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

        l_mod_name="dccp" # set module name

        l_mod_type="net" # set module type

        l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

        f_module_fix()

        {

        l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

        a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

        while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

        a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

        done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

        if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

        a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

        modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

        fi

        if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

        a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

        printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

        fi

        if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

        a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

        printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

        fi

        }

        for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

        if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

        l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

        [[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

        [ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

        else

        echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

        fi

        done

        [ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

        [ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

        echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

        }

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - kernel module: "dccp" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/net"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.1_Ensure_dccp_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.350+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670698_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - kernel module: "dccp" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/net"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - kernel module: "dccp" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/net"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.2.2 Ensure tipc kernel module is not available

        Description:

        The Transparent Inter-Process Communication (TIPC) protocol is designed to provide communication between cluster nodes.

        - IF - the protocol is not being used, it is recommended that kernel module not be loaded, disabling the service to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following script to unload and disable the tipc module:

        - IF - the tipc kernel module is available in ANY installed kernel:

        • Create a file ending in .conf with install tipc /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
        • Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist tipc in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
        • Run modprobe -r tipc 2>/dev/null; rmmod tipc 2>/dev/null to remove tipc from the kernel

        - IF - the tipc kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel, no remediation is necessary

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

        l_mod_name="tipc" # set module name

        l_mod_type="net" # set module type

        l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

        f_module_fix()

        {

        l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

        a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

        while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

        a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

        done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

        if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

        a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

        modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

        fi

        if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

        a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

        printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

        fi

        if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

        a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

        printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

        fi

        }

        for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

        if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

        l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

        [[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

        [ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

        else

        echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

        fi

        done

        [ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

        [ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

        echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

        }

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • -- INFO --
        • - module: "tipc" exists in:
        • - "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/net"
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - kernel module: "tipc" is not loaded
        • - kernel module: "tipc" is not loadable
        • - kernel module: "tipc" is deny listed
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.2_Ensure_tipc_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.350+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670704_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
                  <l> -- INFO --</l>
                  <l> - module: "tipc" exists in:</l>
                  <l>  - "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/net"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l>  - kernel module: "tipc" is not loaded</l>
                  <l>  - kernel module: "tipc" is not loadable</l>
                  <l>  - kernel module: "tipc" is deny listed</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                              <li> -- INFO --</li>
                              <li> - module: "tipc" exists in:</li>
                              <li>  - "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/net"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li>  - kernel module: "tipc" is not loaded</li>
                              <li>  - kernel module: "tipc" is not loadable</li>
                              <li>  - kernel module: "tipc" is deny listed</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.2.3 Ensure rds kernel module is not available

        Description:

        The Reliable Datagram Sockets (RDS) protocol is a transport layer protocol designed to provide low-latency, high-bandwidth communications between cluster nodes. It was developed by the Oracle Corporation.

        - IF - the protocol is not being used, it is recommended that kernel module not be loaded, disabling the service to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following script to unload and disable the rds module:

        - IF - the rds kernel module is available in ANY installed kernel:

        • Create a file ending in .conf with install rds /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
        • Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist rds in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
        • Run modprobe -r rds 2>/dev/null; rmmod rds 2>/dev/null to remove rds from the kernel

        - IF - the rds kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel, no remediation is necessary

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

        l_mod_name="rds" # set module name

        l_mod_type="net" # set module type

        l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

        f_module_fix()

        {

        l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

        a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

        while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

        a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

        done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

        if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

        a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

        modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

        fi

        if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

        a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

        printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

        fi

        if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

        a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

        printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

        fi

        }

        for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

        if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

        l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

        [[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

        [ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

        else

        echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

        fi

        done

        [ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

        [ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

        echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

        }

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - kernel module: "rds" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/net"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.3_Ensure_rds_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.350+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670711_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - kernel module: "rds" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/net"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - kernel module: "rds" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/net"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.2.4 Ensure sctp kernel module is not available

        Description:

        The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a transport layer protocol used to support message oriented communication, with several streams of messages in one connection. It serves a similar function as TCP and UDP, incorporating features of both. It is message-oriented like UDP, and ensures reliable in-sequence transport of messages with congestion control like TCP.

        - IF - the protocol is not being used, it is recommended that kernel module not be loaded, disabling the service to reduce the potential attack surface.

        Run the following script to unload and disable the sctp module:

        - IF - the sctp kernel module is available in ANY installed kernel:

        • Create a file ending in .conf with install sctp /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
        • Create a file ending in .conf with blacklist sctp in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
        • Run modprobe -r sctp 2>/dev/null; rmmod sctp 2>/dev/null to remove sctp from the kernel

        - IF - the sctp kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel, no remediation is necessary

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        unset a_output2; l_output3="" l_dl="" # unset arrays and clear variables

        l_mod_name="sctp" # set module name

        l_mod_type="net" # set module type

        l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type | sort -u)"

        f_module_fix()

        {

        l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks

        a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output

        while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do

        a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")

        done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')

        if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently loaded

        a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

        modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null

        fi

        if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+\/bin\/(true|false)\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

        a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"/bin/false\"")

        printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

        fi

        if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then

        a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")

        printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf

        fi

        }

        for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system

        if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/})" ]; then

        l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

        [[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"

        [ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix

        else

        echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""

        fi

        done

        [ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mod_name\" exists in:$l_output3"

        [ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "${a_output2[@]}"

        echo -e "\n - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete\n"

        }

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - kernel module: "sctp" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/net"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.4_Ensure_sctp_kernel_module_is_not_available"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.350+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670717_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - kernel module: "sctp" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/net"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - kernel module: "sctp" doesn't exist in "/usr/lib/modules/5.14.0-427.20.1.el9_4.x86_64/kernel/net"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        3.3 Configure Network Kernel Parameters

        The following network parameters are intended for use on both host only and router systems. A system acts as a router if it has at least two interfaces and is configured to perform routing functions.

        Notes:

        • sysctl settings are defined through files in /usr/local/lib , /usr/lib/ , /lib/ , /run/ , and /etc/
        • Files are typically placed in the sysctl.d directory within the parent directory
        • The paths where sysctl preload files usually exist
          • /run/sysctl.d/*.conf
          • /etc/sysctl.d/*.conf
          • /usr/local/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
          • /usr/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
          • /lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
          • /etc/sysctl.conf
        • Files must have the " .conf " extension
        • Vendors settings usually live in /usr/lib/ or /usr/local/lib/
        • To override a whole file, create a new file with the same name in /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
        • To override only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later name in /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
        • The command /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config produces output containing The system's loaded kernel parameters and the files they're configured in:
          • Entries listed latter in the file take precedence over the same settings listed earlier in the file
          • Files containing kernel parameters that are over-ridden by other files with the same name will not be listed
          • On systems running UncomplicatedFirewall, the kernel parameters may be set or over-written. This will not be visible in the output of the command
        • On systems with Uncomplicated Firewall, additional settings may be configured in /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf
          • The settings in /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf will override settings other settings and will not be visible in the output of the /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config command
          • This behavior can be changed by updating the IPT_SYSCTL parameter in /etc/default/ufw

        The system's loaded kernel parameters and the files they're configured in can be viewed by running the following command:

        # /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config
        Pass

        3.3.1 Ensure ip forwarding is disabled

        Description:

        The net.ipv4.ip_forward and net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding flags are used to tell the system whether it can forward packets or not.

        Setting net.ipv4.ip_forward and net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding to 0 ensures that a system with multiple interfaces (for example, a hard proxy), will never be able to forward packets, and therefore, never serve as a router.

        Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

        }

        - IF - IPv6 is enabled on the system:

        Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 0

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv6.route.flush=1

        }

        Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

        Impact:

        IP forwarding is required on systems configured to act as a router. If these parameters are disabled, the system will not be able to perform as a router.

        Many Cloud Service Provider (CSP) hosted systems require IP forwarding to be enabled. If the system is running on a CSP platform, this requirement should be reviewed before disabling IP forwarding.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.ip_forward" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.ip_forward" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.1_Ensure_ip_forwarding_is_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670725_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.ip_forward" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.ip_forward" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.ip_forward" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.ip_forward" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670731_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.3.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled

        Description:

        ICMP Redirects are used to send routing information to other hosts. As a host itself does not act as a router (in a host only configuration), there is no need to send redirects.

        An attacker could use a compromised host to send invalid ICMP redirects to other router devices in an attempt to corrupt routing and have users access a system set up by the attacker as opposed to a valid system.

        Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
        • net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

        }

        Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

        Impact:

        IP forwarding is required on systems configured to act as a router. If these parameters are disabled, the system will not be able to perform as a router.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.2_Ensure_packet_redirect_sending_is_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670738_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670740_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.3.3 Ensure bogus icmp responses are ignored

        Description:

        Setting net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses to 1 prevents the kernel from logging bogus responses (RFC-1122 non-compliant) from broadcast reframes, keeping file systems from filling up with useless log messages.

        Some routers (and some attackers) will send responses that violate RFC-1122 and attempt to fill up a log file system with many useless error messages.

        Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=1

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

        }

        Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.3_Ensure_bogus_icmp_responses_are_ignored"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670750_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.3.4 Ensure broadcast icmp requests are ignored

        Description:

        Setting net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts to 1 will cause the system to ignore all ICMP echo and timestamp requests to broadcast and multicast addresses.

        Accepting ICMP echo and timestamp requests with broadcast or multicast destinations for your network could be used to trick your host into starting (or participating) in a Smurf attack. A Smurf attack relies on an attacker sending large amounts of ICMP broadcast messages with a spoofed source address. All hosts receiving this message and responding would send echo-reply messages back to the spoofed address, which is probably not routable. If many hosts respond to the packets, the amount of traffic on the network could be significantly multiplied.

        Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=1

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

        }

        Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.4_Ensure_broadcast_icmp_requests_are_ignored"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670757_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        3.3.5 Ensure icmp redirects are not accepted

        Description:

        ICMP redirect messages are packets that convey routing information and tell your host (acting as a router) to send packets via an alternate path. It is a way of allowing an outside routing device to update your system routing tables.

        ICMP redirect messages are packets that convey routing information and tell your host (acting as a router) to send packets via an alternate path. It is a way of allowing an outside routing device to update your system routing tables. By setting net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects , net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects , net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects , and net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects to 0 , the system will not accept any ICMP redirect messages, and therefore, won't allow outsiders to update the system's routing tables.

        Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
        • net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

        }

        - IF - IPv6 is enabled on the system:

        Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
        • net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0" "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv6.route.flush=1

        }

        Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** FAIL **
        • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects" is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration and should have a value of: "0"
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects" is not set in an included file
        • ** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** FAIL **
        • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects" is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration and should have a value of: "0"
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects" is not set in an included file
        • ** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.5_Ensure_icmp_redirects_are_not_accepted"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670763_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                        <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                                    <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670767_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                        <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                                    <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670770_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                     <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                     <l/>
                     <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects" is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration and should have a value of: "0"</l>
                     <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects" is not set in an included file</l>
                     <l>   ** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</l>
                     <l/>
                     <l/>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                 <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                                 <li/>
                                 <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects" is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration and should have a value of: "0"</li>
                                 <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects" is not set in an included file</li>
                                 <li>   ** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</li>
                                 <li/>
                                 <li/>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670776_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects" is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration and should have a value of: "0"</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects" is not set in an included file</l>
                  <l>   ** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects" is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration and should have a value of: "0"</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects" is not set in an included file</li>
                              <li>   ** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.3.6 Ensure secure icmp redirects are not accepted

        Description:

        Secure ICMP redirects are the same as ICMP redirects, except they come from gateways listed on the default gateway list. It is assumed that these gateways are known to your system, and that they are likely to be secure.

        It is still possible for even known gateways to be compromised. Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects and net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects to 0 protects the system from routing table updates by possibly compromised known gateways.

        Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0
        • net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

        }

        Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.6_Ensure_secure_icmp_redirects_are_not_accepted"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670782_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670788_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.3.7 Ensure reverse path filtering is enabled

        Description:

        Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter and net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter to 1 forces the Linux kernel to utilize reverse path filtering on a received packet to determine if the packet was valid. Essentially, with reverse path filtering, if the return packet does not go out the same interface that the corresponding source packet came from, the packet is dropped (and logged if log_martians is set).

        Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter and net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter to 1 is a good way to deter attackers from sending your system bogus packets that cannot be responded to. One instance where this feature breaks down is if asymmetrical routing is employed. This would occur when using dynamic routing protocols (bgp, ospf, etc) on your system. If you are using asymmetrical routing on your system, you will not be able to enable this feature without breaking the routing.

        Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
        • net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1" "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

        }

        Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

        Impact:

        If you are using asymmetrical routing on your system, you will not be able to enable this feature without breaking the routing.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.7_Ensure_reverse_path_filtering_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670794_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670798_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        3.3.8 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted

        Description:

        In networking, source routing allows a sender to partially or fully specify the route packets take through a network. In contrast, non-source routed packets travel a path determined by routers in the network. In some cases, systems may not be routable or reachable from some locations (e.g. private addresses vs. Internet routable), and so source routed packets would need to be used.

        Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route , net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route , net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route and net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route to 0 disables the system from accepting source routed packets. Assume this system was capable of routing packets to Internet routable addresses on one interface and private addresses on another interface. Assume that the private addresses were not routable to the Internet routable addresses and vice versa. Under normal routing circumstances, an attacker from the Internet routable addresses could not use the system as a way to reach the private address systems. If, however, source routed packets were allowed, they could be used to gain access to the private address systems as the route could be specified, rather than rely on routing protocols that did not allow this routing.

        Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
        • net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

        }

        - IF - IPv6 is enabled on the system:

        Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
        • net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0" "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf

        Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv6.route.flush=1

        }

        Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** FAIL **
        • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file
        • ** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **
        • - Correctly set:
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** FAIL **
        • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file
        • ** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **
        • - Correctly set:
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.8_Ensure_source_routed_packets_are_not_accepted"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670804_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                        <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                                    <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670810_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                        <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                                    <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670814_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                     <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                     <l/>
                     <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file</l>
                     <l>   ** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</l>
                     <l/>
                     <l/>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Correctly set:</l>
                     <l/>
                     <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                     <l/>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                 <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                                 <li/>
                                 <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file</li>
                                 <li>   ** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</li>
                                 <li/>
                                 <li/>
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Correctly set:</li>
                                 <li/>
                                 <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                                 <li/>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670821_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file</l>
                  <l>   ** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Correctly set:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file</li>
                              <li>   ** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Correctly set:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.3.9 Ensure suspicious packets are logged

        Description:

        When enabled, this feature logs packets with un-routable source addresses to the kernel log.

        Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians and net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians to 1 enables this feature. Logging these packets allows an administrator to investigate the possibility that an attacker is sending spoofed packets to their system.

        Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
        • net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1" "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians=1

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

        }

        Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.9_Ensure_suspicious_packets_are_logged"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670827_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670833_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Subcontrol: 6.2
          Label: Activate audit logging
          Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
        • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Subcontrol: 6.3
          Label: Enable Detailed Logging
          Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Safeguard: 8.5
          Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
          Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Detect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.3.10 Ensure tcp syn cookies is enabled

        Description:

        When tcp_syncookies is set, the kernel will handle TCP SYN packets normally until the half-open connection queue is full, at which time, the SYN cookie functionality kicks in. SYN cookies work by not using the SYN queue at all. Instead, the kernel simply replies to the SYN with a SYN/ACK, but will include a specially crafted TCP sequence number that encodes the source and destination IP address and port number and the time the packet was sent. A legitimate connection would send the ACK packet of the three way handshake with the specially crafted sequence number. This allows the system to verify that it has received a valid response to a SYN cookie and allow the connection, even though there is no corresponding SYN in the queue.

        Attackers use SYN flood attacks to perform a denial of service attacked on a system by sending many SYN packets without completing the three way handshake. This will quickly use up slots in the kernel's half-open connection queue and prevent legitimate connections from succeeding. Setting net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies to 1 enables SYN cookies, allowing the system to keep accepting valid connections, even if under a denial of service attack.

        Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1

        sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1

        }

        Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.10_Ensure_tcp_syn_cookies_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670840_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" is correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" is correctly set to "1" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        3.3.11 Ensure ipv6 router advertisements are not accepted

        Description:

        Routers periodically multicast Router Advertisement messages to announce their availability and convey information to neighboring nodes that enable them to be automatically configured on the network.

        net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra and net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra determine the systems ability to accept these advertisements

        It is recommended that systems do not accept router advertisements as they could be tricked into routing traffic to compromised machines. Setting hard routes within the system (usually a single default route to a trusted router) protects the system from bad routes. Setting net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra and net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra to 0 disables the system's ability to accept IPv6 router advertisements.

        - IF - IPv6 is enabled on the system:

        Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in .conf :

        • net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra = 0
        • net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra = 0

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra = 0" "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf

        Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra=0

        sysctl -w net.ipv6.route.flush=1

        }

        Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these settings will be overwritten

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
        • - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.11_Ensure_ipv6_router_advertisements_are_not_accepted"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670849_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670854_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
                  <l> - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" is correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
                              <li> - "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" is correctly set to "0" in "/etc/sysctl.d/61-CIS-Network.conf"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        4 Host Based Firewall

        A Host Based Firewall, on a Linux system, is a set of rules used to protect machines from any unwanted traffic from outside. It enables users to control incoming network traffic on host machines by defining a set of firewall rules. These rules are used to sort the incoming traffic and either block it or allow it through.

        In order to configure firewall rules a firewall utility needs to be installed. Guidance has been included for the following firewall utilities:

        • firewallD : the firewalld utility can be used for simple firewall use cases. The firewalld utility is easy to use and covers typical use cases.

        • nftables : the nftables utility is often used to set up complex and performance-critical firewalls, such as a whole network.

        Only one method should be used to configure a firewall on the system. Use of more than one method could produce unexpected results.

        Note:

        • This section is intended only to ensure the resulting firewall rules are in place, not how they are configured.
        • The ipset and iptables-nft packages have been deprecated in Fedora 34 based Linux distributions. This includes deprecation of nft-variants such as iptables , ip6tables , arptables , and ebtables utilities. If you are using any of these tools, for example, because you upgraded from an earlier version, we recommend migrating to the nft command line tool provided by the nftables package.
        • firewalld with nftables backend does not support passing custom nftables rules to firewalld , using the --direct option.
        • Allow port 22(ssh) needs to be updated to only allow systems requiring ssh connectivity to connect, as per site policy.

        4.1 Configure a firewall utility

        In order to configure firewall rules a firewall utility needs to be installed either nftables or firewalld (with default nftables backend).

        Only one method should be used to configure a firewall on the system. Use of more than one method could produce unexpected results.

        Note:

        • IPTables are deprecated in this release, and not covered in this Benchmark. If your firewall configuration still uses iptables rules, you should migrate your iptables rules to nftables.
        • Allow port 22(ssh) needs to be updated to only allow systems requiring ssh connectivity to connect, as per site policy.
        Fail

        4.1.1 Ensure nftables is installed

        Description:

        nftables provides a new in-kernel packet classification framework that is based on a network-specific Virtual Machine (VM) and a new nft userspace command line tool.

        nftables reuses the existing Netfilter subsystems such as the existing hook infrastructure, the connection tracking system, NAT, userspace queuing and logging subsystem.

        nftables is a subsystem of the Linux kernel that can protect against threats originating from within a corporate network to include malicious mobile code and poorly configured software on a host.

        Run the following command to install nftables

        # dnf install nftables

        Impact:

        Changing firewall settings while connected over the network can result in being locked out of the system.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'nftables' is installed
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.1.1_Ensure_nftables_is_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670795"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670795">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670795"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'nftables' is installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.4
          Label: Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering
          Description: Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.4
          Label: Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers
          Description: Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        4.1.2 Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use

        Description:

        In Linux security, employing a single, effective firewall configuration utility is crucial. Firewalls act as digital gatekeepers by filtering network traffic based on rules. Proper firewall configurations ensure that only legitimate traffic gets processed, reducing the system’s exposure to potential threats. The choice between FirewallD and NFTables depends on organizational specific needs:

        FirewallD - Is a firewall service daemon that provides a dynamic customizable host-based firewall with a D-Bus interface. Being dynamic, it enables creating, changing, and deleting the rules without the necessity to restart the firewall daemon each time the rules are changed.

        NFTables - Includes the nft utility for configuration of the nftables subsystem of the Linux kernel.

        Notes:

        • firewalld with nftables backend does not support passing custom nftables rules to firewalld, using the --direct option.
        • In order to configure firewall rules for nftables, a firewall utility needs to be installed and active of the system. The use of more than one firewall utility may produce unexpected results.
        • Allow port 22(ssh) needs to be updated to only allow systems requiring ssh connectivity to connect, as per site policy.

        Proper configuration of a single firewall utility minimizes cyber threats and protects services and data, while avoiding vulnerabilities like open ports or exposed services. Standardizing on a single tool simplifies management, reduces errors, and fortifies security across Linux systems.

        Run the following script to ensure that a single firewall utility is in use on the system:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        l_fwd_status="" l_nft_status="" l_fwutil_status=""

        # Determine FirewallD utility Status

        rpm -q firewalld > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_fwd_status="$(systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service):$(systemctl is-active firewalld.service)"

        # Determine NFTables utility Status

        rpm -q nftables > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_nft_status="$(systemctl is-enabled nftables.service):$(systemctl is-active nftables.service)"

        l_fwutil_status="$l_fwd_status:$l_nft_status"

        case $l_fwutil_status in

        enabled:active:masked:inactive|enabled:active:disabled:inactive)

        echo -e "\n - FirewallD utility is in use, enabled and active\n - NFTables utility is correctly disabled or masked and inactive\n - no remediation required" ;;

        masked:inactive:enabled:active|disabled:inactive:enabled:active)

        echo -e "\n - NFTables utility is in use, enabled and active\n - FirewallD utility is correctly disabled or masked and inactive\n - no remediation required" ;;

        enabled:active:enabled:active)

        echo -e "\n - Both FirewallD and NFTables utilities are enabled and active\n - stopping and masking NFTables utility"

        systemctl stop nftables && systemctl --now mask nftables ;;

        enabled:*:enabled:*)

        echo -e "\n - Both FirewallD and NFTables utilities are enabled\n - remediating"

        if [ "$(awk -F: '{print $2}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" = "active" ] && [ "$(awk -F: '{print $4}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" = "inactive" ]; then

        echo " - masking NFTables utility"

        systemctl stop nftables && systemctl --now mask nftables

        elif [ "$(awk -F: '{print $4}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" = "active" ] && [ "$(awk -F: '{print $2}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" = "inactive" ]; then

        echo " - masking FirewallD utility"

        systemctl stop firewalld && systemctl --now mask firewalld

        fi ;;

        *:active:*:active)

        echo -e "\n - Both FirewallD and NFTables utilities are active\n - remediating"

        if [ "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" = "enabled" ] && [ "$(awk -F: '{print $3}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" != "enabled" ]; then

        echo " - stopping and masking NFTables utility"

        systemctl stop nftables && systemctl --now mask nftables

        elif [ "$(awk -F: '{print $3}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" = "enabled" ] && [ "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" != "enabled" ]; then

        echo " - stopping and masking FirewallD utility"

        systemctl stop firewalld && systemctl --now mask firewalld

        fi ;;

        :enabled:active)

        echo -e "\n - NFTables utility is in use, enabled, and active\n - FirewallD package is not installed\n - no remediation required" ;;

        :)

        echo -e "\n - Neither FirewallD or NFTables is installed.\n - remediating\n - installing NFTables"

        echo -e "\n - Configure only ONE firewall either NFTables OR Firewalld and follow the according subsection to complete this remediation process"

        dnf -q install nftables ;;

        *:*:)

        echo -e "\n - NFTables package is not installed on the system\n - remediating\n - installing NFTables"

        echo -e "\n - Configure only ONE firewall either NFTables OR Firewalld and follow the according subsection to complete this remediation process"

        dnf -q install nftables ;;

        *)

        echo -e "\n - Unable to determine firewall state"

        echo -e "\n - MANUAL REMEDIATION REQUIRED: Configure only ONE firewall either NFTables OR Firewalld" ;;

        esac

        }

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists firewalld.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists firewalld.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists nftables.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'masked'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists nftables.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists nftables.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists nftables.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists firewalld.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'masked'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists firewalld.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.1.2_Ensure_a_single_firewall_configuration_utility_is_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html-single/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/index</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670806"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670806_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670806"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670806">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670806"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>firewalld.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670811"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670811_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670811"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
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                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670811"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>firewalld.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>ActiveState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>inactive</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
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            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670817"
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               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670817"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
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                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670817"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>nftables.service</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670823"
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            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670823"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
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                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670823"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'masked'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>nftables.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
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                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670829"
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                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670829"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
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                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670829"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>nftables.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670834"
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                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670834"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
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                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670834"
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                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>nftables.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>ActiveState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>inactive</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670842"
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               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
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               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
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                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670842"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>firewalld.service</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
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         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
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            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670846"
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            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
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                     <div class="criterion"
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                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
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                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>firewalld.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html-single/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/index

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.4
          Label: Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering
          Description: Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.4
          Label: Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers
          Description: Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.5
          Label: Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices
          Description: Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices, with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        4.2 Configure FirewallD

        firewalld uses the concepts of zones and services, that simplify the traffic management. Zones are predefined sets of rules that cover all necessary settings to allow or deny incoming traffic for a specific service and zone.

        Important: Configuration of a live systems firewall directly over a remote connection will often result in being locked out. It is advised to have a known good firewall configuration set to run on boot and to configure an entire firewall structure in a script that is then run and tested before saving to boot.

        Warning:Only one method should be used to configure a firewall on the system. Use of more than one method could produce unexpected results.

        Note:- IF -nftables is being used this subsection should be skipped.

        The following example will create a firewalld zone called securezone to implement the firewall rules of this section leveraging the firewalld utility included with the firewalld package. This example will open port 22(ssh) from anywhere. Opening service SSH should be updated in accordance with local site policy. If another name for the zone is preferred, replace securezone with the name to be used.

        Sample securezone zone xml file

        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

        <zone target="DROP">

        description:

        For use with CIS Linux Benchmark. You do not trust the other computers on networks to not harm your computer. Only selected incoming connections are accepted.



        <service name="ssh"/>

        <service name="dhcpv6-client"/>

        <icmp-block name="destination-unreachable"/>

        <icmp-block name="packet-too-big"/>

        <icmp-block name="time-exceeded"/>

        <icmp-block name="parameter-problem"/>

        <icmp-block name="neighbour-advertisement"/>

        <icmp-block name="neighbour-solicitation"/>

        <icmp-block name="router-advertisement"/>

        <icmp-block name="router-solicitation"/>

        <rule family="ipv4">

        <source address="127.0.0.1"/>

        <destination address="127.0.0.1" invert="True"/>

        <drop/>

        </rule>

        <rule family="ipv6">

        <source address="::1"/>

        <destination address="::1" invert="True"/>

        <drop/>

        </rule>

        <icmp-block-inversion/>

        </zone>

        Note: To use this zone, save this as /etc/firewalld/zones/securezone.xml and run the following commands:

        # firewall-cmd --reload

        # firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=securezone --change-interface={NAME OF NETWORK INTERFACE}
        Manual

        4.2.1 Ensure firewalld drops unnecessary services and ports

        Description:

        Services and ports can be accepted or explicitly rejected or dropped by a zone.

        For every zone, you can set a default behavior that handles incoming traffic that is not further specified. Such behavior is defined by setting the target of the zone. There are three options - default, ACCEPT, REJECT, and DROP.

        • ACCEPT - you accept all incoming packets except those disabled by a specific rule.
        • REJECT - you disable all incoming packets except those that you have allowed in specific rules and the source machine is informed about the rejection.
        • DROP - you disable all incoming packets except those that you have allowed in specific rules and no information sent to the source machine.

        Note:

        • - IF -NFTables is being used, this recommendation can be skipped.
        • Allow port 22(ssh) needs to be updated to only allow systems requiring ssh connectivity to connect, as per site policy.

        To reduce the attack surface of a system, all services and ports should be blocked unless required

        If Firewalld is in use on the system:

        Run the following command to remove an unnecessary service:

        # firewall-cmd --remove-service=<service>

        Example:

        # firewall-cmd --remove-service=cockpit

        Run the following command to remove an unnecessary port:

        # firewall-cmd --remove-port=<port-number>/<port-type>

        Example:

        # firewall-cmd --remove-port=25/tcp

        Run the following command to make new settings persistent:

        # firewall-cmd --runtime-to-permanent



        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.1_Ensure_firewalld_drops_unnecessary_services_and_ports"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">firewalld.service(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters-en-us.pdf</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: firewalld.service(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9
        • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters-en-us.pdf

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.4
          Label: Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering
          Description: Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.4
          Label: Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers
          Description: Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        4.2.2 Ensure firewalld loopback traffic is configured

        Description:

        Configure the loopback interface to accept traffic. Configure all other interfaces to deny traffic to the loopback network

        Loopback traffic is generated between processes on machine and is typically critical to operation of the system. The loopback interface is the only place that loopback network traffic should be seen, all other interfaces should ignore traffic on this network as an anti-spoofing measure.

        Run the following script to implement the loopback rules:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        { l_hbfw=""

        if systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service | grep -q 'enabled'; then

        echo -e "\n - FirewallD is in use on the system" && l_hbfw="fwd"

        elif systemctl is-enabled nftables.service 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'enabled'; then

        echo -e "\n - nftables is in use on the system \n - Recommendation is NA \n - Remediation Complete" && l_hbfw="nft"

        fi

        if [ "$l_hbfw" = "fwd" ]; then

        l_ipsaddr="$(nft list ruleset | awk '/filter_IN_public_deny|hook\s+input\s+/,/\}\s*(#.*)?$/' | grep -P -- 'ip\h+saddr')"

        if ! nft list ruleset | awk '/hook\s+input\s+/,/\}\s*(#.*)?$/' | grep -Pq -- '\H+\h+"lo"\h+accept'; then

        echo -e "\n - Enabling input to accept for loopback address"

        firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=trusted --add-interface=lo

        firewall-cmd --reload

        else

        echo -e "\n - firewalld input correctly set to accept for loopback address"

        if ! grep -Pq -- 'ip\h+saddr\h+127\.0\.0\.0\/8\h+(counter\h+packets\h+\d+\h+bytes\h+\d+\h+)?drop' <<< "$l_ipsaddr" && ! grep -Pq -- 'ip\h+daddr\h+\!\=\h+127\.0\.0\.1\h+ip\h+saddr\h+127\.0\.0\.1\h+drop' <<< "$l_ipsaddr"; then

        echo -e "\n - Setting IPv4 network traffic from loopback address to drop"

        firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule='rule family=ipv4 source address="127.0.0.1" destination not address="127.0.0.1" drop'

        firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=trusted --add-rich-rule='rule family=ipv4 source address="127.0.0.1" destination not address="127.0.0.1" drop'

        firewall-cmd --reload

        else

        echo -e "\n - firewalld correctly set IPv4 network traffic from loopback address to drop"

        fi

        if grep -Pq -- '^\h*0\h*$' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable; then

        l_ip6saddr="$(nft list ruleset | awk '/filter_IN_public_deny|hook input/,/}/' | grep 'ip6 saddr')"

        if ! grep -Pq 'ip6\h+saddr\h+::1\h+(counter\h+packets\h+\d+\h+bytes\h+\d+\h+)?drop' <<< "$l_ip6saddr" && ! grep -Pq -- 'ip6\h+daddr\h+\!=\h+::1\h+ip6\h+saddr\h+::1\h+drop' <<< "$l_ip6saddr"; then

        echo -e "\n - Setting IPv6 network traffic from loopback address to drop"

        firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule='rule family=ipv6 source address="::1" destination not address="::1" drop'

        firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=trusted --add-rich-rule='rule family=ipv6 source address="::1" destination not address="::1" drop'

        firewall-cmd --reload

        else

        echo -e "\n - firewalld correctly set IPv6 network traffic from loopback address to drop"

        fi

        fi

        fi

        fi

        }

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_fed34_ensure_firewalld_loopback_traffic_configured_chk.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • - Error - Neither FirewallD or NFTables is enabled
        • - Please follow recommendation: "Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use"
        • - Audit Result:
        • *** FAIL ***
        • *** FAIL *** Please follow recommendation: Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use
        • - Correctly set:
        Errors:
        • Failed to get unit file state for firewalld.service: No such file or directory


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.2_Ensure_firewalld_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters-en-us.pdf</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_fed34_ensure_firewalld_loopback_traffic_configured_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_fed34_ensure_firewalld_loopback_traffic_configured_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_fed34_ensure_firewalld_loopback_traffic_configured_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Error - Neither FirewallD or NFTables is enabled</l>
                  <l> - Please follow recommendation: "Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** FAIL ***</l>
                  <l>*** FAIL *** Please follow recommendation: Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>  - Correctly set:</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err>
                  <l>Failed to get unit file state for firewalld.service: No such file or directory</l>
               </err>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_fed34_ensure_firewalld_loopback_traffic_configured_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Error - Neither FirewallD or NFTables is enabled</li>
                              <li> - Please follow recommendation: "Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** FAIL ***</li>
                              <li>*** FAIL *** Please follow recommendation: Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>  - Correctly set:</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Errors:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul>
                              <li>Failed to get unit file state for firewalld.service: No such file or directory</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9
        • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters-en-us.pdf

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.4
          Label: Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering
          Description: Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.4
          Label: Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers
          Description: Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        4.3 Configure NFTables

        The nftables framework classifies packets and it is the successor to the iptables , ip6tables , arptables , ebtables , and ipset utilities. The nftables framework uses tables to store chains. The chains contain individual rules for performing actions. The nft utility replaces all tools from the previous packet-filtering frameworks.

        Important: Configuration of a live systems firewall directly over a remote connection will often result in being locked out. It is advised to have a known good firewall configuration set to run on boot and to configure an entire firewall structure in a script that is then run and tested before saving to boot.

        Warning:Only one method should be used to configure a firewall on the system. Use of more than one method could produce unexpected results.

        Note:- IF -firewalld is being used this subsection should be skipped.

        The following will implement the firewall rules of this section leveraging the nftables utility included with the nftables package. This example will open ICMP, IGMP, and port 22(ssh) from anywhere. Opening the ports for ICMP, IGMP, and port 22(ssh) needs to be updated in accordance with local site policy. Allow port 22(ssh) should to be updated to only allow systems requiring ssh connectivity to connect, as per site policy.

        Save the script below as /etc/nftables/nftables_rules.nft

        #!/usr/sbin/nft -f



        # flush nftables rulesset

        flush ruleset



        # Load nftables ruleset

        # nftables config with inet table named filter



        table inet filter {

        chain input {

        type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop;



        # allow loopback if not forged

        iif lo accept

        iif != lo ip saddr 127.0.0.1/8 drop

        iif != lo ip6 saddr ::1/128 drop



        # allow connections made by ourselves

        ip protocol tcp ct state established accept

        ip protocol udp ct state established accept

        ip protocol icmp ct state established accept



        # allow from anywhere

        ip protocol igmp accept

        tcp dport ssh accept



        # allow some icmp

        icmpv6 type { destination-unreachable, packet-too-big, time-exceeded, parameter-problem, mld-listener-query, mld-listener-report, mld-listener-done, nd-router-solicit, nd-router-advert, nd-neighbor-solicit, nd-neighbor-advert, ind-neighbor-solicit, ind-neighbor-advert, mld2-listener-report } accept

        icmp type { destination-unreachable, router-advertisement, router-solicitation, time-exceeded, parameter-problem } accept

        }



        chain forward {

        # drop all forward

        type filter hook forward priority 0; policy drop;

        }



        chain output {

        # can omit this as its accept by default

        type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept;

        }

        }

        Run the following command to run nftables script by passing it to the nft utility:

        # nft -f /etc/nftables/nftables_rules.nft

        Note: All changes in the nftables subsections are temporary

        To make these changes permanent and automatically load nftables rules when the system boots:

        Add the following line to /etc/sysconfig/nftables.conf

        include "/etc/nftables/nftables_rules.nft"
        Fail

        4.3.1 Ensure nftables base chains exist

        Description:

        Chains are containers for rules. They exist in two kinds, base chains and regular chains. A base chain is an entry point for packets from the networking stack, a regular chain may be used as jump target and is used for better rule organization.

        Note:- IF -Firewalld is in use, this recommendation can be skipped.

        If a base chain doesn't exist with a hook for input, forward, and delete, packets that would flow through those chains will not be touched by nftables.

        - IF -NFTables utility is in use on your system:

        Run the following command to create the base chains:

        # nft create chain inet <table name> <base chain name> { type filter hook <(input|forward|output)> priority 0 \; }

        Example:

        # nft create chain inet filter input { type filter hook input priority 0 \; }

        # nft create chain inet filter forward { type filter hook forward priority 0 \; }

        # nft create chain inet filter output { type filter hook output priority 0 \; }

        Note: use the add command if the create command returns an error due to the chain already existing.

        Impact:

        If configuring over ssh, creating a base chain with a policy of drop will cause loss of connectivity.

        Ensure that a rule allowing ssh has been added to the base chain prior to setting the base chain's policy to drop

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nft_ruleset.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • Missing nftables rule.
        Errors:
        • /home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found
        Script: sce/nft_ruleset.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • Missing nftables rule.
        Errors:
        • /home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found
        Script: sce/nft_ruleset.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • Missing nftables rule.
        Errors:
        • /home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists firewalld.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists firewalld.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.1_Ensure_nftables_base_chains_exist"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.netfilter.org/projects/nftables/manpage.html</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters-en-us.pdf</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670864_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_ruleset.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nft_ruleset.sh"
                                  xccdf="fail"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset.sh"
                                  exit-value="102">
                     <out>
                        <l>Missing nftables rule.</l>
                     </out>
                     <err>
                        <l>/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found</l>
                     </err>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nft_ruleset.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>102</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li>Missing nftables rule.</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Errors:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul>
                                    <li>/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670870_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_ruleset.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nft_ruleset.sh"
                                  xccdf="fail"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset.sh"
                                  exit-value="102">
                     <out>
                        <l>Missing nftables rule.</l>
                     </out>
                     <err>
                        <l>/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found</l>
                     </err>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nft_ruleset.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>102</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li>Missing nftables rule.</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Errors:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul>
                                    <li>/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670875_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_ruleset.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nft_ruleset.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l>Missing nftables rule.</l>
                  </out>
                  <err>
                     <l>/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found</l>
                  </err>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nft_ruleset.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li>Missing nftables rule.</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Errors:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul>
                                 <li>/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670880"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670880_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670880"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670880">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670880"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>firewalld.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670885"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670885_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670885"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670885">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670885"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>firewalld.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9
        • URL: https://www.netfilter.org/projects/nftables/manpage.html
        • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters-en-us.pdf

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.4
          Label: Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering
          Description: Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.4
          Label: Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers
          Description: Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Manual

        4.3.2 Ensure nftables established connections are configured

        Description:

        Configure the firewall rules for new outbound and established connections

        Note:- IF -Firewalld is in use, this recommendation can be skipped.

        If rules are not in place for established connections, all packets will be dropped by the default policy preventing network usage.

        - IF -NFTables utility is in use on your system:

        Configure nftables in accordance with site policy. The following commands will implement a policy to allow all established connections:

        # systemctl is-enabled nftables.service | grep -q 'enabled' && nft add rule inet filter input ip protocol tcp ct state established accept

        # systemctl is-enabled nftables.service | grep -q 'enabled' && nft add rule inet filter input ip protocol udp ct state established accept

        # systemctl is-enabled nftables.service | grep -q 'enabled' && nft add rule inet filter input ip protocol icmp ct state established accept



        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.2_Ensure_nftables_established_connections_are_configured"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.351+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters-en-us.pdf</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters-en-us.pdf
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.4
          Label: Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering
          Description: Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.4
          Label: Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers
          Description: Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        4.3.3 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy

        Description:

        Base chain policy is the default verdict that will be applied to packets reaching the end of the chain.

        There are two policies: accept (Default) and drop. If the policy is set to accept , the firewall will accept any packet that is not configured to be denied and the packet will continue traversing the network stack.

        It is easier to explicitly permit acceptable usage than to deny unacceptable usage.

        Note:

        • - IF -Firewalld is in use, this recommendation can be skipped.
        • Changing firewall settings while connected over the network can result in being locked out of the system.

        - IF -NFTables utility is in use on your system:

        Run the following command for the base chains with the input, forward, and output hooks to implement a default DROP policy:

        # nft chain <table family> <table name> <chain name> { policy drop \; }

        Example:

        # nft chain inet filter input { policy drop \; }

        # nft chain inet filter forward { policy drop \; }

        Impact:

        If configuring nftables over ssh, creating a base chain with a policy of drop will cause loss of connectivity.

        Ensure that a rule allowing ssh has been added to the base chain prior to setting the base chain's policy to drop

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • "input" basechain does not have a default drop policy
        Errors:
        • /home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh: line 13: nft: command not found
        Script: sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • "forward" basechain does not have a default drop policy
        Errors:
        • /home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh: line 13: nft: command not found
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists firewalld.service
        Property String Exists UnitFileState
        Value String Exists No Value
        Criterion: Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Systemdunitproperty Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Unit String Exists firewalld.service
        Property String Exists ActiveState
        Value String Exists inactive


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.3_Ensure_nftables_default_deny_firewall_policy"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">Manual Page nft</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters-en-us.pdf</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670896_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l>"input" basechain does not have a default drop policy</l>
                  </out>
                  <err>
                     <l>/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh: line 13: nft: command not found</l>
                  </err>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li>"input" basechain does not have a default drop policy</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Errors:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul>
                                 <li>/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh: line 13: nft: command not found</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670900_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l>"forward" basechain does not have a default drop policy</l>
                  </out>
                  <err>
                     <l>/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh: line 13: nft: command not found</l>
                  </err>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li>"forward" basechain does not have a default drop policy</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Errors:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul>
                                 <li>/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nft_ruleset_drop.sh: line 13: nft: command not found</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670905"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670905_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670905"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670905">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670905"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>firewalld.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670910"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670910_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670910"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670910">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670910"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'firewalld.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>firewalld.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: Manual Page nft
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9
        • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters-en-us.pdf

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.4
          Label: Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering
          Description: Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.4
          Label: Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers
          Description: Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        4.3.4 Ensure nftables loopback traffic is configured

        Description:

        Configure the loopback interface to accept traffic. Configure all other interfaces to deny traffic to the loopback network

        Loopback traffic is generated between processes on machine and is typically critical to operation of the system. The loopback interface is the only place that loopback network traffic should be seen, all other interfaces should ignore traffic on this network as an anti-spoofing measure.

        Run the following script to implement the loopback rules:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        { l_hbfw=""

        if systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'enabled'; then

        echo -e "\n - FirewallD is in use on the system\n - Recommendation is NA \n - Remediation Complete" && l_hbfw="fwd"

        elif systemctl is-enabled nftables.service | grep -q 'enabled'; then

        l_hbfw="nft"

        fi

        if [ "$l_hbfw" = "nft" ]; then

        l_ipsaddr="$(nft list ruleset | awk '/filter_IN_public_deny|hook\s+input\s+/,/\}\s*(#.*)?$/' | grep -P -- 'ip\h+saddr')"

        if ! nft list ruleset | awk '/hook\s+input\s+/,/\}\s*(#.*)?$/' | grep -Pq -- '\H+\h+"lo"\h+accept'; then

        echo -e "\n - Enabling input to accept for loopback address"

        nft add rule inet filter input iif lo accept

        else

        echo -e "\n -nftables input correctly configured to accept for loopback address"

        fi

        if ! grep -Pq -- 'ip\h+saddr\h+127\.0\.0\.0\/8\h+(counter\h+packets\h+\d+\h+bytes\h+\d+\h+)?drop' <<< "$l_ipsaddr" && ! grep -Pq -- 'ip\h+daddr\h+\!\=\h+127\.0\.0\.1\h+ip\h+saddr\h+127\.0\.0\.1\h+drop' <<< "$l_ipsaddr"; then

        echo -e "\n - Setting IPv4 network traffic from loopback address to drop"

        nft add rule inet filter input ip saddr 127.0.0.0/8 counter drop

        else

        echo -e "\n -nftables correctly configured IPv4 network traffic from loopback address to drop"

        fi

        if grep -Pq -- '^\h*0\h*$' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable; then

        l_ip6saddr="$(nft list ruleset | awk '/filter_IN_public_deny|hook input/,/}/' | grep 'ip6 saddr')"

        if ! grep -Pq 'ip6\h+saddr\h+::1\h+(counter\h+packets\h+\d+\h+bytes\h+\d+\h+)?drop' <<< "$l_ip6saddr" && ! grep -Pq -- 'ip6\h+daddr\h+\!=\h+::1\h+ip6\h+saddr\h+::1\h+drop' <<< "$l_ip6saddr"; then

        echo -e "\n - Setting IPv6 network traffic from loopback address to drop"

        nft add rule inet filter input ip6 saddr ::1 counter drop

        else

        echo -e "\n - nftables IPv6 network traffic from loopback address to drop"

        fi

        fi

        fi

        }

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_fed34_ensure_nftables_loopback_traffic_configured_ck.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • - Error - Neither FirewallD or NFTables is enabled
        • - Please follow recommendation: "Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use"
        • - Audit Result:
        • *** FAIL ***
        • *** FAIL *** Please follow recommendation: Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use
        • - Correctly set:
        Errors:
        • Failed to get unit file state for nftables.service: No such file or directory


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.4_Ensure_nftables_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters-en-us.pdf</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_fed34_ensure_nftables_loopback_traffic_configured_ck.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_fed34_ensure_nftables_loopback_traffic_configured_ck.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_fed34_ensure_nftables_loopback_traffic_configured_ck.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Error - Neither FirewallD or NFTables is enabled</l>
                  <l> - Please follow recommendation: "Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use"</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** FAIL ***</l>
                  <l>*** FAIL *** Please follow recommendation: Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>  - Correctly set:</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err>
                  <l>Failed to get unit file state for nftables.service: No such file or directory</l>
               </err>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_fed34_ensure_nftables_loopback_traffic_configured_ck.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Error - Neither FirewallD or NFTables is enabled</li>
                              <li> - Please follow recommendation: "Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use"</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** FAIL ***</li>
                              <li>*** FAIL *** Please follow recommendation: Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>  - Correctly set:</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Errors:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul>
                              <li>Failed to get unit file state for nftables.service: No such file or directory</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9
        • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/pdf/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/red_hat_enterprise_linux-9-configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters-en-us.pdf

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.4
          Label: Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering
          Description: Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.4
          Label: Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers
          Description: Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        5 Access Control

        5.1 Configure SSH Server

        Secure Shell (SSH) is a secure, encrypted replacement for common login services such as telnet , ftp , rlogin , rsh , and rcp . It is strongly recommended that sites abandon older clear-text login protocols and use SSH to prevent session hijacking and sniffing of sensitive data off the network.

        Note:

        • The recommendations in this section only apply if the SSH daemon is installed on the system, if remote access is not required the SSH daemon can be removed and this section skipped .
        • The openSSH daemon configuration directives, Include and Match , may cause the audits in this section's recommendations to report incorrectly. It is recommended that these options only be used if they're needed and fully understood. If these options are configured in accordance with local site policy, they should be accounted for when following the recommendations in this section.
        • The default Include location is the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d directory. This default has been accounted for in this section. If a file has an additional Include that isn't this default location, the files should be reviewed to verify that the recommended setting is not being over-ridden.
        • The audits of the running configuration in this section are run in the context of the root user, the local host name, and the local host's IP address. If a Match block exists that matches one of these criteria, the output of the audit will be from the match block. The respective matched criteria should be replaced with a non-matching substitution.
        • Include :
          • Include the specified configuration file(s).
          • Multiple pathnames may be specified and each pathname may contain glob(7) wildcards that will be expanded and processed in lexical order.
          • Files without absolute paths are assumed to be in /etc/ssh/ .
          • An Include directive may appear inside a Match block to perform conditional inclusion.
        • Match :
          • Introduces a conditional block. If all of the criteria on the Match line are satisfied, the keywords on the following lines override those set in the global section of the config file, until either another Match line or the end of the file. If a keyword appears in multiple Match blocks that are satisfied, only the first instance of the keyword is applied.
          • The arguments to Match are one or more criteria-pattern pairs or the single token All which matches all criteria. The available criteria are User, Group, Host, LocalAddress, LocalPort, and Address.
          • The match patterns may consist of single entries or comma-separated lists and may use the wildcard and negation operators described in the PATTERNS section of ssh_config(5).
          • The patterns in an Address criteria may additionally contain addresses to match in CIDR address/masklen format, such as 192.0.2.0/24 or 2001:db8::/32 . Note that the mask length provided must be consistent with the address - it is an error to specify a mask length that is too long for the address or one with bits set in this host portion of the address. For example, 192.0.2.0/33 and 192.0.2.0/8 , respectively.
          • Only a subset of keywords may be used on the lines following a Match keyword. Available keywords are available in the ssh_config man page.
        • Once all configuration changes have been made to /etc/ssh/sshd_config or any included configuration files, the sshd configuration must be reloaded

        Command to re-load the SSH daemon configuration:

        # systemctl reload-or-restart sshd
        Pass

        5.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are configured

        Description:

        The file /etc/ssh/sshd_config , and files ending in .conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d directory, contain configuration specifications for sshd .

        configuration specifications for sshd need to be protected from unauthorized changes by non-privileged users.

        Run the following script to set ownership and permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config and files ending in .conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d directory:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        chmod u-x,og-rwx /etc/ssh/sshd_config

        chown root:root /etc/ssh/sshd_config

        while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do

        if [ -e "$l_file" ]; then

        chmod u-x,og-rwx "$l_file"

        chown root:root "$l_file"

        fi

        done < <(find /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d -type f -print0 2>/dev/null)

        }

        - IF - other locations are listed in an Include statement, *.conf files in these locations access should also be modified.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - file: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" is mode: "0600" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - file: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - file: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d" are mode: "600" or more restrictive
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d" are owned by: "root"
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d" are group owned by: "root"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.1_Ensure_permissions_on_etcsshsshd_config_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                     <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                  negate="false"
                                  multi-check="false">
                        <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                            value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670640_var"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content>
                           <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                           xccdf="pass"
                                           script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                           exit-value="101">
                              <out>
                                 <l/>
                                 <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                 <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                                 <l> - file: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" is mode: "0600" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)</l>
                              </out>
                              <err/>
                              <env/>
                           </command_result>
                        </xccdf:check-content>
                        <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                           <div class="sce">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                       <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                       <td>101</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                       <td>
                                          <ul class="unstyled">
                                             <li/>
                                             <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                             <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                             <li> - file: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" is mode: "0600" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)</li>
                                          </ul>
                                       </td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </evidence>
                     </xccdf:check>
                     <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                  negate="false"
                                  multi-check="false">
                        <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                            value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670642_var"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content>
                           <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                           xccdf="pass"
                                           script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                           exit-value="101">
                              <out>
                                 <l/>
                                 <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                 <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                                 <l> - file: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                              </out>
                              <err/>
                              <env/>
                           </command_result>
                        </xccdf:check-content>
                        <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                           <div class="sce">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                       <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                       <td>101</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                       <td>
                                          <ul class="unstyled">
                                             <li/>
                                             <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                             <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                             <li> - file: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                          </ul>
                                       </td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </evidence>
                     </xccdf:check>
                  </xccdf:complex-check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670644_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                        xccdf="pass"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                        exit-value="101">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                              <l> - file: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>101</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                          <li> - file: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670646_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content>
                     <command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"
                                     xccdf="pass"
                                     script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"
                                     exit-value="101">
                        <out>
                           <l/>
                           <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                           <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                           <l> - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d" are mode: "600" or more restrictive</l>
                        </out>
                        <err/>
                        <env/>
                     </command_result>
                  </xccdf:check-content>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="sce">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                 <td>sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                 <td>101</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                 <td>
                                    <ul class="unstyled">
                                       <li/>
                                       <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                       <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                       <li> - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d" are mode: "600" or more restrictive</li>
                                    </ul>
                                 </td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670648_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d" are owned by: "root"</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d" are owned by: "root"</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670650_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d" are group owned by: "root"</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d" are group owned by: "root"</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670652"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670652">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670652"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.6
          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are configured

        Description:

        An SSH private key is one of two files used in SSH public key authentication. In this authentication method, the possession of the private key is proof of identity. Only a private key that corresponds to a public key will be able to authenticate successfully. The private keys need to be stored and handled carefully, and no copies of the private key should be distributed.

        If an unauthorized user obtains the private SSH host key file, the host could be impersonated

        Run the following script to set mode, ownership, and group on the private SSH host key files:

        {

        l_output="" l_output2=""

        l_ssh_group_name="$(awk -F: '($1 ~ /^(ssh_keys|_?ssh)$/) {print $1}' /etc/group)"

        f_file_access_fix()

        {

        while IFS=: read -r l_file_mode l_file_owner l_file_group; do

        echo "File: \"$l_file\" mode: \"$l_file_mode\" owner \"$l_file_owner\" group \"$l_file_group\""

        l_out2=""

        [ "$l_file_group" = "$l_ssh_group_name" ] && l_pmask="0137" || l_pmask="0177"

        l_maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_pmask )) )"

        if [ $(( $l_file_mode & $l_pmask )) -gt 0 ]; then

        l_out2="$l_out2\n - Mode: \"$l_file_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive\n - updating to mode: \:$l_maxperm\""

        if [ "l_file_group" = "$l_ssh_group_name" ]; then

        chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx "$l_file"

        else

        chmod u-x,go-rwx "$l_file"

        fi

        fi

        if [ "$l_file_owner" != "root" ]; then

        l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by: \"$l_file_owner\" should be owned by \"root\"\n - Changing ownership to \"root\""

        chown root "$l_file"

        fi

        if [[ ! "$l_file_group" =~ ($l_ssh_group_name|root) ]]; then

        [ -n "$l_ssh_group_name" ] && l_new_group="$l_ssh_group_name" || l_new_group="root"

        l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by group \"$l_file_group\" should be group owned by: \"$l_ssh_group_name\" or \"root\"\n - Changing group ownership to \"$l_new_group\""

        chgrp "$l_new_group" "$l_file"

        fi

        if [ -n "$l_out2" ]; then

        l_output2="$l_output2\n - File: \"$l_file\"$l_out2"

        else

        l_output="$l_output\n - File: \"$l_file\"\n - Correct: mode: \"$l_file_mode\", owner: \"$l_file_owner\", and group owner: \"$l_file_group\" configured"

        fi

        done < <(stat -Lc '%#a:%U:%G' "$l_file")

        }

        while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do

        if ssh-keygen -lf &>/dev/null "$l_file"; then

        file "$l_file" | grep -Piq -- '\bopenssh\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?private\h+key\b' && f_file_access_fix

        fi

        done < <(find -L /etc/ssh -xdev -type f -print0 2>/dev/null)

        if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then

        echo -e "\n- No access changes required\n"

        else

        echo -e "\n- Remediation results:\n$l_output2\n"

        fi

        }

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Script: sce/nix_ssh_private_key_perm_chk_v3.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - * Correctly configured * :
        • - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key"
        • - Correct: mode: "0640", owner: "root", and group owner: "ssh_keys" configured
        • - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key"
        • - Correct: mode: "0640", owner: "root", and group owner: "ssh_keys" configured
        • - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key"
        • - Correct: mode: "0640", owner: "root", and group owner: "ssh_keys" configured
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_SSH_private_host_key_files_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_ssh_private_key_perm_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_ssh_private_key_perm_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_ssh_private_key_perm_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l> - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key"</l>
                  <l>  - Correct: mode: "0640", owner: "root", and group owner: "ssh_keys" configured</l>
                  <l> - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key"</l>
                  <l>  - Correct: mode: "0640", owner: "root", and group owner: "ssh_keys" configured</l>
                  <l> - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key"</l>
                  <l>  - Correct: mode: "0640", owner: "root", and group owner: "ssh_keys" configured</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_ssh_private_key_perm_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li> - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key"</li>
                              <li>  - Correct: mode: "0640", owner: "root", and group owner: "ssh_keys" configured</li>
                              <li> - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key"</li>
                              <li>  - Correct: mode: "0640", owner: "root", and group owner: "ssh_keys" configured</li>
                              <li> - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key"</li>
                              <li>  - Correct: mode: "0640", owner: "root", and group owner: "ssh_keys" configured</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670656"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670656">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670656"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.6
          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are configured

        Description:

        An SSH public key is one of two files used in SSH public key authentication. In this authentication method, a public key is a key that can be used for verifying digital signatures generated using a corresponding private key. Only a public key that corresponds to a private key will be able to authenticate successfully.

        If a public host key file is modified by an unauthorized user, the SSH service may be compromised.

        Run the following script to set mode, ownership, and group on the public SSH host key files:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        l_output="" l_output2=""

        l_pmask="0133" && l_maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_pmask )) )"

        FILE_ACCESS_FIX()

        {

        while IFS=: read -r l_file_mode l_file_owner l_file_group; do

        l_out2=""

        if [ $(( $l_file_mode & $l_pmask )) -gt 0 ]; then

        l_out2="$l_out2\n - Mode: \"$l_file_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive\n - updating to mode: \:$l_maxperm\""

        chmod u-x,go-wx

        fi

        if [ "$l_file_owner" != "root" ]; then

        l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by: \"$l_file_owner\" should be owned by \"root\"\n - Changing ownership to \"root\""

        chown root "$l_file"

        fi

        if [ "$l_file_group" != "root" ]; then

        l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by group \"$l_file_group\" should be group owned by: \"root\"\n - Changing group ownership to \"root\""

        chgrp root "$l_file"

        fi

        if [ -n "$l_out2" ]; then

        l_output2="$l_output2\n - File: \"$l_file\"$l_out2"

        else

        l_output="$l_output\n - File: \"$l_file\"\n - Correct: mode: \"$l_file_mode\", owner: \"$l_file_owner\", and group owner: \"$l_file_group\" configured"

        fi

        done < <(stat -Lc '%#a:%U:%G' "$l_file")

        }

        while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do

        if ssh-keygen -lf &>/dev/null "$l_file"; then

        file "$l_file" | grep -Piq -- '\bopenssh\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?public\h+key\b' && FILE_ACCESS_FIX

        fi

        done < <(find -L /etc/ssh -xdev -type f -print0 2>/dev/null)

        if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then

        echo -e "\n- No access changes required\n"

        else

        echo -e "\n- Remediation results:\n$l_output2\n"

        fi

        }

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Script: sce/nix_ssh_public_key_access_chk_v3.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - * Correctly configured * :
        • - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub"
        • - Correct: mode: "0644", owner: "root", and group owner: "root" configured
        • - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub"
        • - Correct: mode: "0644", owner: "root", and group owner: "root" configured
        • - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub"
        • - Correct: mode: "0644", owner: "root", and group owner: "root" configured
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_SSH_public_host_key_files_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_ssh_public_key_access_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_ssh_public_key_access_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_ssh_public_key_access_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l> - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub"</l>
                  <l>  - Correct: mode: "0644", owner: "root", and group owner: "root" configured</l>
                  <l> - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub"</l>
                  <l>  - Correct: mode: "0644", owner: "root", and group owner: "root" configured</l>
                  <l> - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub"</l>
                  <l>  - Correct: mode: "0644", owner: "root", and group owner: "root" configured</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_ssh_public_key_access_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li> - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub"</li>
                              <li>  - Correct: mode: "0644", owner: "root", and group owner: "root" configured</li>
                              <li> - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub"</li>
                              <li>  - Correct: mode: "0644", owner: "root", and group owner: "root" configured</li>
                              <li> - File: "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub"</li>
                              <li>  - Correct: mode: "0644", owner: "root", and group owner: "root" configured</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670662"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670662">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670662"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.6
          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.4 Ensure sshd Ciphers are configured

        Description:

        This variable limits the ciphers that SSH can use during communication.

        Notes:

        • Some organizations may have stricter requirements for approved ciphers.
        • Ensure that ciphers used are in compliance with site policy.
        • The only "strong" ciphers currently FIPS 140 compliant are:

        Weak ciphers that are used for authentication to the cryptographic module cannot be relied upon to provide confidentiality or integrity, and system data may be compromised.

        • The Triple DES ciphers, as used in SSH, have a birthday bound of approximately four billion blocks, which makes it easier for remote attackers to obtain clear text data via a birthday attack against a long-duration encrypted session, aka a "Sweet32" attack.
        • Error handling in the SSH protocol; Client and Server, when using a block cipher algorithm in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode, makes it easier for remote attackers to recover certain plain text data from an arbitrary block of cipher text in an SSH session via unknown vectors.

        Note:

        • First occurrence of an option takes precedence.
        • Though ciphers may be configured through the Ciphers option in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file, it is recommended that the ciphers available to openSSH server are configured through system-wide-crypto-policy
        • If the recommendations in the subsection "Configure system wide crypto policy" have been followed, this Audit should be in a passing state. Please review that section before following this Remediation Procedure
        • By default, system-wide-crypto-policy is applied to the openSSH server. If the following defaults don't exist due to modifications or upgrade from a earlier release, the system-wide-crypto-policy may not be included by the openSSH server. It is recommended that these defaults be restored, created, or the line Include /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/opensshserver.config be added before any lines containing the Cipher argument.
        • Defaults:
          • The file /etc/ssh/sshd_config includes the line: Include /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf . This line must appear before any lines containing the Cipher argument
          • This directory /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ includes a file /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/50-redhat.conf
          • The file /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/50-redhat.conf includes the line Include /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/opensshserver.config
          • The file /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/opensshserver.config is generated by system-wide-crypto-policy

        - IF -CVE-2023-48795 has been addressed, and it meets local site policy, chacha20-poly1305 may be removed from the list of excluded ciphers.

        Create or edit a file in /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/ ending in .pmod and add or modify the the following line:

        cipher@SSH = -3DES-CBC -AES-128-CBC -AES-192-CBC -AES-256-CBC -CHACHA20-POLY1305

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "# This is a subpolicy to disable weak ciphers" "# for the SSH protocol (libssh and OpenSSH)" "cipher@SSH = -3DES-CBC -AES-128-CBC -AES-192-CBC -AES-256-CBC -CHACHA20-POLY1305" >> /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/NO-SSHWEAKCIPHERS.pmod

        Run the following command to update the system-wide cryptographic policy

        # update-crypto-policies --set <CRYPTO_POLICY>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY1>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY2>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY3>

        Example:

        # update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT:NO-SHA1:NO-WEAKMAC:NO-SSHCBC:NO-SSHCHACHA20:NO-SSHWEAKCIPHERS

        Run the following command to reload the openSSH server to make your cryptographic settings effective:

        # systemctl reload-or-restart sshd

        - OR - If system-wide-crypto-policy is not being used to configure available ciphers ( This is not recommended )

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file and add/modify the Ciphers line to contain a comma separated list of the site unapproved (weak) Ciphers preceded with a - above any Include entries:

        Example:

        Ciphers -3des-cbc,aes128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "3des-cbc"
        • - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "aes128-cbc"
        • - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "aes192-cbc"
        • - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "aes256-cbc"
        • - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "arcfour"
        • - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "arcfour128"
        • - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "arcfour256"
        • - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "blowfish-cbc"
        • - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "cast128-cbc"
        • - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.4_Ensure_sshd_Ciphers_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1543</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-2183</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-5161</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.openssh.com/txt/cbc.adv</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.openssh.com/txt/cbc.adv</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670667_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "3des-cbc"</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "aes128-cbc"</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "aes192-cbc"</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "aes256-cbc"</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "arcfour"</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "arcfour128"</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "arcfour256"</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "blowfish-cbc"</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "cast128-cbc"</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "3des-cbc"</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "aes128-cbc"</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "aes192-cbc"</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "aes256-cbc"</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "arcfour"</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "arcfour128"</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "arcfour256"</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "blowfish-cbc"</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "cast128-cbc"</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "ciphers" does not include: "rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670671"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670671">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670671"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795
        • URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1543
        • URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-2183
        • URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-5161
        • URL: https://www.openssh.com/txt/cbc.adv
        • URL: https://www.openssh.com/txt/cbc.adv
        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: SSHD(8)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.4
          Label: Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit
          Description: Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.10
          Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit
          Description: Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.5 Ensure sshd KexAlgorithms is configured

        Description:

        Key exchange is any method in cryptography by which cryptographic keys are exchanged between two parties, allowing use of a cryptographic algorithm. If the sender and receiver wish to exchange encrypted messages, each must be equipped to encrypt messages to be sent and decrypt messages received

        Notes:

        • Kex algorithms have a higher preference the earlier they appear in the list
        • Some organizations may have stricter requirements for approved Key exchange algorithms
        • Ensure that Key exchange algorithms used are in compliance with site policy
        • The only Key Exchange Algorithms currently FIPS 140 approved are:
          • ecdh-sha2-nistp256
          • ecdh-sha2-nistp384
          • ecdh-sha2-nistp521
          • diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256
          • diffie-hellman-group16-sha512
          • diffie-hellman-group18-sha512
          • diffie-hellman-group14-sha256

        Key exchange methods that are considered weak should be removed. A key exchange method may be weak because too few bits are used, or the hashing algorithm is considered too weak. Using weak algorithms could expose connections to man-in-the-middle attacks

        Note:

        • First occurrence of an option takes precedence.
        • Though key_exchange may be configured through the KexAlgorithms option in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file, it is recommended that the key_exchange available to openSSH server are configured through system-wide-crypto-policy
        • If the recommendations in the subsection "Configure system wide crypto policy" have been followed, this Audit should be in a passing state. Please review that section before following this Remediation Procedure
        • By default, system-wide-crypto-policy is applied to the openSSH server. If the following defaults don't exist due to modifications or upgrade from a earlier release, the system-wide-crypto-policy may not be included by the openSSH server. It is recommended that these defaults be restored, created, or the line Include /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/opensshserver.config be added before any lines containing the KexAlgorithms argument.
        • Defaults:
          • The file /etc/ssh/sshd_config includes the line: Include /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf . This line must appear before any lines containing the KexAlgorithms argument
          • This directory /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ includes a file /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/50-redhat.conf
          • The file /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/50-redhat.conf includes the line Include /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/opensshserver.config
          • The file /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/opensshserver.config is generated by system-wide-crypto-policy

        Follow the Remediation Procedure in "Ensure system wide crypto policy disables sha1 hash and signature support"

        This is and excerpt of the Remediation Procedure from "Ensure system wide crypto policy disables sha1 hash and signature support":

        Create or edit a file in /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/ ending in .pmod and add or modify the following lines:

        hash = -SHA1

        sign = -*-SHA1

        sha1_in_certs = 0

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "# This is a subpolicy dropping the SHA1 hash and signature support" "hash = -SHA1" "sign = -*-SHA1" "sha1_in_certs = 0" >> /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/NO-SHA1.pmod

        Run the following command to update the system-wide cryptographic policy

        # update-crypto-policies --set <CRYPTO_POLICY>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY1>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY2>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY3>

        Example:

        # update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT:NO-SHA1:NO-WEAKMAC:NO-SSHCBC:NO-SSHCHACHA20:NO-SSHETM:NO-SSHWEAKCIPHERS

        Run the following command to reload the openSSH server to make your cryptographic settings effective:

        # systemctl reload-or-restart sshd

        - OR - If system-wide-crypto-policy is not being used to configure available KexAlgorithms ( This is not recommended )

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file and add/modify the KexAlgorithms line to contain a comma separated list of the site unapproved (weak) KexAlgorithms preceded with a - above any Include entries:

        Example:

        KexAlgorithms -diffie-hellman-group1-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "kexalgorithms" does not include: "diffie-hellman-group1-sha1"
        • - sshd parameter: "kexalgorithms" does not include: "diffie-hellman-group14-sha1"
        • - sshd parameter: "kexalgorithms" does not include: "diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.5_Ensure_sshd_KexAlgorithms_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/openssh-crypto-configuration</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670676_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "kexalgorithms" does not include: "diffie-hellman-group1-sha1"</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "kexalgorithms" does not include: "diffie-hellman-group14-sha1"</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "kexalgorithms" does not include: "diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "kexalgorithms" does not include: "diffie-hellman-group1-sha1"</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "kexalgorithms" does not include: "diffie-hellman-group14-sha1"</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "kexalgorithms" does not include: "diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670678"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670678">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670678"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/openssh-crypto-configuration
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8
        • URL: SSHD(8)
        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.4
          Label: Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit
          Description: Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.10
          Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit
          Description: Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        5.1.6 Ensure sshd MACs are configured

        Description:

        This variable limits the types of MAC algorithms that SSH can use during communication.

        Notes:

        • Some organizations may have stricter requirements for approved MACs.
        • Ensure that MACs used are in compliance with site policy.
        • The only "strong" MACs currently FIPS 140 approved are:
          • HMAC-SHA1
          • HMAC-SHA2-256
          • HMAC-SHA2-384
          • HMAC-SHA2-512

        MD5 and 96-bit MAC algorithms are considered weak and have been shown to increase exploitability in SSH downgrade attacks. Weak algorithms continue to have a great deal of attention as a weak spot that can be exploited with expanded computing power. An attacker that breaks the algorithm could take advantage of a MiTM position to decrypt the SSH tunnel and capture credentials and information.

        Note:

        • First occurrence of an option takes precedence.
        • Though MACs may be configured through the MACs option in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file, it is recommended that the MACs available to openSSH server are configured through system-wide-crypto-policy
        • If the recommendations in the subsection "Configure system wide crypto policy" have been followed, this Audit should be in a passing state. Please review that section before following this Remediation Procedure
        • By default, system-wide-crypto-policy is applied to the openSSH server. If the following defaults don't exist due to modifications or upgrade from a earlier release, the system-wide-crypto-policy may not be included by the openSSH server. It is recommended that these defaults be restored, created, or the line Include /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/opensshserver.config be added before any lines containing the MACs argument.
        • Defaults:
          • The file /etc/ssh/sshd_config includes the line: Include /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf . This line must appear before any lines containing the MACs argument
          • This directory /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ includes a file /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/50-redhat.conf
          • The file /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/50-redhat.conf includes the line Include /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/opensshserver.config
          • The file /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/opensshserver.config is generated by system-wide-crypto-policy

        - IF -CVE-2023-48795 has not been reviewed and addressed, Recommendation "Ensure system wide crypto policy disables EtM for ssh" should be followed.

        Create or edit a file in /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/ ending in .pmod and add or modify the the following line:

        mac@SSH = -HMAC-MD5* -UMAC-64* -UMAC-128*

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "# This is a subpolicy to disable weak MACs" "# for the SSH protocol (libssh and OpenSSH)" "mac@SSH = -HMAC-MD5* -UMAC-64* -UMAC-128*" >> /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules/NO-SSHWEAKMACS.pmod

        Run the following command to update the system-wide cryptographic policy

        # update-crypto-policies --set <CRYPTO_POLICY>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY1>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY2>:<CRYPTO_SUBPOLICY3>

        Example:

        # update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT:NO-SHA1:NO-WEAKMAC:NO-SSHCBC:NO-SSHCHACHA20:NO-SSHETM:NO-SSHWEAKCIPHERS:NO-SSHWEAKMACS

        Run the following command to reload the openSSH server to make your cryptographic settings effective:

        # systemctl reload-or-restart sshd

        - OR - If system-wide-crypto-policy is not being used to configure available ciphers ( This is not recommended )

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file and add/modify the MACs line to contain a comma separated list of the site unapproved (weak) MACs preceded with a - above any Include entries:

        Example:

        MACs -hmac-md5,hmac-md5-96,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-sha1-96,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96-etm@openssh.com,umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com

        - IF -CVE-2023-48795 has not been reviewed and addressed, the following etm MACs should be added to the exclude list: hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com , hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com , hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** FAIL **
        • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
        • - sshd parameter: "macs" incorrectly includes:
        • - umac-128-etm@openssh.com
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.6_Ensure_sshd_MACs_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">More information on SSH downgrade attacks can be found here: http://www.mitls.org/pages/attacks/SLOTH</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670684_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "macs" incorrectly includes:</l>
                  <l>   - umac-128-etm@openssh.com</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_not_match_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "macs" incorrectly includes:</li>
                              <li>   - umac-128-etm@openssh.com</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670687"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670687">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670687"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795
        • URL: More information on SSH downgrade attacks can be found here: http://www.mitls.org/pages/attacks/SLOTH
        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
          Subcontrol: 14.4
          Label: Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit
          Description: Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.
        • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
          Subcontrol: 16.5
          Label: Encrypt Transmittal of Username and Authentication Credentials
          Description: Ensure that all account usernames and authentication credentials are transmitted across networks using encrypted channels.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.10
          Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit
          Description: Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        5.1.7 Ensure sshd access is configured

        Description:

        There are several options available to limit which users and group can access the system via SSH. It is recommended that at least one of the following options be leveraged:

        • AllowUsers :
          • The AllowUsers variable gives the system administrator the option of allowing specific users to ssh into the system. The list consists of space separated user names. Numeric user IDs are not recognized with this variable. If a system administrator wants to restrict user access further by only allowing the allowed users to log in from a particular host, the entry can be specified in the form of user@host.
        • AllowGroups :
          • The AllowGroups variable gives the system administrator the option of allowing specific groups of users to ssh into the system. The list consists of space separated group names. Numeric group IDs are not recognized with this variable.
        • DenyUsers :
          • The DenyUsers variable gives the system administrator the option of denying specific users to ssh into the system. The list consists of space separated user names. Numeric user IDs are not recognized with this variable. If a system administrator wants to restrict user access further by specifically denying a user's access from a particular host, the entry can be specified in the form of user@host.
        • DenyGroups :
          • The DenyGroups variable gives the system administrator the option of denying specific groups of users to ssh into the system. The list consists of space separated group names. Numeric group IDs are not recognized with this variable.

        Restricting which users can remotely access the system via SSH will help ensure that only authorized users access the system.

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set one or more of the parameters above any Include and Match set statements as follows:

        AllowUsers <userlist>

        - AND/OR -

        AllowGroups <grouplist>

        Note:

        • First occurrence of a option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a .conf file in a Include directory.
        • Be advised that these options are "ANDed" together. If both AllowUsers and AllowGroups are set, connections will be limited to the list of users that are also a member of an allowed group. It is recommended that only one be set for clarity and ease of administration.
        • It is easier to manage an allow list than a deny list. In a deny list, you could potentially add a user or group and forget to add it to the deny list.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** FAIL **
        • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
        • - sshd parameter: "allowusers" is not configured
        • - sshd parameter: "allowgroups" is not configured
        • - sshd parameter: "denyusers" is not configured
        • - sshd parameter: "denygroups" is not configured
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.7_Ensure_sshd_access_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670693_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "allowusers" is not configured</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "allowgroups" is not configured</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "denyusers" is not configured</l>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "denygroups" is not configured</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "allowusers" is not configured</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "allowgroups" is not configured</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "denyusers" is not configured</li>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "denygroups" is not configured</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670697"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670697">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670697"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: SSHD(8)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
          Subcontrol: 4.3
          Label: Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts
          Description: Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.8 Ensure sshd Banner is configured

        Description:

        The Banner parameter specifies a file whose contents must be sent to the remote user before authentication is permitted. By default, no banner is displayed.

        Banners are used to warn connecting users of the particular site's policy regarding connection. Presenting a warning message prior to the normal user login may assist the prosecution of trespassers on the computer system.

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the Banner parameter above any Include and Match entries as follows:

        Banner /etc/issue.net

        Note: First occurrence of a option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Edit the file being called by the Banner argument with the appropriate contents according to your site policy, remove any instances of \m , \r , \s , \v or references to the OS platform

        Example:

        # printf '%s\n' "Authorized users only. All activity may be monitored and reported." > "$(sshd -T | awk '$1 == "banner" {print $2}')"

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "banner" is correctly set to: "/etc/issue.net"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*Banner\h+\"?none\b'
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*Banner\h+\"?none\b'
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.8_Ensure_sshd_Banner_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670705_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - sshd parameter: "banner" is correctly set to: "/etc/issue.net"</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - sshd parameter: "banner" is correctly set to: "/etc/issue.net"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670714"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670714">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670714"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*Banner\h+\"?none\b'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670719"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670719">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670719"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*Banner\h+\"?none\b'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670708"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670708">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670708"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD(8)
        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.9 Ensure sshd ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax are configured

        Description:

        Note: To clarify, the two settings described below are only meant for idle connections from a protocol perspective and are not meant to check if the user is active or not. An idle user does not mean an idle connection. SSH does not and never had, intentionally, the capability to drop idle users. In SSH versions before 8.2p1 there was a bug that caused these values to behave in such a manner that they were abused to disconnect idle users. This bug has been resolved in 8.2p1 and thus it can no longer be abused disconnect idle users.

        The two options ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax control the timeout of SSH sessions. Taken directly from man 5 sshd_config :

        • ClientAliveInterval Sets a timeout interval in seconds after which if no data has been received from the client, sshd(8) will send a message through the encrypted channel to request a response from the client. The default is 0, indicating that these messages will not be sent to the client.

        • ClientAliveCountMax Sets the number of client alive messages which may be sent without sshd(8) receiving any messages back from the client. If this threshold is reached while client alive messages are being sent, sshd will disconnect the client, terminating the session. It is important to note that the use of client alive messages is very different from TCPKeepAlive. The client alive messages are sent through the encrypted channel and therefore will not be spoofable. The TCP keepalive option en‐abled by TCPKeepAlive is spoofable. The client alive mechanism is valuable when the client or server depend on knowing when a connection has become unresponsive. The default value is 3. If ClientAliveInterval is set to 15, and ClientAliveCountMax is left at the default, unresponsive SSH clients will be disconnected after approximately 45 seconds. Setting a zero ClientAliveCountMax disables connection termination.

        In order to prevent resource exhaustion, appropriate values should be set for both ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax . Specifically, looking at the source code, ClientAliveCountMax must be greater than zero in order to utilize the ability of SSH to drop idle connections. If connections are allowed to stay open indefinitely, this can potentially be used as a DDOS attack or simple resource exhaustion could occur over unreliable networks.

        The example set here is a 45 second timeout. Consult your site policy for network timeouts and apply as appropriate.

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax parameters above any Include and Match entries according to site policy.

        Example:

        ClientAliveInterval 15

        ClientAliveCountMax 3

        Note: First occurrence of a option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "clientalivecountmax" is correctly set to: "3"
        No error lines were collected.
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "clientaliveinterval" is correctly set to: "15"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*ClientAliveCountMax\h+"?0\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*ClientAliveCountMax\h+"?0\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*ClientAliveInterval\h+\"?0\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*ClientAliveInterval\h+\"?0\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.9_Ensure_sshd_ClientAliveInterval_and_ClientAliveCountMax_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                     <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                  negate="false"
                                  multi-check="false">
                        <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                            value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670727_var"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content>
                           <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                           xccdf="pass"
                                           script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                           exit-value="101">
                              <out>
                                 <l/>
                                 <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                 <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                                 <l/>
                                 <l> - sshd parameter: "clientalivecountmax" is correctly set to: "3"</l>
                                 <l/>
                              </out>
                              <err/>
                              <env/>
                           </command_result>
                        </xccdf:check-content>
                        <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                           <div class="sce">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                       <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                       <td>101</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                       <td>
                                          <ul class="unstyled">
                                             <li/>
                                             <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                             <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                             <li/>
                                             <li> - sshd parameter: "clientalivecountmax" is correctly set to: "3"</li>
                                             <li/>
                                          </ul>
                                       </td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </evidence>
                     </xccdf:check>
                     <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                  negate="false"
                                  multi-check="false">
                        <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                            value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670733_var"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content>
                           <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                           xccdf="pass"
                                           script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                           exit-value="101">
                              <out>
                                 <l/>
                                 <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                 <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                                 <l/>
                                 <l> - sshd parameter: "clientaliveinterval" is correctly set to: "15"</l>
                                 <l/>
                              </out>
                              <err/>
                              <env/>
                           </command_result>
                        </xccdf:check-content>
                        <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                           <div class="sce">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                       <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                       <td>101</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                       <td>
                                          <ul class="unstyled">
                                             <li/>
                                             <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                             <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                             <li/>
                                             <li> - sshd parameter: "clientaliveinterval" is correctly set to: "15"</li>
                                             <li/>
                                          </ul>
                                       </td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </evidence>
                     </xccdf:check>
                  </xccdf:complex-check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                              name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670737"/>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="definition"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670737">
                           <div class="criteria">
                              <div class="criterion"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670737"
                                   check="all"
                                   check_existence="none_exist">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                          <td>Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*ClientAliveCountMax\h+"?0\b</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                          <td>None Exist</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                          <td>All</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670741"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670741">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670741"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="none_exist">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*ClientAliveCountMax\h+"?0\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>None Exist</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670749"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670749">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670749"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*ClientAliveInterval\h+\"?0\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670754"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670754">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670754"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*ClientAliveInterval\h+\"?0\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670762"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670762">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670762"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: SSHD(8)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        5.1.10 Ensure sshd DisableForwarding is enabled

        Description:

        The DisableForwarding parameter disables all forwarding features, including X11, ssh-agent(1), TCP and StreamLocal. This option overrides all other forwarding-related options and may simplify restricted configurations.

        • X11Forwarding provides the ability to tunnel X11 traffic through the connection to enable remote graphic connections.
        • ssh-agent is a program to hold private keys used for public key authentication. Through use of environment variables the agent can be located and automatically used for authentication when logging in to other machines using ssh.
        • SSH port forwarding is a mechanism in SSH for tunneling application ports from the client to the server, or servers to clients. It can be used for adding encryption to legacy applications, going through firewalls, and some system administrators and IT professionals use it for opening backdoors into the internal network from their home machines.

        Disable X11 forwarding unless there is an operational requirement to use X11 applications directly. There is a small risk that the remote X11 servers of users who are logged in via SSH with X11 forwarding could be compromised by other users on the X11 server. Note that even if X11 forwarding is disabled, users can always install their own forwarders.

        anyone with root privilege on the the intermediate server can make free use of ssh-agent to authenticate them to other servers

        Leaving port forwarding enabled can expose the organization to security risks and backdoors. SSH connections are protected with strong encryption. This makes their contents invisible to most deployed network monitoring and traffic filtering solutions. This invisibility carries considerable risk potential if it is used for malicious purposes such as data exfiltration. Cybercriminals or malware could exploit SSH to hide their unauthorized communications, or to exfiltrate stolen data from the target network.

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the DisableForwarding parameter to yes above any Include entry as follows:

        DisableForwarding yes

        Note: First occurrence of a option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Impact:

        SSH tunnels are widely used in many corporate environments. In some environments the applications themselves may have very limited native support for security. By utilizing tunneling, compliance with SOX, HIPAA, PCI-DSS, and other standards can be achieved without having to modify the applications.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** FAIL **
        • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
        • - sshd parameter: "disableforwarding" is incorrectly set to: "no"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.10_Ensure_sshd_DisableForwarding_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">sshd_config(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670769_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "disableforwarding" is incorrectly set to: "no"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "disableforwarding" is incorrectly set to: "no"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670772"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670772">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670772"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: sshd_config(5)
        • URL: SSHD(8)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
          Subcontrol: 9.2
          Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
          Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.8
          Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
          Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        5.1.11 Ensure sshd GSSAPIAuthentication is disabled

        Description:

        The GSSAPIAuthentication parameter specifies whether user authentication based on GSSAPI is allowed

        Allowing GSSAPI authentication through SSH exposes the system's GSSAPI to remote hosts, and should be disabled to reduce the attack surface of the system

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the GSSAPIAuthentication parameter to no above any Include and Match entries as follows:

        GSSAPIAuthentication no

        Note: First occurrence of an option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Fail
        Exit Value: 102
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** FAIL **
        • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
        • - sshd parameter: "gssapiauthentication" is incorrectly set to: "yes"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*GSSAPIAuthentication\h+\"?yes\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*GSSAPIAuthentication\h+\"?yes\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/50-redhat.conf
        Path String Exists /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d
        Filename String Exists 50-redhat.conf
        Pattern String Exists ^(?i)\h*GSSAPIAuthentication\h+\"?yes\b
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists GSSAPIAuthentication yes
        Text String Exists GSSAPIAuthentication yes
        Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
        Windows View String Not collected No Value
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.11_Ensure_sshd_GSSAPIAuthentication_is_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.352+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670778_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="fail"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="102">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                        <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - sshd parameter: "gssapiauthentication" is incorrectly set to: "yes"</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>102</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                    <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - sshd parameter: "gssapiauthentication" is incorrectly set to: "yes"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670789"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670789">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670789"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*GSSAPIAuthentication\h+\"?yes\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670793"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670793">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670793"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*GSSAPIAuthentication\h+\"?yes\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/50-redhat.conf</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Path</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filename</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>50-redhat.conf</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Pattern</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>^(?i)\h*GSSAPIAuthentication\h+\"?yes\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Instance</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Line</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>GSSAPIAuthentication yes</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Text</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>GSSAPIAuthentication yes</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Subexpression</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Does not exist</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Windows View</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Not collected</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670783"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670783">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670783"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: SSHD(8)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
          Subcontrol: 4.4
          Label: Use Unique Passwords
          Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
          Safeguard: 5.2
          Label: Use Unique Passwords
          Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.12 Ensure sshd HostbasedAuthentication is disabled

        Description:

        The HostbasedAuthentication parameter specifies if authentication is allowed through trusted hosts via the user of .rhosts , or /etc/hosts.equiv , along with successful public key client host authentication.

        Even though the .rhosts files are ineffective if support is disabled in /etc/pam.conf , disabling the ability to use .rhosts files in SSH provides an additional layer of protection.

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the HostbasedAuthentication parameter to no above any Include and Match entries as follows:

        HostbasedAuthentication no

        Note: First occurrence of a option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "hostbasedauthentication" is correctly set to: "no"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*HostbasedAuthentication\h+"?yes"?\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*HostbasedAuthentication\h+"?yes"?\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.12_Ensure_sshd_HostbasedAuthentication_is_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670801_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - sshd parameter: "hostbasedauthentication" is correctly set to: "no"</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - sshd parameter: "hostbasedauthentication" is correctly set to: "no"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670813"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670813">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670813"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*HostbasedAuthentication\h+"?yes"?\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670820"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670820">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670820"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*HostbasedAuthentication\h+"?yes"?\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670808"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670808">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670808"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: SSHD(8)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.13 Ensure sshd IgnoreRhosts is enabled

        Description:

        The IgnoreRhosts parameter specifies that .rhosts and .shosts files will not be used in RhostsRSAAuthentication or HostbasedAuthentication .

        Setting this parameter forces users to enter a password when authenticating with SSH.

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the IgnoreRhosts parameter to yes above any Include and Match entries as follows:

        IgnoreRhosts yes

        Note: First occurrence of a option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "ignorerhosts" is correctly set to: "yes"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*ignorerhosts\h+"?no"?\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensurefile(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*ignorerhosts\h+"?no"?\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.13_Ensure_sshd_IgnoreRhosts_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670831_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - sshd parameter: "ignorerhosts" is correctly set to: "yes"</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - sshd parameter: "ignorerhosts" is correctly set to: "yes"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670841"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670841">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670841"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*ignorerhosts\h+"?no"?\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670848"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670848">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670848"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensurefile(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*ignorerhosts\h+"?no"?\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670836"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670836">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670836"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: SSHD(8)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
          Subcontrol: 4.4
          Label: Use Unique Passwords
          Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
          Safeguard: 5.2
          Label: Use Unique Passwords
          Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.14 Ensure sshd LoginGraceTime is configured

        Description:

        The LoginGraceTime parameter specifies the time allowed for successful authentication to the SSH server. The longer the Grace period is the more open unauthenticated connections can exist. Like other session controls in this session the Grace Period should be limited to appropriate organizational limits to ensure the service is available for needed access.

        Setting the LoginGraceTime parameter to a low number will minimize the risk of successful brute force attacks to the SSH server. It will also limit the number of concurrent unauthenticated connections While the recommended setting is 60 seconds (1 Minute), set the number based on site policy.

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the LoginGraceTime parameter to 60 seconds or less above any Include entry as follows:

        LoginGraceTime 60

        Note: First occurrence of a option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "logingracetime" is correctly set to: "60"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.14_Ensure_sshd_LoginGraceTime_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670857_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "logingracetime" is correctly set to: "60"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "logingracetime" is correctly set to: "60"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670861"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670861">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670861"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6
        • URL: SSHD(8)

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.15 Ensure sshd LogLevel is configured

        Description:

        SSH provides several logging levels with varying amounts of verbosity. The DEBUG options are specifically not recommended other than strictly for debugging SSH communications. These levels provide so much data that it is difficult to identify important security information, and may violate the privacy of users.

        The INFO level is the basic level that only records login activity of SSH users. In many situations, such as Incident Response, it is important to determine when a particular user was active on a system. The logout record can eliminate those users who disconnected, which helps narrow the field.

        The VERBOSE level specifies that login and logout activity as well as the key fingerprint for any SSH key used for login will be logged. This information is important for SSH key management, especially in legacy environments.

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the LogLevel parameter to VERBOSE or INFO above any Include and Match entries as follows:

        LogLevel VERBOSE

        - OR -

        LogLevel INFO

        Note: First occurrence of an option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "loglevel" is correctly set to: "INFO"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*LogLevel\h+\"?(QUIET|FATAL|ERROR|DEBUG|DEBUG1|DEBUG2|DEBUG3)\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*LogLevel\h+"?(QUIET|FATAL|ERROR|DEBUG|DEBUG1|DEBUG2|DEBUG3)"?\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.15_Ensure_sshd_LogLevel_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.ssh.com/ssh/sshd_config/</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670865_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - sshd parameter: "loglevel" is correctly set to: "INFO"</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - sshd parameter: "loglevel" is correctly set to: "INFO"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670872"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670872">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670872"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*LogLevel\h+\"?(QUIET|FATAL|ERROR|DEBUG|DEBUG1|DEBUG2|DEBUG3)\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670876"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670876">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670876"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*LogLevel\h+"?(QUIET|FATAL|ERROR|DEBUG|DEBUG1|DEBUG2|DEBUG3)"?\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670868"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670868">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670868"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: https://www.ssh.com/ssh/sshd_config/
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12, SI-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Subcontrol: 6.2
          Label: Activate audit logging
          Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
        • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Subcontrol: 6.3
          Label: Enable Detailed Logging
          Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Safeguard: 8.2
          Label: Collect Audit Logs
          Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Detect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.16 Ensure sshd MaxAuthTries is configured

        Description:

        The MaxAuthTries parameter specifies the maximum number of authentication attempts permitted per connection. When the login failure count reaches half the number, error messages will be written to the syslog file detailing the login failure.

        Setting the MaxAuthTries parameter to a low number will minimize the risk of successful brute force attacks to the SSH server. While the recommended setting is 4, set the number based on site policy.

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the MaxAuthTries parameter to 4 or less above any Include and Match entries as follows:

        MaxAuthTries 4

        Note: First occurrence of an option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "maxauthtries" is correctly set to: "4"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\s*maxauthtries\s+([5-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\s*maxauthtries\s+([5-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.16_Ensure_sshd_MaxAuthTries_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/13"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670883_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - sshd parameter: "maxauthtries" is correctly set to: "4"</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - sshd parameter: "maxauthtries" is correctly set to: "4"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670891"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670891">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670891"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\s*maxauthtries\s+([5-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670895"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670895">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670895"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\s*maxauthtries\s+([5-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670887"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670887">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670887"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
          Subcontrol: 16.13
          Label: Alert on Account Login Behavior Deviation
          Description: Alert when users deviate from normal login behavior, such as time-of-day, workstation location and duration.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Safeguard: 8.5
          Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
          Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Detect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.17 Ensure sshd MaxStartups is configured

        Description:

        The MaxStartups parameter specifies the maximum number of concurrent unauthenticated connections to the SSH daemon.

        To protect a system from denial of service due to a large number of pending authentication connection attempts, use the rate limiting function of MaxStartups to protect availability of sshd logins and prevent overwhelming the daemon.

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the MaxStartups parameter to 10:30:60 or more restrictive above any Include entries as follows:

        MaxStartups 10:30:60

        Note: First occurrence of a option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "maxstartups" is correctly set to: "10:30:60"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.17_Ensure_sshd_MaxStartups_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670902_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "maxstartups" is correctly set to: "10:30:60"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "maxstartups" is correctly set to: "10:30:60"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670908"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670908">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670908"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.18 Ensure sshd MaxSessions is configured

        Description:

        The MaxSessions parameter specifies the maximum number of open sessions permitted from a given connection.

        To protect a system from denial of service due to a large number of concurrent sessions, use the rate limiting function of MaxSessions to protect availability of sshd logins and prevent overwhelming the daemon.

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the MaxSessions parameter to 10 or less above any Include and Match entries as follows:

        MaxSessions 10

        Note: First occurrence of an option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "maxsessions" is correctly set to: "10"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*MaxSessions\h+"?(1[1-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*MaxSessions\h+"?(1[1-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.18_Ensure_sshd_MaxSessions_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670914_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - sshd parameter: "maxsessions" is correctly set to: "10"</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - sshd parameter: "maxsessions" is correctly set to: "10"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670920"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670920">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670920"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*MaxSessions\h+"?(1[1-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670923"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670923">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670923"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*MaxSessions\h+"?(1[1-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670918"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670918">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670918"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.19 Ensure sshd PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled

        Description:

        The PermitEmptyPasswords parameter specifies if the SSH server allows login to accounts with empty password strings.

        Disallowing remote shell access to accounts that have an empty password reduces the probability of unauthorized access to the system.

        Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and set the PermitEmptyPasswords parameter to no above any Include and Match entries as follows:

        PermitEmptyPasswords no

        Note: First occurrence of an option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "permitemptypasswords" is correctly set to: "no"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*PermitEmptyPasswords\h+\"?yes\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*PermitEmptyPasswords\h+\"?yes\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.19_Ensure_sshd_PermitEmptyPasswords_is_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670928_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - sshd parameter: "permitemptypasswords" is correctly set to: "no"</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - sshd parameter: "permitemptypasswords" is correctly set to: "no"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670933"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670933">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670933"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*PermitEmptyPasswords\h+\"?yes\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670937"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670937">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670937"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*PermitEmptyPasswords\h+\"?yes\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670931"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670931">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670931"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
          Subcontrol: 4.4
          Label: Use Unique Passwords
          Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
          Safeguard: 5.2
          Label: Use Unique Passwords
          Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.20 Ensure sshd PermitRootLogin is disabled

        Description:

        The PermitRootLogin parameter specifies if the root user can log in using SSH. The default is prohibit-password .

        Disallowing root logins over SSH requires system admins to authenticate using their own individual account, then escalating to root . This limits opportunity for non-repudiation and provides a clear audit trail in the event of a security incident.

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the PermitRootLogin parameter to no above any Include and Match entries as follows:

        PermitRootLogin no

        Note: First occurrence of an option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "permitrootlogin" is correctly set to: "no"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*PermitRootLogin\h+"?(yes|prohibit-password|forced-commands-only)"?\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: At least one
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*PermitRootLogin\h+"?(yes|prohibit-password|forced-commands-only)"?\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.20_Ensure_sshd_PermitRootLogin_is_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5:AC-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670942_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l/>
                        <l> - sshd parameter: "permitrootlogin" is correctly set to: "no"</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li/>
                                    <li> - sshd parameter: "permitrootlogin" is correctly set to: "no"</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670950"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670950">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670950"
                             check="at least one"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/ssh/sshd_config exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*PermitRootLogin\h+"?(yes|prohibit-password|forced-commands-only)"?\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>At least one</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670952"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670952">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670952"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*PermitRootLogin\h+"?(yes|prohibit-password|forced-commands-only)"?\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670946"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670946">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670946"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5:AC-6

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
          Subcontrol: 4.3
          Label: Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts
          Description: Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
          Safeguard: 5.4
          Label: Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated Administrator Accounts
          Description: Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on enterprise assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet browsing, email, and productivity suite use, from the user's primary, non-privileged account.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.21 Ensure sshd PermitUserEnvironment is disabled

        Description:

        The PermitUserEnvironment option allows users to present environment options to the SSH daemon.

        Permitting users the ability to set environment variables through the SSH daemon could potentially allow users to bypass security controls (e.g. setting an execution path that has SSH executing trojan'd programs)

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the PermitUserEnvironment parameter to no above any Include entries as follows:

        PermitUserEnvironment no

        Note: First occurrence of an option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "permituserenvironment" is correctly set to: "no"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.21_Ensure_sshd_PermitUserEnvironment_is_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670958_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "permituserenvironment" is correctly set to: "no"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "permituserenvironment" is correctly set to: "no"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670961"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670961">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670961"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
        • URL: SSHD(8)

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.1.22 Ensure sshd UsePAM is enabled

        Description:

        The UsePAM directive enables the Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) interface. If set to yes this will enable PAM authentication using ChallengeResponseAuthentication and PasswordAuthentication directives in addition to PAM account and session module processing for all authentication types.

        When usePAM is set to yes , PAM runs through account and session types properly. This is important if you want to restrict access to services based off of IP, time or other factors of the account. Additionally, you can make sure users inherit certain environment variables on login or disallow access to the server

        Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the UsePAM parameter to yes above any Include entries as follows:

        UsePAM yes

        Note: First occurrence of an option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Script: sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - sshd parameter: "usepam" is correctly set to: "yes"
        No error lines were collected.
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists openssh-server
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 38.el9
        Version String Exists 8.7p1
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.7p1-38.el9
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.22_Ensure_sshd_UsePAM_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670965_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - sshd parameter: "usepam" is correctly set to: "yes"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - sshd parameter: "usepam" is correctly set to: "yes"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670968"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670968">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670968"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.7p1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.7p1-38.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>openssh-server-0:8.7p1-38.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
        • URL: SSHD(8)

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
          Subcontrol: 4.4
          Label: Use Unique Passwords
          Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
          Safeguard: 5.2
          Label: Use Unique Passwords
          Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        5.2 Configure privilege escalation

        There are various tools which allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy.

        sudo

        https://www.sudo.ws/

        The invoking user's real (not effective) user ID is used to determine the user name with which to query the security policy.

        sudo supports a plug-in architecture for security policies and input/output logging. Third parties can develop and distribute their own policy and I/O logging plug-ins to work seamlessly with the sudo front end. The default security policy is sudoers , which is configured via the file /etc/sudoers and any entries in /etc/sudoers.d .

        pkexec

        https://www.freedesktop.org/software/polkit/docs/0.105/pkexec.1.html

        Pass

        5.2.1 Ensure sudo is installed

        Description:

        sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy. The invoking user's real (not effective) user ID is used to determine the user name with which to query the security policy.

        sudo supports a plug-in architecture for security policies and input/output logging. Third parties can develop and distribute their own policy and I/O logging plug-ins to work seamlessly with the sudo front end. The default security policy is sudoers , which is configured via the file /etc/sudoers and any entries in /etc/sudoers.d .

        The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user has to run sudo . The policy may require that users authenticate themselves with a password or another authentication mechanism. If authentication is required, sudo will exit if the user's password is not entered within a configurable time limit. This limit is policy-specific.

        Run the following command to install sudo

        # dnf install sudo

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'sudo' is installed
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Rpminfo Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Name String Exists sudo
        Arch String Exists x86_64
        Epoch String Exists (none)
        Release String Exists 10.el9_3
        Version String Exists 1.9.5p2
        Evr Evr String Exists 0:1.9.5p2-10.el9_3
        Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
        Extended Name String Exists sudo-0:1.9.5p2-10.el9_3.x86_64
        Filepath String Does not exist No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.1_Ensure_sudo_is_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SUDO(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6(2), AC-6(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670971"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670971">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670971"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'sudo' is installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>sudo</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>10.el9_3</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1.9.5p2</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:1.9.5p2-10.el9_3</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>sudo-0:1.9.5p2-10.el9_3.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SUDO(8)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6(2), AC-6(5)

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
          Subcontrol: 4.3
          Label: Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts
          Description: Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
          Safeguard: 5.4
          Label: Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated Administrator Accounts
          Description: Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on enterprise assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet browsing, email, and productivity suite use, from the user's primary, non-privileged account.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        5.2.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty

        Description:

        sudo can be configured to run only from a pseudo terminal ( pseudo-pty ).

        Attackers can run a malicious program using sudo which would fork a background process that remains even when the main program has finished executing.

        Edit the file /etc/sudoers with visudo or a file in /etc/sudoers.d/ with visudo -f <PATH TO FILE> and add the following line:

        Defaults use_pty

        Edit the file /etc/sudoers with visudo and any files in /etc/sudoers.d/ with visudo -f <PATH TO FILE> and remove any occurrence of !use_pty

        Note:

        • sudo will read each file in /etc/sudoers.d , skipping file names that end in ~ or contain a . character to avoid causing problems with package manager or editor temporary/backup files.
        • Files are parsed in sorted lexical order. That is, /etc/sudoers.d/01_first will be parsed before /etc/sudoers.d/10_second .
        • Be aware that because the sorting is lexical, not numeric, /etc/sudoers.d/1_whoops would be loaded after /etc/sudoers.d/10_second .
        • Using a consistent number of leading zeroes in the file names can be used to avoid such problems.

        Impact:

        WARNING: Editing the sudo configuration incorrectly can cause sudo to stop functioning. Always use visudo to modify sudo configuration files.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        OR
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?use_pty\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?use_pty\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?\!use_pty\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?\!use_pty\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.2_Ensure_sudo_commands_use_pty"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.353+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/5/subcontrol/1"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SUDO(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">VISUDO(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">sudoers(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670975"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670975">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670975"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?use_pty\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670978"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670978">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670978"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?use_pty\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670982"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670982">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670982"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?\!use_pty\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670985"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670985">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670985"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?\!use_pty\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SUDO(8)
        • URL: VISUDO(8)
        • URL: sudoers(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 5: Secure Configuration for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops, Workstations and Servers: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish, implement, and actively manage (track, report on, correct) the security configuration of mobile devices, laptops, servers, and workstations using a rigorous configuration management and change control process in order to prevent attackers from exploiting vulnerable services and settings.
          Subcontrol: 5.1
          Label: Establish Secure Configurations
          Description: Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all authorized operating systems and software.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
          Safeguard: 5.4
          Label: Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated Administrator Accounts
          Description: Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on enterprise assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet browsing, email, and productivity suite use, from the user's primary, non-privileged account.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        5.2.3 Ensure sudo log file exists

        Description:

        The Defaults logfile entry sets the path to the sudo log file. Setting a path turns on logging to a file; negating this option turns it off. By default, sudo logs via syslog.

        Defining a dedicated log file for sudo simplifies auditing of sudo commands and creation of auditd rules for sudo.

        Edit the file /etc/sudoers or a file in /etc/sudoers.d/ with visudo -f <PATH TO FILE> and add the following line:

        Defaults logfile="<PATH TO CUSTOM LOG FILE>"

        Example

        Defaults logfile="/var/log/sudo.log"

        Notes:

        • sudo will read each file in /etc/sudoers.d , skipping file names that end in ~ or contain a . character to avoid causing problems with package manager or editor temporary/backup files.
        • Files are parsed in sorted lexical order. That is, /etc/sudoers.d/01_first will be parsed before /etc/sudoers.d/10_second .
        • Be aware that because the sorting is lexical, not numeric, /etc/sudoers.d/1_whoops would be loaded after /etc/sudoers.d/10_second .
        • Using a consistent number of leading zeroes in the file names can be used to avoid such problems.

        Impact:

        WARNING: Editing the sudo configuration incorrectly can cause sudo to stop functioning. Always use visudo to modify sudo configuration files.

        Creation of additional log files can cause disk space exhaustion if not correctly managed. You should configure logrotate to manage the sudo log in accordance with your local policy.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        OR
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#]+,\h*)?logfile\h*=\h*(\"|\')?\H+(\"|\')?(,\h*\H+\h*)*\h*(#.*)?$
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#]+,\h*)?logfile\h*=\h*(\"|\')?\H+(\"|\')?(,\h*\H+\h*)*\h*(#.*)?$
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.3_Ensure_sudo_log_file_exists"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.355+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SUDO(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">VISUDO(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">sudoers(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670990"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670990">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670990"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#]+,\h*)?logfile\h*=\h*(\"|\')?\H+(\"|\')?(,\h*\H+\h*)*\h*(#.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670994"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670994">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670994"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#]+,\h*)?logfile\h*=\h*(\"|\')?\H+(\"|\')?(,\h*\H+\h*)*\h*(#.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: SUDO(8)
        • URL: VISUDO(8)
        • URL: sudoers(5)
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Subcontrol: 6.3
          Label: Enable Detailed Logging
          Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
          Safeguard: 8.5
          Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
          Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Detect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        5.2.4 Ensure users must provide password for escalation

        Description:

        The operating system must be configured so that users must provide a password for privilege escalation.

        Without re-authentication, users may access resources or perform tasks for which they do not have authorization.

        When operating systems provide the capability to escalate a functional capability, it is critical the user re-authenticate.

        Based on the outcome of the audit procedure, use visudo -f <PATH TO FILE> to edit the relevant sudoers file.

        Remove any line with occurrences of NOPASSWD tags in the file.

        Impact:

        This will prevent automated processes from being able to elevate privileges.

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?NOPASSWD\b(.*)?$
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists /etc/sudoers
        Path String Exists /etc
        Filename String Exists sudoers
        Pattern String Exists (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?NOPASSWD\b(.*)?$
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists ALL ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/aide --check
        Text String Exists ALL ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/aide --check
        Subexpression String Exists ALL ALL=(ALL)
        Subexpression String Exists : /usr/sbin/aide --check
        Windows View String Not collected No Value
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?NOPASSWD\h*(\h+.*)$
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists /etc/sudoers.d/90-cloud-init-users
        Path String Exists /etc/sudoers.d
        Filename String Exists 90-cloud-init-users
        Pattern String Exists (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?NOPASSWD\b(.*)?$
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists ec2-user ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
        Text String Exists ec2-user ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
        Subexpression String Exists ec2-user ALL=(ALL)
        Subexpression String Exists :ALL
        Windows View String Not collected No Value
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists /etc/sudoers.d/ssm-agent-users
        Path String Exists /etc/sudoers.d
        Filename String Exists ssm-agent-users
        Pattern String Exists (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?NOPASSWD\b(.*)?$
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists ssm-user ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
        Text String Exists ssm-user ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
        Subexpression String Exists ssm-user ALL=(ALL)
        Subexpression String Exists :ALL
        Windows View String Not collected No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.4_Ensure_users_must_provide_password_for_escalation"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.355+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670998"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670998">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670998"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?NOPASSWD\b(.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/sudoers</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>sudoers</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?NOPASSWD\b(.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ALL ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/aide --check</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ALL ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/aide --check</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ALL ALL=(ALL) </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>: /usr/sbin/aide --check</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671001"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671001">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671001"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?NOPASSWD\h*(\h+.*)$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/sudoers.d/90-cloud-init-users</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/sudoers.d</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>90-cloud-init-users</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?NOPASSWD\b(.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ec2-user ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ec2-user ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ec2-user ALL=(ALL) </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>:ALL</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/sudoers.d/ssm-agent-users</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/sudoers.d</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ssm-agent-users</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?NOPASSWD\b(.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ssm-user ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ssm-user ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ssm-user ALL=(ALL) </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>:ALL</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
          Subcontrol: 4.3
          Label: Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts
          Description: Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
          Safeguard: 5.4
          Label: Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated Administrator Accounts
          Description: Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on enterprise assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet browsing, email, and productivity suite use, from the user's primary, non-privileged account.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.2.5 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not disabled globally

        Description:

        The operating system must be configured so that users must re-authenticate for privilege escalation.

        Without re-authentication, users may access resources or perform tasks for which they do not have authorization.

        When operating systems provide the capability to escalate a functional capability, it is critical the user re-authenticate.

        Configure the operating system to require users to reauthenticate for privilege escalation.

        Based on the outcome of the audit procedure, use visudo -f <PATH TO FILE> to edit the relevant sudoers file.

        Remove any occurrences of !authenticate tags in the file(s).

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\!authenticate\b(\.*)?$
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\!authenticate\b(\.*)?$
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.5_Ensure_re-authentication_for_privilege_escalation_is_not_disabled_globally"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.355+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671008"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671008">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671008"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\!authenticate\b(\.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671011"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671011">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671011"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\!authenticate\b(\.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
          Subcontrol: 4.3
          Label: Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts
          Description: Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
          Safeguard: 5.4
          Label: Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated Administrator Accounts
          Description: Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on enterprise assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet browsing, email, and productivity suite use, from the user's primary, non-privileged account.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.2.6 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured correctly

        Description:

        sudo caches used credentials for a default of 5 minutes. This is for ease of use when there are multiple administrative tasks to perform. The timeout can be modified to suit local security policies.

        Setting a timeout value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized privileged access to another user.

        If the currently configured timeout is larger than 15 minutes, edit the file listed in the audit section with visudo -f <PATH TO FILE> and modify the entry timestamp_timeout= to 15 minutes or less as per your site policy. The value is in minutes. This particular entry may appear on its own, or on the same line as env_reset . See the following two examples:

        Defaults env_reset, timestamp_timeout=15 Defaults timestamp_timeout=15

        Defaults env_reset

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*defaults\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h*,\h*)?timestamp_timeout=(-1|1[6-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)\b(\h*,\h*.*)?$
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*defaults\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h*,\h*)?timestamp_timeout=(-1|1[6-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)\b(\h*,\h*.*)?$
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.6_Ensure_sudo_authentication_timeout_is_configured_correctly"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.355+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.sudo.ws/man/1.9.0/sudoers.man.html</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671017"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671017">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671017"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*defaults\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h*,\h*)?timestamp_timeout=(-1|1[6-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)\b(\h*,\h*.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671020"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671020">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671020"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*defaults\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h*,\h*)?timestamp_timeout=(-1|1[6-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)\b(\h*,\h*.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: https://www.sudo.ws/man/1.9.0/sudoers.man.html

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
          Subcontrol: 4.3
          Label: Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts
          Description: Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
          Safeguard: 5.4
          Label: Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated Administrator Accounts
          Description: Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on enterprise assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet browsing, email, and productivity suite use, from the user's primary, non-privileged account.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        5.2.7 Ensure access to the su command is restricted

        Description:

        The su command allows a user to run a command or shell as another user. The program has been superseded by sudo , which allows for more granular control over privileged access. Normally, the su command can be executed by any user. By uncommenting the pam_wheel.so statement in /etc/pam.d/su , the su command will only allow users in a specific groups to execute su . This group should be empty to reinforce the use of sudo for privileged access.

        Restricting the use of su , and using sudo in its place, provides system administrators better control of the escalation of user privileges to execute privileged commands. The sudo utility also provides a better logging and audit mechanism, as it can log each command executed via sudo , whereas su can only record that a user executed the su program.

        Create an empty group that will be specified for use of the su command. The group should be named according to site policy.

        Example:

        # groupadd sugroup

        Add the following line to the /etc/pam.d/su file, specifying the empty group:

        auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid group=sugroup

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/su exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(?:required|requisite)\h+pam_wheel\.so\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h+)?((?!\2)(use_uid\b|group=\H+\b))\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h+)?((?!\1)(use_uid\b|group=\H+\b))(\h+.*)?$
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.7_Ensure_access_to_the_su_command_is_restricted"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.355+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/5/subcontrol/1"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671027"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671027">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671027"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/su exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(?:required|requisite)\h+pam_wheel\.so\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h+)?((?!\2)(use_uid\b|group=\H+\b))\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h+)?((?!\1)(use_uid\b|group=\H+\b))(\h+.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 5: Secure Configuration for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops, Workstations and Servers: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish, implement, and actively manage (track, report on, correct) the security configuration of mobile devices, laptops, servers, and workstations using a rigorous configuration management and change control process in order to prevent attackers from exploiting vulnerable services and settings.
          Subcontrol: 5.1
          Label: Establish Secure Configurations
          Description: Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all authorized operating systems and software.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
          Safeguard: 3.3
          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary

        5.3 Pluggable Authentication Modules

        Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) is a service that implements modular authentication modules on UNIX systems. PAM is implemented as a set of shared objects that are loaded and executed when a program needs to authenticate a user. Files for PAM are typically located in the /etc/pam.d directory. PAM must be carefully configured to secure system authentication. While this section covers some of PAM, please consult other PAM resources to fully understand the configuration capabilities.

        5.3.1 Configure PAM software packages

        Updated versions of PAM and authselect include additional functionality

        Pass

        5.3.1.1 Ensure latest version of pam is installed

        Description:

        Updated versions of PAM include additional functionality

        To ensure the system has full functionality and access to the options covered by this Benchmark, pam-1.5.1-19 or latter is required

        - IF - the version of PAM on the system is less that version pam-1.5.1-19 :

        Run the following command to update to the latest version of PAM :

        # dnf upgrade pam

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "pam" is version: "1.5.1-19" which is newer or equal to required version: "1.5.1-19"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.1_Ensure_latest_version_of_pam_is_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.355+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671032_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "pam" is version: "1.5.1-19" which is newer or equal to required version: "1.5.1-19"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "pam" is version: "1.5.1-19" which is newer or equal to required version: "1.5.1-19"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.3.1.2 Ensure latest version of authselect is installed

        Description:

        Authselect is a utility that simplifies the configuration of user authentication. Authselect offers ready-made profiles that can be universally used with all modern identity management systems

        You can create and deploy a custom profile by customizing one of the default profiles, the sssd, winbind, or the nis profile. This is particularly useful if Modifying a ready-made authselect profile is not enough for your needs. When you deploy a custom profile, the profile is applied to every user logging into the given host. This would be the recommended method, so that the existing profiles can remain unmodified.

        Updated versions of authselect include additional functionality

        Authselect makes testing and troubleshooting easy because it only modifies files in these directories:

        • /etc/nsswitch.conf
        • /etc/pam.d/*
        • /etc/dconf/db/distro.d/*

        To ensure the system has full functionality and access to the options covered by this Benchmark, authselect-1.2.6-2 or latter is required

        Run the following command to install authselect :

        # dnf install authselect

        - IF - the version of authselect on the system is less that version authselect-1.2.6-2 :

        Run the following command to update to the latest version of authselect :

        # dnf upgrade authselect

        Impact:

        If local site customizations have been made to an authselect default or custom profile created with the --symlink-pam option, these customizations may be over-written by updating authselect.

        WARNING:

        Do not use authselect if:

        • your host is part of Linux Identity Management. Joining your host to an IdM domain with the ipa-client-install command automatically configures SSSD authentication on your host.
        • Your host is part of Active Directory via SSSD. Calling the realm join command to join your host to an Active Directory domain automatically configures SSSD authentication on your host.

        It is not recommended to change the authselect profiles configured by ipa-client-install or realm join. If you need to modify them, display the current settings before making any modifications, so you can revert back to them if necessary

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "authselect" is version: "1.2.6-2" which is newer or equal to required version: "1.2.6-2"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.2_Ensure_latest_version_of_authselect_is_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.355+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671037_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "authselect" is version: "1.2.6-2" which is newer or equal to required version: "1.2.6-2"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "authselect" is version: "1.2.6-2" which is newer or equal to required version: "1.2.6-2"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.3.1.3 Ensure latest version of libpwquality is installed

        Description:

        libpwquality provides common functions for password quality checking and scoring them based on their apparent randomness. The library also provides a function for generating random passwords with good pronounceability.

        This module can be plugged into the password stack of a given service to provide some plug-in strength-checking for passwords. The code was originally based on pam_cracklib module and the module is backwards compatible with its options.

        Strong passwords reduce the risk of systems being hacked through brute force methods.

        Run the following command to install libpwquality :

        # dnf install libpwquality

        - IF - the version of libpwquality on the system is less that version libpwquality-1.4.4-8 :

        Run the following command to update to the latest version of libpwquality :

        # dnf upgrade libpwquality

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • ** PASS **
        • - "libpwquality" is version: "1.4.4-8" which is newer or equal to required version: "1.4.4-8"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.3_Ensure_latest_version_of_libpwquality_is_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.355+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671041_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "libpwquality" is version: "1.4.4-8" which is newer or equal to required version: "1.4.4-8"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_rpm_package_version_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "libpwquality" is version: "1.4.4-8" which is newer or equal to required version: "1.4.4-8"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
        Back to Summary

        5.3.2 Configure authselect

        Authselect is a utility that simplifies the configuration of user authentication. Authselect offers ready-made profiles that can be universally used with all modern identity management systems

        Authselect makes testing and troubleshooting easy because it only modifies files in these directories:

        • /etc/nsswitch.conf
        • /etc/pam.d/* files
        • /etc/dconf/db/distro.d/* files

        You can create and deploy a custom profile by customizing one of the default profiles, the sssd, winbind, or the nis profile. This is particularly useful if Modifying a ready-made authselect profile is not enough for your needs. When you deploy a custom profile, the profile is applied to every user logging into the given host. This would be the recommended method, so that the existing profiles can remain unmodified.

        Profile Directories - Profiles can be found in one of three directories:

        • /usr/share/authselect/default - Read-only directory containing profiles shipped together with authselect.
        • /usr/share/authselect/vendor - Read-only directory for vendor-specific profiles that can override the ones in default directory.
        • /etc/authselect/custom - Place for administrator-defined profiles.

        Profile Files - Each profile consists of one or more of these files which provide a mandatory profile description and describe the changes that are done to the system:

        • README - Description of the profile. The first line must be a name of the profile.
        • system-auth - PAM stack that is included from nearly all individual service configuration files.
        • password-auth , smartcard-auth , fingerprint-auth - These PAM stacks are for applications which handle authentication from different types of devices via simultaneously running individual conversations instead of one aggregate conversation.
        • postlogin - The purpose of this PAM stack is to provide a common place for all PAM modules which should be called after the stack configured in system-auth or the other common PAM configuration files. It is included from all individual service configuration files that provide login service with shell or file access. Note: the modules in the postlogin configuration file are executed regardless of the success or failure of the modules in the system-auth configuration file.
        • nsswitch.conf - Name Service Switch configuration file. Only maps relevant to the profile must be set. Maps that are not specified by the profile are included from /etc/authselect/user-nsswitch.conf .
        • dconf-db - Changes to dconf database. The main uses case of this file is to set changes for gnome login screen in order to enable or disable smartcard and fingerprint authentication.
        • dconf-locks - This file define locks on values set in dconf database.

        Conditional lines - Each of these files serves as a template. A template is a plain text file with optional usage of several operators that can be used to provide some optional profile features.

        • {continue if "feature"} - Immediately stop processing of the file unless "feature" is defined (the rest of the file content will be removed). If "feature" is defined, the whole line with this operator will be removed and the rest of the template will be processed.
        • {stop if "feature"} - Opposite of "continue if". Immediately stop processing of the file if "feature" is defined (the rest of the file content will be removed). If "feature" is not defined, the whole line with this operator will be removed and the rest of the template will be processed.
        • {include if "feature"} - Include the line where this operator is placed only if "feature" is defined.
        • {exclude if "feature"} - Opposite to "include-if". Include the line where this operator is placed only if "feature" is not defined.
        • {imply "implied-feature" if "feature"} - Enable feature "implied-feature" if feature "feature" is enabled. The whole line with this operator is removed, thus it is not possible to add anything else around this operator at the same line.
        • {if "feature":true|false} - If "feature" is defined, replace this operator with string "true", otherwise with string "false".
        • {if "feature":true} - If "feature" is defined, replace this operator with string "true", otherwise with an empty string.

        Example of creating a custom authselect profile called custom-profile

        # authselect create-profile custom-profile -b sssd

        WARNING:

        Do not use authselect if:

        • your host is part of Linux Identity Management. Joining your host to an IdM domain with the ipa-client-install command automatically configures SSSD authentication on your host.
        • Your host is part of Active Directory via SSSD. Calling the realm join command to join your host to an Active Directory domain automatically configures SSSD authentication on your host.
        • It is not recommended to change the authselect profiles configured by ipa-client-install or realm join. If you need to modify them, display the current settings before making any modifications, so you can revert back to them if necessary
        Pass

        5.3.2.1 Ensure active authselect profile includes pam modules

        Description:

        A custom profile can be created by copying and customizing one of the default profiles. The default profiles include: sssd, winbind, or the nis. This profile can then be customized to follow site specific requirements.

        You can select a profile for the authselect utility for a specific host. The profile will be applied to every user logging into the host.

        A custom profile is required to customize many of the pam options.

        Modifications made to a default profile may be overwritten during an update.

        When you deploy a profile, the profile is applied to every user logging into the given host

        Perform the following to create a custom authselect profile, with the modules covered in this Benchmark correctly included in the custom profile template files

        Run the following command to create a custom authselect profile:

        # authselect create-profile <custom-profile name> <options>

        Example:

        # authselect create-profile custom-profile -b sssd

        Run the following command to select a custom authselect profile:

        # authselect select custom/<CUSTOM PROFILE NAME> {with-<OPTIONS>} {--force}

        Example:

        # authselect select custom/custom-profile --backup=PAM_CONFIG_BACKUP --force

        Notes:

        • The PAM and authselect packages must be versions pam-1.3.1-25 and authselect-1.2.6-1 or newer
        • The example is based on a custom profile built (copied) from the the SSSD default authselect profile.
        • The example does not include the symlink option for the PAM or Metadata files. This is due to the fact that by linking the PAM files future updates to authselect may overwrite local site customizations to the custom profile
        • The --backup=PAM_CONFIG_BACKUP option will create a backup of the current config. The backup will be stored at /var/lib/authselect/backups/PAM_CONFIG_BACKUP
        • The --force option will force the overwrite of the existing files and automatically backup system files before writing any change unless the --nobackup option is set.
          • On a new system where authselect has not been configured. In this case, the --force option will force the selected authselect profile to be active and overwrite the existing files with files generated from the selected authselect profile's templates
          • On an existing system with a custom configuration. The --force option may be used, but ensure that you note the backup location included as your custom files will be overwritten. This will allow you to review the changes and add any necessary customizations to the template files for the authselect profile. After updating the templates, run the command authselect apply-changes to add these custom entries to the files in /etc/pam.d/

        - IF - you receive an error ending with a message similar to:

        [error] Refusing to activate profile unless those changes are removed or overwrite is requested.

        Some unexpected changes to the configuration were detected. Use 'select' command instead.

        This error is caused when the previous configuration was not created by authselect but by other tool or by manual changes and the --force option will be required to enable the authselect profile.

        Impact:

        If local site customizations have been made to the authselect template or files in /etc/pam.d these custom entries should be added to the newly created custom profile before it's applied to the system.

        Note: The order within the pam stacks is important when adding these entries. Specifically for the password stack, the use_authtok option is important, and should appear on all modules except for the first entry.

        Example:

        password requisite pam_pwquality.so local_users_only #<-- Top of password stack, doesn't include use_authtok

        password required pam_pwhistory.so use_authtok #<-- subsequent entry in password stack, includes use_authtok

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Script: sce/nix_authselect_profile_chk.sh
        Result: Pass
        Exit Value: 101
        Output:
        • - Audit Result:
        • *** PASS ***
        • - * Correctly set * :
        • - "pam_faillock" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/password-auth"
        • - "pam_unix" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/password-auth"
        • - "pam_pwquality" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/password-auth"
        • - "pam_pwhistory" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/password-auth"
        • - "pam_faillock" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/system-auth"
        • - "pam_unix" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/system-auth"
        • - "pam_pwquality" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/system-auth"
        • - "pam_pwhistory" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/system-auth"
        No error lines were collected.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.1_Ensure_active_authselect_profile_includes_pam_modules"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.356+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/7"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/16/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">authselect(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/configuring_authentication_and_authorization_in_rhel/configuring-user-authentication-using-authselect_configuring-authentication-and-authorization-in-rhel#creating-and-deploying-your-own-authselect-profile_configuring-user-authentication-using-authselect</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://docs.oracle.com/en/operating-systems/oracle-linux/9/userauth/OL9-USERAUTH.pdf</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_authselect_profile_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_authselect_profile_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_authselect_profile_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>  - "pam_faillock" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/password-auth"</l>
                  <l>  - "pam_unix" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/password-auth"</l>
                  <l>  - "pam_pwquality" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/password-auth"</l>
                  <l>  - "pam_pwhistory" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/password-auth"</l>
                  <l>  - "pam_faillock" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/system-auth"</l>
                  <l>  - "pam_unix" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/system-auth"</l>
                  <l>  - "pam_pwquality" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/system-auth"</l>
                  <l>  - "pam_pwhistory" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/system-auth"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_authselect_profile_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>  - "pam_faillock" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/password-auth"</li>
                              <li>  - "pam_unix" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/password-auth"</li>
                              <li>  - "pam_pwquality" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/password-auth"</li>
                              <li>  - "pam_pwhistory" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/password-auth"</li>
                              <li>  - "pam_faillock" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/system-auth"</li>
                              <li>  - "pam_unix" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/system-auth"</li>
                              <li>  - "pam_pwquality" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/system-auth"</li>
                              <li>  - "pam_pwhistory" is correctly listed in: "/usr/share/authselect/default/sssd/system-auth"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: authselect(8)
        • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/configuring_authentication_and_authorization_in_rhel/configuring-user-authentication-using-authselect_configuring-authentication-and-authorization-in-rhel#creating-and-deploying-your-own-authselect-profile_configuring-user-authentication-using-authselect
        • URL: https://docs.oracle.com/en/operating-systems/oracle-linux/9/userauth/OL9-USERAUTH.pdf

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
          Subcontrol: 16.7
          Label: Establish Process for Revoking Access
          Description: Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by disabling accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an employee or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts, allows preservation of audit trails.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 16: Application Software Security: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Manage the security life cycle of in-house developed, hosted, or acquired software to prevent, detect, and remediate security weaknesses before they can impact the enterprise.
          Safeguard: 16.2
          Label: Establish and Maintain a Process to Accept and Address Software Vulnerabilities
          Description: Establish and maintain a process to accept and address reports of software vulnerabilities, including providing a means for external entities to report.The process is to include such items as: a vulnerability handling policy that identifies reporting process, responsible party for handling vulnerability reports, and a process for intake, assignment, remediation, and remediation testing. As part of the process, use a vulnerability tracking system that includes severity ratings, and metrics for measuring timing for identification, analysis, and remediation of vulnerabilities. Review and update documentation annually, or when significant enterprise changes occur that could impact this Safeguard. Third-party application developers need to consider this an externally-facing policy that helps to set expectations for outside stakeholders.
          Implementation Group: IG-2
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        5.3.2.2 Ensure pam_faillock module is enabled

        Description:

        The pam_faillock.so module maintains a list of failed authentication attempts per user during a specified interval and locks the account in case there were more than the configured number of consecutive failed authentications (this is defined by the deny parameter in the faillock configuration). It stores the failure records into per-user files in the tally directory.

        Locking out user IDs after n unsuccessful consecutive login attempts mitigates brute force password attacks against your systems.

        Run the following script to verify the pam_faillock.so lines exist in the profile templates:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        l_module_name="faillock"

        l_pam_profile="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

        if grep -Pq -- '^custom\/' <<< "$l_pam_profile"; then

        l_pam_profile_path="/etc/authselect/$l_pam_profile"

        else

        l_pam_profile_path="/usr/share/authselect/default/$l_pam_profile"

        fi

        grep -P -- "\bpam_$l_module_name\.so\b" "$l_pam_profile_path"/{password,system}-auth

        }

        Example Output with a custom profile named "custom-profile":

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:auth required pam_faillock.so preauth silent {include if "with-faillock"}

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:auth required pam_faillock.so authfail {include if "with-faillock"}

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:account required pam_faillock.so {include if "with-faillock"}



        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:auth required pam_faillock.so preauth silent {include if "with-faillock"}

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:auth required pam_faillock.so authfail {include if "with-faillock"}

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:account required pam_faillock.so {include if "with-faillock"}

        Note: The lines may not include {include if "with-faillock"}

        - IF - the lines shown above are not returned, refer to the Recommendation "Ensure active authselect profile includes pam modules" to update the authselect profile template files to include the pam_faillock entries before continuing this remediation.

        - IF - the lines include {include if "with-faillock"} , run the following command to enable the authselect with-faillock feature and update the files in /etc/pam.d to include pam_faillock.so :

        # authselect enable-feature with-faillock

        - IF - any of the pam_faillock lines exist without {include if "with-faillock"} , run the following command to update the files in /etc/pam.d to include pam_faillock.so :

        # authselect apply-changes

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite)\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?preauth\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite)\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?authfail\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*account\h+(required|requisite)\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?pam_faillock\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite)\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?preauth\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite)\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?authfail\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*account\h+(required|requisite)\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?pam_faillock\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.2_Ensure_pam_faillock_module_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.356+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/7"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/1"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">faillock(8) - Linux man page</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">pam_faillock(8) - Linux man page</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                              name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671051"/>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="definition"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671051">
                           <div class="criteria">
                              <div class="criterion"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671051"
                                   check="all"
                                   check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                          <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite)\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?preauth\b</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                          <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                          <td>All</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                              name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671053"/>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="definition"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671053">
                           <div class="criteria">
                              <div class="criterion"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671053"
                                   check="all"
                                   check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                          <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite)\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?authfail\b</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                          <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                          <td>All</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671057"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671057">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671057"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*account\h+(required|requisite)\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?pam_faillock\.so\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671062"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671062">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671062"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite)\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?preauth\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671066"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671066">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671066"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite)\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?authfail\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671069"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671069">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671069"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*account\h+(required|requisite)\h+([^#\r\n]+\h+)?pam_faillock\.so\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: faillock(8) - Linux man page
        • URL: pam_faillock(8) - Linux man page
        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
          Subcontrol: 16.7
          Label: Establish Process for Revoking Access
          Description: Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by disabling accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an employee or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts, allows preservation of audit trails.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
          Safeguard: 4.1
          Label: Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process
          Description: Establish and maintain a secure configuration process for enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile, non-computing/IoT devices, and servers) and software (operating systems and applications). Review and update documentation annually, or when significant enterprise changes occur that could impact this Safeguard.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.3.2.3 Ensure pam_pwquality module is enabled

        Description:

        The pam_pwquality.so module performs password quality checking. This module can be plugged into the password stack of a given service to provide strength-checking for passwords. The code was originally based on pam_cracklib module and the module is backwards compatible with its options.

        The action of this module is to prompt the user for a password and check its strength against a system dictionary and a set of rules for identifying poor choices.

        The first action is to prompt for a single password, check its strength and then, if it is considered strong, prompt for the password a second time (to verify that it was typed correctly on the first occasion). All being well, the password is passed on to subsequent modules to be installed as the new authentication token.

        Use of a unique, complex passwords helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password.

        Review the authselect profile templates:

        Run the following script to verify the pam_pwquality.so lines exist in the active profile templates:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        l_module_name="pwquality"

        l_pam_profile="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

        if grep -Pq -- '^custom\/' <<< "$l_pam_profile"; then

        l_pam_profile_path="/etc/authselect/$l_pam_profile"

        else

        l_pam_profile_path="/usr/share/authselect/default/$l_pam_profile"

        fi

        grep -P -- "\bpam_$l_module_name\.so\b" "$l_pam_profile_path"/{password,system}-auth

        }

        Example Output with a custom profile named "custom-profile":

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:password requisite pam_pwquality.so local_users_only {include if "with-pwquality"}



        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:password requisite pam_pwquality.so local_users_only {include if "with-pwquality"}

        Note: The lines may not include {include if "with-pwquality"}

        - IF - the lines shown above are not returned, refer to the Recommendation "Ensure active authselect profile includes pam modules" to update the authselect profile template files to include the pam_pwquality entries before continuing this remediation.

        - IF - any of the pam_pwquality lines include {include if "with-pwquality"} , run the following command to enable the authselect with-pwquality feature and update the files in /etc/pam.d to include `pam_pwquality:

        # authselect enable-feature with-pwquality

        - IF - any of the pam_pwquality lines exist without {include if "with-pwquality"} , run the following command to update the files in /etc/pam.d to include pam_pwquality.so :

        # authselect apply-changes

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Path String Exists /etc/authselect
        Filename String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Pattern String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Text String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Subexpression String Exists requisite
        Windows View String Not collected No Value
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists /etc/authselect/system-auth
        Path String Exists /etc/authselect
        Filename String Exists system-auth
        Pattern String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Text String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Subexpression String Exists requisite
        Windows View String Not collected No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.3_Ensure_pam_pwquality_module_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.356+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671074"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671074">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671074"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>requisite</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671078"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671078">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671078"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect/system-auth</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>system-auth</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>requisite</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
          Subcontrol: 4.4
          Label: Use Unique Passwords
          Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
          Safeguard: 5.2
          Label: Use Unique Passwords
          Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Fail

        5.3.2.4 Ensure pam_pwhistory module is enabled

        Description:

        The pam_history.so module saves the last passwords for each user in order to force password change history and keep the user from alternating between the same password too frequently.

        Requiring users not to reuse their passwords make it less likely that an attacker will be able to guess the password or use a compromised password.

        Run the following script to verify the pam_pwhistory.so lines exist in the profile templates:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        l_module_name="pwhistory"

        l_pam_profile="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

        if grep -Pq -- '^custom\/' <<< "$l_pam_profile"; then

        l_pam_profile_path="/etc/authselect/$l_pam_profile"

        else

        l_pam_profile_path="/usr/share/authselect/default/$l_pam_profile"

        fi

        grep -P -- "\bpam_$l_module_name\.so\b" "$l_pam_profile_path"/{password,system}-auth

        }

        Example Output with a custom profile named "custom-profile":

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:password required pam_pwhistory.so use_authtok {include if "with-pwhistory"}



        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:password required pam_pwhistory.so use_authtok {include if "with-pwhistory"}

        Note: The lines may not include {include if "with-pwhistory"}

        - IF - the lines shown above are not returned, refer to the Recommendation "Ensure active authselect profile includes pam modules" to update the authselect profile template files to include the pam_pwhistory entries before continuing this remediation.

        - IF - the lines include {include if "with-pwhistory"} , run the following command to enable the authselect with-pwhistory feature and update the files in /etc/pam.d to include pam_faillock.so :

        # authselect enable-feature with-pwhistory

        - IF - any of the pam_pwhistory lines exist without {include if "with-pwhistory"} , run the following command to update the files in /etc/pam.d to include pam_pwhistory.so :

        # authselect apply-changes

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.4_Ensure_pam_pwhistory_module_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.356+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671083"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671083">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671083"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671085"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671085">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671085"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)

        CIS Controls V7.0:

        • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
          Subcontrol: 4.4
          Label: Use Unique Passwords
          Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
          • >

        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

        • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
          CIS Control Information
          Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
          Safeguard: 5.2
          Label: Use Unique Passwords
          Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
          Implementation Group: IG-1
          Security Function: Protect
          • >

        Back to Summary
        Pass

        5.3.2.5 Ensure pam_unix module is enabled

        Description:

        The pam_unix.so module is the standard Unix authentication module. It uses standard calls from the system's libraries to retrieve and set account information as well as authentication. Usually this is obtained from the /etc/passwd and the /etc/shadow file as well if shadow is enabled.

        Requiring users to use authentication make it less likely that an attacker will be able to access the system.

        Run the following script to verify the pam_unix.so lines exist in the profile templates:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash



        {

        l_module_name="unix"

        l_pam_profile="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

        if grep -Pq -- '^custom\/' <<< "$l_pam_profile"; then

        l_pam_profile_path="/etc/authselect/$l_pam_profile"

        else

        l_pam_profile_path="/usr/share/authselect/default/$l_pam_profile"

        fi

        grep -P -- "\bpam_$l_module_name\.so\b" "$l_pam_profile_path"/{password,system}-auth

        }

        Example Output with a custom profile named "custom-profile":

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:auth sufficient pam_unix.so {if not "without-nullok":nullok}

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:account required pam_unix.so

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow {if not "without-nullok":nullok} use_authtok remember=5

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:session required pam_unix.so



        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:auth sufficient pam_unix.so {if not "without-nullok":nullok}

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:account required pam_unix.so

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow {if not "without-nullok":nullok} use_authtok

        /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:session required pam_unix.so

        - IF - the lines shown above are not returned, refer to the Recommendation "Ensure active authselect profile includes pam modules" to update the authselect profile template files to include the pam_unix entries before continuing this remediation.

        Note: Arguments following pam_unix.so may be different than the example output

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Path String Exists /etc/authselect
        Filename String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Pattern String Exists ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists auth sufficient pam_unix.so
        Text String Exists auth sufficient pam_unix.so
        Subexpression String Exists sufficient
        Windows View String Not collected No Value
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*account\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Path String Exists /etc/authselect
        Filename String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Pattern String Exists ^\h*account\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists account required pam_unix.so
        Text String Exists account required pam_unix.so
        Subexpression String Exists required
        Windows View String Not collected No Value
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*password\h+(required|requisite|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Path String Exists /etc/authselect
        Filename String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Pattern String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Text String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Subexpression String Exists sufficient
        Windows View String Not collected No Value
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*session\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Path String Exists /etc/authselect
        Filename String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Pattern String Exists ^\h*session\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists session required pam_unix.so
        Text String Exists session required pam_unix.so
        Subexpression String Exists required
        Windows View String Not collected No Value
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists /etc/authselect/system-auth
        Path String Exists /etc/authselect
        Filename String Exists system-auth
        Pattern String Exists ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists auth sufficient pam_unix.so
        Text String Exists auth sufficient pam_unix.so
        Subexpression String Exists sufficient
        Windows View String Not collected No Value
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*account\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists /etc/authselect/system-auth
        Path String Exists /etc/authselect
        Filename String Exists system-auth
        Pattern String Exists ^\h*account\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists account required pam_unix.so
        Text String Exists account required pam_unix.so
        Subexpression String Exists required
        Windows View String Not collected No Value
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*password\h+(required|requisite|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists /etc/authselect/system-auth
        Path String Exists /etc/authselect
        Filename String Exists system-auth
        Pattern String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Text String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
        Subexpression String Exists sufficient
        Windows View String Not collected No Value
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*session\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        Textfilecontent Item
        Name Type Status Value
        Filepath String Exists /etc/authselect/system-auth
        Path String Exists /etc/authselect
        Filename String Exists system-auth
        Pattern String Exists ^\h*session\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b
        Instance Int Exists 1
        Line String Exists session required pam_unix.so
        Text String Exists session required pam_unix.so
        Subexpression String Exists required
        Windows View String Not collected No Value


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.5_Ensure_pam_unix_module_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.356+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                     <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                        <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                                     negate="false"
                                     multi-check="false">
                           <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                                    name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671091"/>
                           <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                              <div class="definition"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671091">
                                 <div class="criteria">
                                    <div class="criterion"
                                         id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671091"
                                         check="all"
                                         check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                       <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                          <tbody class="tbe">
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                                <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                                <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                                <td>All</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                                <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                             </tr>
                                          </tbody>
                                       </table>
                                       <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                          <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                                          <thead>
                                             <tr>
                                                <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                                <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                                <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                                <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                             </tr>
                                          </thead>
                                          <tbody class="tbe">
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Filepath</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Path</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Filename</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Pattern</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Instance</td>
                                                <td>Int</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>1</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Line</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>auth        sufficient                                   pam_unix.so</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Text</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>auth        sufficient                                   pam_unix.so</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Subexpression</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>sufficient</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Windows View</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Not collected</td>
                                                <td>No Value</td>
                                             </tr>
                                          </tbody>
                                       </table>
                                    </div>
                                 </div>
                              </div>
                           </evidence>
                        </xccdf:check>
                        <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                                     negate="false"
                                     multi-check="false">
                           <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                                    name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671094"/>
                           <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                              <div class="definition"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671094">
                                 <div class="criteria">
                                    <div class="criterion"
                                         id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671094"
                                         check="all"
                                         check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                       <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                          <tbody class="tbe">
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                                <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*account\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                                <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                                <td>All</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                                <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                             </tr>
                                          </tbody>
                                       </table>
                                       <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                          <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                                          <thead>
                                             <tr>
                                                <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                                <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                                <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                                <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                             </tr>
                                          </thead>
                                          <tbody class="tbe">
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Filepath</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Path</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Filename</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Pattern</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>^\h*account\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Instance</td>
                                                <td>Int</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>1</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Line</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>account     required                                     pam_unix.so</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Text</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>account     required                                     pam_unix.so</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Subexpression</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>required</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Windows View</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Not collected</td>
                                                <td>No Value</td>
                                             </tr>
                                          </tbody>
                                       </table>
                                    </div>
                                 </div>
                              </div>
                           </evidence>
                        </xccdf:check>
                     </xccdf:complex-check>
                     <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                                  negate="false"
                                  multi-check="false">
                        <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                                 name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671098"/>
                        <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                           <div class="definition"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671098">
                              <div class="criteria">
                                 <div class="criterion"
                                      id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671098"
                                      check="all"
                                      check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                    <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                       <tbody class="tbe">
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                             <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*password\h+(required|requisite|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                             <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                             <td>All</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                             <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                          </tr>
                                       </tbody>
                                    </table>
                                    <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                       <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                                       <thead>
                                          <tr>
                                             <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                             <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                             <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                             <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                          </tr>
                                       </thead>
                                       <tbody class="tbe">
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>Filepath</td>
                                             <td>String</td>
                                             <td>Exists</td>
                                             <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>Path</td>
                                             <td>String</td>
                                             <td>Exists</td>
                                             <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>Filename</td>
                                             <td>String</td>
                                             <td>Exists</td>
                                             <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>Pattern</td>
                                             <td>String</td>
                                             <td>Exists</td>
                                             <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>Instance</td>
                                             <td>Int</td>
                                             <td>Exists</td>
                                             <td>1</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>Line</td>
                                             <td>String</td>
                                             <td>Exists</td>
                                             <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>Text</td>
                                             <td>String</td>
                                             <td>Exists</td>
                                             <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>Subexpression</td>
                                             <td>String</td>
                                             <td>Exists</td>
                                             <td>sufficient</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>Windows View</td>
                                             <td>String</td>
                                             <td>Not collected</td>
                                             <td>No Value</td>
                                          </tr>
                                       </tbody>
                                    </table>
                                 </div>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </evidence>
                     </xccdf:check>
                  </xccdf:complex-check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                              name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671100"/>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="definition"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671100">
                           <div class="criteria">
                              <div class="criterion"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671100"
                                   check="all"
                                   check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                          <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*session\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                          <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                          <td>All</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                                    <thead>
                                       <tr>
                                          <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                          <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                       </tr>
                                    </thead>
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Filepath</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Path</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Filename</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Pattern</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>^\h*session\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Instance</td>
                                          <td>Int</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>1</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Line</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>session     required                                     pam_unix.so</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Text</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>session     required                                     pam_unix.so</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Subexpression</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Exists</td>
                                          <td>required</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>Windows View</td>
                                          <td>String</td>
                                          <td>Not collected</td>
                                          <td>No Value</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671104"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671104">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671104"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Filepath</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>/etc/authselect/system-auth</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Path</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Filename</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>system-auth</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Pattern</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>^\h*auth\h+(required|requisite|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Instance</td>
                                       <td>Int</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>1</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Line</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>auth        sufficient                                   pam_unix.so</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Text</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>auth        sufficient                                   pam_unix.so</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Subexpression</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>sufficient</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Windows View</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Not collected</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671106"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671106">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671106"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*account\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Filepath</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>/etc/authselect/system-auth</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Path</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Filename</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>system-auth</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Pattern</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>^\h*account\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Instance</td>
                                    <td>Int</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>1</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Line</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>account     required                                     pam_unix.so</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Text</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>account     required                                     pam_unix.so</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Subexpression</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>required</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Windows View</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Not collected</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671109"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671109">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671109"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*password\h+(required|requisite|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filepath</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/authselect/system-auth</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Path</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Filename</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>system-auth</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Pattern</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Instance</td>
                                 <td>Int</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>1</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Line</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Text</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Subexpression</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>sufficient</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Windows View</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Not collected</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671113"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671113">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671113"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*session\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect/system-auth</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>system-auth</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>^\h*session\h+(required|requisite)\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>session     required                                     pam_unix.so</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>session     required                                     pam_unix.so</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>required</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)

        Back to Summary

        5.3.3 Configure PAM Arguments

        Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) uses arguments to pass information to a pluggable module during authentication for a particular module type. These arguments allow the PAM configuration files for particular programs to use a common PAM module but in different ways.

        Invalid arguments are ignored and do not otherwise affect the success or failure of the PAM module. When an invalid argument is passed, an error is usually written to /var/log/messages file. However, since the reporting method is controlled by the PAM module, the module must be written correctly to log the error to this file.

        5.3.3.1 Configure pam_faillock module

        faillock.conf provides a way to configure the default settings for locking the user after multiple failed authentication attempts. This file is read by the pam_faillock module and is the preferred method over configuring pam_faillock directly.

        The file has a very simple name = value format with possible comments starting with # character. The whitespace at the beginning of line, end of line, and around the = sign is ignored.

        Options:

        • <dir=/path/to/tally-directory> - The directory where the user files with the failure records are kept. The default is /var/run/faillock. Note: These files will disappear after reboot on systems configured with directory /var/run/faillock mounted on virtual memory.
        • audit - Will log the user name into the system log if the user is not found.
        • silent - Don't print informative messages to the user. Please note that when this option is not used there will be difference in the authentication behavior for users which exist on the system and non-existing users.
        • no_log_info - Don't log informative messages via syslog(3).
        • local_users_only - Only track failed user authentications attempts for local users in /etc/passwd and ignore centralized (AD, IdM, LDAP, etc.) users. The faillock(8) command will also no longer track user failed authentication attempts. Enabling this option will prevent a double-lockout scenario where a user is locked out locally and in the centralized mechanism.
        • nodelay - Don't enforce a delay after authentication failures.
        • deny=<n> - Deny access if the number of consecutive authentication failures for this user during the recent interval exceeds . The default is 3.
        • fail_interval=n - The length of the interval during which the consecutive authentication failures must happen for the user account lock out is n seconds. The default is 900 (15 minutes).
        • unlock_time=n - The access will be re-enabled after n seconds after the lock out. The value 0 has the same meaning as value never - the access will not be re-enabled without resetting the faillock entries by the faillock(8) command. The default is 600 (10 minutes). Note that the default directory that pam_faillock uses is usually cleared on system boot so the access will be also re-enabled after system reboot. If that is undesirable a different tally directory must be set with the dir option. Also note that it is usually undesirable to permanently lock out users as they can become easily a target of denial of service attack unless the usernames are random and kept secret to potential attackers.
        • even_deny_root - Root account can become locked as well as regular accounts.
        • root_unlock_time=n - This option implies even_deny_root option. Allow access after n seconds to root account after the account is locked. In case the option is not specified the value is the same as of the unlock_time option.
        • admin_group=name - If a group name is specified with this option, members of the group will be handled by this module the same as the root account (the options even_deny_root and root_unlock_time will apply to them. By default the option is not set.

        Example /etc/security/faillock.conf file:

        deny=5

        unlock_time=900

        even_deny_root
        Fail

        5.3.3.1.1 Ensure password failed attempts lockout is configured

        Description:

        The deny=<n> option will deny access if the number of consecutive authentication failures for this user during the recent interval exceeds .

        Locking out user IDs after n unsuccessful consecutive login attempts mitigates brute force password attacks against your systems.

        Create or edit the following line in /etc/security/faillock.conf setting the deny option to 5 or less:

        deny = 5

        Run the following script to remove the deny argument from the pam_faillock.so module in the PAM files:

        #!/usr/bin/env bash

        {

        for l_pam_file in system-auth password-auth; do

        l_authselect_file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep 'custom/')/$l_pam_file"

        sed -ri 's/(^\s*auth\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_faillock\.so.*)(\s+deny\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

        done

        authselect apply-changes

        }

        Show Assessment Evidence
        Complex Check
        AND
        Complex Check
        AND
        Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*deny\h*=\h*[1-5]\b
        Existence Check: At Least One Exists
        Item Check: All
        Result: Fail
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?deny\h*=\h*(0|[6-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.
        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?deny\h*=\h*(0|[6-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
        Existence Check: None Exist
        Item Check: All
        Result: Pass
        No matching system items were found.


        Show Rule Result XML
        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.1_Ensure_password_failed_attempts_lockout_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.356+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/7"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671118"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671118">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671118"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*deny\h*=\h*[1-5]\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671122"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671122">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671122"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?deny\h*=\h*(0|[6-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671125"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671125">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671125"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?deny\h*=\h*(0|[6-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

        References:

          CIS Controls V7.0:

          • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
            CIS Control Information
            Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
            Subcontrol: 16.7
            Label: Establish Process for Revoking Access
            Description: Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by disabling accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an employee or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts, allows preservation of audit trails.
            • >

          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

          • Control 6: Access Control Management: -- More
            CIS Control Information
            Control: Use processes and tools to create, assign, manage, and revoke access credentials and privileges for user, administrator, and service accounts for enterprise assets and software.
            Safeguard: 6.2
            Label: Establish an Access Revoking Process
            Description: Establish and follow a process, preferably automated, for revoking access to enterprise assets, through disabling accounts immediately upon termination, rights revocation, or role change of a user. Disabling accounts, instead of deleting accounts, may be necessary to preserve audit trails.
            Implementation Group: IG-1
            Security Function: Protect
            • >

          Back to Summary
          Fail

          5.3.3.1.2 Ensure password unlock time is configured

          Description:

          unlock_time=<n> - The access will be re-enabled after seconds after the lock out. The value 0 has the same meaning as value never - the access will not be re-enabled without resetting the faillock entries by the faillock(8) command.

          Notes:

          • The default directory that pam_faillock uses is usually cleared on system boot so the access will be also re-enabled after system reboot. If that is undesirable a different tally directory must be set with the dir option.
          • It is usually undesirable to permanently lock out users as they can become easily a target of denial of service attack unless the usernames are random and kept secret to potential attackers.
          • The maximum configurable value for unlock_time is 604800

          Locking out user IDs after n unsuccessful consecutive login attempts mitigates brute force password attacks against your systems.

          Set password unlock time to conform to site policy. unlock_time should be 0 (never), or 900 seconds or greater.

          Edit /etc/security/faillock.conf and update or add the following line:

          unlock_time = 900

          Run the following script to remove the unlock_time argument from the pam_faillock.so module in the PAM files:

          #!/usr/bin/env bash

          {

          for l_pam_file in system-auth password-auth; do

          l_authselect_file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep 'custom/')/$l_pam_file"

          sed -ri 's/(^\s*auth\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_faillock\.so.*)(\s+unlock_time\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

          done

          authselect apply-changes

          }

          ``

          Impact:

          Use of unlock_time=0 may allow an attacker to cause denial of service to legitimate users. This will also require a systems administrator with elevated privileges to unlock the account.

          Show Assessment Evidence
          Complex Check
          AND
          Complex Check
          AND
          Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*unlock_time\h*=\h*(0|9[0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{3,})\b
          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
          Item Check: All
          Result: Fail
          No matching system items were found.
          Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-8][0-9][0-9])\b
          Existence Check: None Exist
          Item Check: All
          Result: Pass
          No matching system items were found.
          Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-8][0-9][0-9])\b
          Existence Check: None Exist
          Item Check: All
          Result: Pass
          No matching system items were found.


          Show Rule Result XML
          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.2_Ensure_password_unlock_time_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.356+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/7"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671127"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671127">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671127"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*unlock_time\h*=\h*(0|9[0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{3,})\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671130"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671130">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671130"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-8][0-9][0-9])\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671134"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671134">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671134"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-8][0-9][0-9])\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

          References:

            CIS Controls V7.0:

            • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
              CIS Control Information
              Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
              Subcontrol: 16.7
              Label: Establish Process for Revoking Access
              Description: Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by disabling accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an employee or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts, allows preservation of audit trails.
              • >

            CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

            • Control 6: Access Control Management: -- More
              CIS Control Information
              Control: Use processes and tools to create, assign, manage, and revoke access credentials and privileges for user, administrator, and service accounts for enterprise assets and software.
              Safeguard: 6.2
              Label: Establish an Access Revoking Process
              Description: Establish and follow a process, preferably automated, for revoking access to enterprise assets, through disabling accounts immediately upon termination, rights revocation, or role change of a user. Disabling accounts, instead of deleting accounts, may be necessary to preserve audit trails.
              Implementation Group: IG-1
              Security Function: Protect
              • >

            Back to Summary
            Fail

            5.3.3.1.3 Ensure password failed attempts lockout includes root account

            Description:

            even_deny_root - Root account can become locked as well as regular accounts

            root_unlock_time=n - This option implies even_deny_root option. Allow access after n seconds to root account after the account is locked. In case the option is not specified the value is the same as of the unlock_time option.

            Locking out user IDs after n unsuccessful consecutive login attempts mitigates brute force password attacks against your systems.

            Edit /etc/security/faillock.conf :

            • Remove or update any line containing root_unlock_time , - OR - set it to a value of 60 or more
            • Update or add the following line:
            even_deny_root

            Run the following script to remove the even_deny_root and root_unlock_time arguments from the pam_faillock.so module in the PAM files:

            #!/usr/bin/env bash

            {

            for l_pam_file in system-auth password-auth; do

            l_authselect_file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep 'custom/')/$l_pam_file"

            sed -ri 's/(^\s*auth\s+(.*)\s+pam_faillock\.so.*)(\s+even_deny_root)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

            sed -ri 's/(^\s*auth\s+(.*)\s+pam_faillock\.so.*)(\s+root_unlock_time\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

            done

            authselect apply-changes

            }

            ``

            Impact:

            Use of unlock_time=0 or root_unlock_time=0 may allow an attacker to cause denial of service to legitimate users.

            Show Assessment Evidence
            Complex Check
            AND
            Complex Check
            AND
            Complex Check
            AND
            Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(even_deny_root|root_unlock_time\h*=\h*\d+)\b
            Existence Check: At Least One Exists
            Item Check: All
            Result: Fail
            No matching system items were found.
            Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*root_unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-5][0-9])\b
            Existence Check: None Exist
            Item Check: All
            Result: Pass
            No matching system items were found.
            Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?root_unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-5][0-9])\b
            Existence Check: None Exist
            Item Check: All
            Result: Pass
            No matching system items were found.
            Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?root_unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-5][0-9])\b
            Existence Check: None Exist
            Item Check: All
            Result: Pass
            No matching system items were found.


            Show Rule Result XML
            <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.3_Ensure_password_failed_attempts_lockout_includes_root_account"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.356+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/7"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671140"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671140">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671140"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(even_deny_root|root_unlock_time\h*=\h*\d+)\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671143"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671143">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671143"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*root_unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-5][0-9])\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671147"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671147">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671147"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?root_unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-5][0-9])\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671150"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671150">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671150"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?root_unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-5][0-9])\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

            References:

              CIS Controls V7.0:

              • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
                Subcontrol: 16.7
                Label: Establish Process for Revoking Access
                Description: Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by disabling accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an employee or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts, allows preservation of audit trails.
                • >

              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

              • Control 6: Access Control Management: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Use processes and tools to create, assign, manage, and revoke access credentials and privileges for user, administrator, and service accounts for enterprise assets and software.
                Safeguard: 6.2
                Label: Establish an Access Revoking Process
                Description: Establish and follow a process, preferably automated, for revoking access to enterprise assets, through disabling accounts immediately upon termination, rights revocation, or role change of a user. Disabling accounts, instead of deleting accounts, may be necessary to preserve audit trails.
                Implementation Group: IG-1
                Security Function: Protect
                • >

              Back to Summary

              5.3.3.2 Configure pam_pwquality module

              The pam_pwquality.so module checks the strength of passwords. It performs checks such as making sure a password is not a dictionary word, it is a certain length, contains a mix of characters (e.g. alphabet, numeric, other) and more.

              These checks are configurable by either:

              • use of the module arguments
              • modifying the /etc/security/pwquality.conf configuration file
              • creating a .conf file in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory.

              Note: The module arguments override the settings in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf configuration file. Settings in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf configuration file override settings in a .conf file in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory.

              Fail

              5.3.3.2.1 Ensure password number of changed characters is configured

              Description:

              The pwqualitydifok option sets the number of characters in a password that must not be present in the old password.

              Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.

              Password complexity is one factor of several that determines how long it takes to crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.

              Create or modify a file ending in .conf in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory or the file /etc/security/pwquality.conf and add or modify the following line to set difok to 2 or more. Ensure setting conforms to local site policy:

              difok = 2

              Example:

              # sed -ri 's/^\s*difok\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf

              # printf '\n%s' "difok = 2" >> /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwdifok.conf

              Run the following script to remove setting difok on the pam_pwquality.so module in the PAM files:

              #!/usr/bin/env bash



              {

              for l_pam_file in system-auth password-auth; do

              l_authselect_file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep 'custom/')/$l_pam_file"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwquality\.so.*)(\s+difok\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

              done

              authselect apply-changes

              }

              Show Assessment Evidence
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Complex Check
              OR
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.


              Show Rule Result XML
              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.1_Ensure_password_number_of_changed_characters_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.356+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671161"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671161">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671161"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="none_exist">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>None Exist</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671166"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671166">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671166"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="none_exist">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>None Exist</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671170"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671170">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671170"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671173"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671173">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671173"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671155"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671155">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671155"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671158"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671158">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671158"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

              References:

              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

              CIS Controls V7.0:

              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                Subcontrol: 4.4
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                • >

              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

              • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                Safeguard: 5.2
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                Implementation Group: IG-1
                Security Function: Protect
                • >

              Back to Summary
              Fail

              5.3.3.2.2 Ensure password length is configured

              Description:

              minlen - Minimum acceptable size for the new password (plus one if credits are not disabled which is the default). Cannot be set to lower value than 6.

              Strong passwords protect systems from being hacked through brute force methods.

              Create or modify a file ending in .conf in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory or the file /etc/security/pwquality.conf and add or modify the following line to set password length of 14 or more characters. Ensure that password length conforms to local site policy:

              Example:

              # sed -ri 's/^\s*minlen\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf

              # printf '\n%s' "minlen = 14" >> /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwlength.conf

              Run the following script to remove setting minlen on the pam_pwquality.so module in the PAM files:

              #!/usr/bin/env bash



              {

              for l_pam_file in system-auth password-auth; do

              l_authselect_file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep 'custom/')/$l_pam_file"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwquality\.so.*)(\s+minlen\s*=\s*[0-9]+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

              done

              authselect apply-changes

              }

              Show Assessment Evidence
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[0-3]|[0-9])\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[0-3]|[0-9])\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?minlen\h*=\h*([0-9]|1[0-3])\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?minlen\h*=\h*([0-9]|1[0-3])\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Complex Check
              OR
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[4-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[4-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.


              Show Rule Result XML
              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.2_Ensure_password_length_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.356+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">pam_pwquality(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671185"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671185">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671185"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="none_exist">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[0-3]|[0-9])\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>None Exist</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671187"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671187">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671187"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="none_exist">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[0-3]|[0-9])\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>None Exist</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671191"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671191">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671191"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?minlen\h*=\h*([0-9]|1[0-3])\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671194"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671194">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671194"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?minlen\h*=\h*([0-9]|1[0-3])\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671177"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671177">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671177"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[4-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671180"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671180">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671180"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[4-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

              References:

              • URL: pam_pwquality(8)
              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

              CIS Controls V7.0:

              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                Subcontrol: 4.4
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                • >

              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

              • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                Safeguard: 5.2
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                Implementation Group: IG-1
                Security Function: Protect
                • >

              Back to Summary
              Manual

              5.3.3.2.3 Ensure password complexity is configured

              Description:

              Password complexity can be set through:

              • minclass - The minimum number of classes of characters required in a new password. (digits, uppercase, lowercase, others). e.g. minclass = 4 requires digits, uppercase, lower case, and special characters.
              • dcredit - The maximum credit for having digits in the new password. If less than 0 it is the minimum number of digits in the new password. e.g. dcredit = -1 requires at least one digit
              • ucredit - The maximum credit for having uppercase characters in the new password. If less than 0 it is the minimum number of uppercase characters in the new password. e.g. ucredit = -1 requires at least one uppercase character
              • ocredit - The maximum credit for having other characters in the new password. If less than 0 it is the minimum number of other characters in the new password. e.g. ocredit = -1 requires at least one special character
              • lcredit - The maximum credit for having lowercase characters in the new password. If less than 0 it is the minimum number of lowercase characters in the new password. e.g. lcredit = -1 requires at least one lowercase character

              Strong passwords protect systems from being hacked through brute force methods.

              Create or modify a file ending in .conf in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory or the file /etc/security/pwquality.conf and add or modify the following line to set:

              • minclass = 4

              --AND/OR--

              • dcredit = -_N_
              • ucredit = -_N_
              • ocredit = -_N_
              • lcredit = -_N_

              Example:

              # sed -ri 's/^\s*minclass\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf

              # printf '\n%s' "minclass = 4" >> /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwcomplexity.conf

              --AND/OR--

              # sed -ri 's/^\s*[dulo]credit\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf

              # printf '%s\n' "dcredit = -1" "ucredit = -1" "ocredit = -1" "lcredit = -1" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwcomplexity.conf

              Run the following script to remove setting minclass , dcredit , ucredit , lcredit , and ocredit on the pam_pwquality.so module in the PAM files

              #!/usr/bin/env bash



              {

              for l_pam_file in system-auth password-auth; do

              l_authselect_file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep 'custom/')/$l_pam_file"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwquality\.so.*)(\s+minclass\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwquality\.so.*)(\s+dcredit\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwquality\.so.*)(\s+ucredit\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwquality\.so.*)(\s+lcredit\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwquality\.so.*)(\s+ocredit\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

              done

              authselect apply-changes

              }

              Show Assessment Evidence
              Complex Check
              AND
              Script: sce/nix_pwquality_complexity_chk.sh
              Result: Fail
              Exit Value: 102
              Output:
              • - Audit Result:
              • ** FAIL **
              • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
              • - "dcredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file
              • - "ucredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file
              • - "lcredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file
              • - "ocredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file
              • - "minclass" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file
              No error lines were collected.


              Show Rule Result XML
              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.3_Ensure_password_complexity_is_configured"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.356+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>informational</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">pam_pwquality(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">PWQUALITY.CONF(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_pwquality_complexity_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_pwquality_complexity_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_pwquality_complexity_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "dcredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</l>
                  <l> - "ucredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</l>
                  <l> - "lcredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</l>
                  <l> - "ocredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</l>
                  <l> - "minclass" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_pwquality_complexity_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "dcredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</li>
                              <li> - "ucredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</li>
                              <li> - "lcredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</li>
                              <li> - "ocredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</li>
                              <li> - "minclass" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

              References:

              • URL: pam_pwquality(8)
              • URL: PWQUALITY.CONF(5)
              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

              CIS Controls V7.0:

              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                Subcontrol: 4.4
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                • >

              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

              • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                Safeguard: 5.2
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                Implementation Group: IG-1
                Security Function: Protect
                • >

              Back to Summary
              Fail

              5.3.3.2.4 Ensure password same consecutive characters is configured

              Description:

              The pwqualitymaxrepeat option sets the maximum number of allowed same consecutive characters in a new password.

              Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.

              Password complexity is one factor of several that determines how long it takes to crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.

              Create or modify a file ending in .conf in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory or the file /etc/security/pwquality.conf and add or modify the following line to set maxrepeat to 3 or less and not 0 . Ensure setting conforms to local site policy:

              Example:

              # sed -ri 's/^\s*maxrepeat\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf

              # printf '\n%s' "maxrepeat = 3" >> /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwrepeat.conf

              Run the following script to remove setting maxrepeat on the pam_pwquality.so module in the PAM files:

              #!/usr/bin/env bash



              {

              for l_pam_file in system-auth password-auth; do

              l_authselect_file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep 'custom/')/$l_pam_file"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwquality\.so.*)(\s+maxrepeat\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

              done

              authselect apply-changes

              }

              Show Assessment Evidence
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+]\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Complex Check
              OR
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*[1-3]\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*[1-3]\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.


              Show Rule Result XML
              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.4_Ensure_password_same_consecutive_characters_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671211"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671211">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671211"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="none_exist">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>None Exist</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671214"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671214">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671214"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="none_exist">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+]\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>None Exist</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671219"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671219">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671219"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671222"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671222">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671222"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671203"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671203">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671203"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*[1-3]\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671206"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671206">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671206"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*[1-3]\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

              References:

              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

              CIS Controls V7.0:

              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                Subcontrol: 4.4
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                • >

              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

              • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                Safeguard: 5.2
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                Implementation Group: IG-1
                Security Function: Protect
                • >

              Back to Summary
              Fail

              5.3.3.2.5 Ensure password maximum sequential characters is configured

              Description:

              The pwqualitymaxsequence option sets the maximum length of monotonic character sequences in the new password. Examples of such sequence are 12345 or fedcb . The check is disabled if the value is 0 .

              Note: Most such passwords will not pass the simplicity check unless the sequence is only a minor part of the password.

              Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.

              Password complexity is one factor of several that determines how long it takes to crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.

              Create or modify a file ending in .conf in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory or the file /etc/security/pwquality.conf and add or modify the following line to set maxsequence to 3 or less and not 0 . Ensure setting conforms to local site policy:

              Example:

              # sed -ri 's/^\s*maxsequence\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf

              # printf '\n%s' "maxsequence = 3" >> /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwmaxsequence.conf

              Run the following script to remove setting maxsequence on the pam_pwquality.so module in the PAM files:

              #!/usr/bin/env bash



              {

              for l_pam_file in system-auth password-auth; do

              l_authselect_file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep 'custom/')/$l_pam_file"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwquality\.so.*)(\s+maxsequence\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

              done

              authselect apply-changes

              }

              Show Assessment Evidence
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Complex Check
              OR
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*[1-3]\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*[1-3]\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.


              Show Rule Result XML
              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.5_Ensure_password_maximum_sequential_characters_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671236"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671236">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671236"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="none_exist">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>None Exist</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671239"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671239">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671239"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="none_exist">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>None Exist</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671244"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671244">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671244"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671248"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671248">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671248"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671227"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671227">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671227"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*[1-3]\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671230"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671230">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671230"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*[1-3]\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

              References:

              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

              CIS Controls V7.0:

              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                Subcontrol: 4.4
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                • >

              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

              • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                Safeguard: 5.2
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                Implementation Group: IG-1
                Security Function: Protect
                • >

              Back to Summary
              Pass

              5.3.3.2.6 Ensure password dictionary check is enabled

              Description:

              The pwqualitydictcheck option sets whether to check for the words from the cracklib dictionary.

              If the operating system allows the user to select passwords based on dictionary words, this increases the chances of password compromise by increasing the opportunity for successful guesses, and brute-force attacks.

              Edit any file ending in .conf in the /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ directory and/or the file /etc/security/pwquality.conf and comment out or remove any instance of dictcheck = 0 :

              Example:

              # sed -ri 's/^\s*dictcheck\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/*.conf

              Run the following script to remove setting dictcheck on the pam_pwquality.so module in the PAM files:

              #!/usr/bin/env bash



              {

              for l_pam_file in system-auth password-auth; do

              l_authselect_file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep 'custom/')/$l_pam_file"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwquality\.so.*)(\s+dictcheck\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

              done

              authselect apply-changes

              }

              Show Assessment Evidence
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.


              Show Rule Result XML
              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.6_Ensure_password_dictionary_check_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671252"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671252">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671252"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671255"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671255">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671255"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671258"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671258">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671258"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671260"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671260">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671260"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

              References:

              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

              CIS Controls V7.0:

              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                Subcontrol: 4.4
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                • >

              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

              • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                Safeguard: 5.2
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                Implementation Group: IG-1
                Security Function: Protect
                • >

              Back to Summary
              Fail

              5.3.3.2.7 Ensure password quality is enforced for the root user

              Description:

              If the pwqualityenforce_for_root option is enabled, the module will return error on failed check even if the user changing the password is root.

              This option is off by default which means that just the message about the failed check is printed but root can change the password anyway.

              Note: The root is not asked for an old password so the checks that compare the old and new password are not performed.

              Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.

              Password complexity is one factor of several that determines how long it takes to crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.

              Edit or add the following line in a *.conf file in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d or in /etc/security/pwquality.conf :

              Example:

              printf '\n%s\n' "enforce_for_root" >> /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwroot.conf

              Show Assessment Evidence
              Complex Check
              OR
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*enforce_for_root\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*enforce_for_root\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.


              Show Rule Result XML
              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.7_Ensure_password_quality_is_enforced_for_the_root_user"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671263"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671263">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671263"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*enforce_for_root\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671266"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671266">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671266"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*enforce_for_root\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

              References:

              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

              CIS Controls V7.0:

              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                Subcontrol: 4.4
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                • >

              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

              • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                Safeguard: 5.2
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                Implementation Group: IG-1
                Security Function: Protect
                • >

              Back to Summary

              5.3.3.3 Configure pam_pwhistory module

              pam_pwhistory - PAM module to remember last passwords

              pam_history.so module - This module saves the last passwords for each user in order to force password change history and keep the user from alternating between the same password too frequently.

              This module does not work together with kerberos. In general, it does not make much sense to use this module in conjunction with NIS or LDAP , since the old passwords are stored on the local machine and are not available on another machine for password history checking.

              Options:

              • debug - Turns on debugging via syslog(3).
              • use_authtok - When password changing enforce the module to use the new password provided by a previously stacked password module (this is used in the example of the stacking of the pam_passwdqc module documented below).
              • enforce_for_root - If this option is set, the check is enforced for root, too.
              • remember=<N> - The last <N> passwords for each user are saved. The default is 10 . Value of 0 makes the module to keep the existing contents of the opasswd file unchanged.
              • retry=<N> - Prompt user at most <N> times before returning with error. The default is 1 .
              • authtok_type=<STRING> - See pam_get_authtok(3) for more details.
              • conf=</path/to/config-file> - Use another configuration file instead of the default /etc/security/pwhistory.conf .

              Examples:

              An example password section would be:



              #%PAM-1.0

              password required pam_pwhistory.so

              password required pam_unix.so use_authtok



              In combination with pam_passwdqc:



              #%PAM-1.0

              password required pam_passwdqc.so config=/etc/passwdqc.conf

              password required pam_pwhistory.so use_authtok

              password required pam_unix.so use_authtok

              The options for configuring the module behavior are described in the pwhistory.conf(5) manual page. The options specified on the module command line override the values from the configuration file.

              pwhistory.conf provides a way to configure the default settings for saving the last passwords for each user. This file is read by the pam_pwhistory module and is the preferred method over configuring pam_pwhistory directly.

              The file has a very simple name = value format with possible comments starting with # character. The whitespace at the beginning of line, end of line, and around the = sign is ignored.

              Options:

              • debug - Turns on debugging via syslog(3).
              • enforce_for_root - If this option is set, the check is enforced for root, too.
              • remember=<N> - The last <N> passwords for each user are saved. The default is 10 . Value of 0 makes the module to keep the existing contents of the opasswd file unchanged.
              • retry=<N> - Prompt user at most <N> times before returning with error. The default is 1 .
              • file=</path/filename> - Store password history in file </path/filename> rather than the default location. The default location is /etc/security/opasswd .
              Fail

              5.3.3.3.1 Ensure password history remember is configured

              Description:

              The /etc/security/opasswd file stores the users' old passwords and can be checked to ensure that users are not recycling recent passwords. The number of passwords remembered is set via the remember argument value in set for the pam_pwhistory module.

              • remember=<N> - <N> is the number of old passwords to remember

              Requiring users not to reuse their passwords make it less likely that an attacker will be able to guess the password or use a compromised password.

              Note: These change only apply to accounts configured on the local system.

              Edit or add the following line in /etc/security/pwhistory.conf :

              remember = 24

              Run the following script to remove the remember argument from the pam_pwhistory.so module in /etc/pam.d/system-auth and /etc/pam.d/password-auth :

              #!/usr/bin/env bash



              {

              for l_pam_file in system-auth password-auth; do

              l_authselect_file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep 'custom/')/$l_pam_file"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwhistory\.so.*)(\s+remember\s*=\s*\S+)(.*$)/\1\4/' "$l_authselect_file"

              done

              authselect apply-changes

              }

              Show Assessment Evidence
              Complex Check
              AND
              Complex Check
              AND
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwhistory.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*remember\h*=\h*(2[4-9]|[3-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember=(2[0-3]|1[0-9]|[0-9])\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember=(2[0-3]|1[0-9]|[0-9])\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Pass
              No matching system items were found.


              Show Rule Result XML
              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.1_Ensure_password_history_remember_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671271"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671271">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671271"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwhistory.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*remember\h*=\h*(2[4-9]|[3-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671274"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671274">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671274"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember=(2[0-3]|1[0-9]|[0-9])\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671277"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671277">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671277"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember=(2[0-3]|1[0-9]|[0-9])\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

              References:

              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)

              CIS Controls V7.0:

              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                Subcontrol: 4.4
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                • >

              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

              • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                Safeguard: 5.2
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                Implementation Group: IG-1
                Security Function: Protect
                • >

              Back to Summary
              Fail

              5.3.3.3.2 Ensure password history is enforced for the root user

              Description:

              If the pwhistoryenforce_for_root option is enabled, the module will enforce password history for the root user as well

              Requiring users not to reuse their passwords make it less likely that an attacker will be able to guess the password or use a compromised password

              Note: These change only apply to accounts configured on the local system.

              Edit or add the following line in /etc/security/pwhistory.conf :

              enforce_for_root

              Show Assessment Evidence
              Complex Check
              AND
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwhistory.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*enforce_for_root\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.


              Show Rule Result XML
              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.2_Ensure_password_history_is_enforced_for_the_root_user"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671280"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671280">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671280"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwhistory.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*enforce_for_root\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

              References:

              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

              CIS Controls V7.0:

              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                Subcontrol: 4.4
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                • >

              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

              • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                Safeguard: 5.2
                Label: Use Unique Passwords
                Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                Implementation Group: IG-1
                Security Function: Protect
                • >

              Back to Summary
              Fail

              5.3.3.3.3 Ensure pam_pwhistory includes use_authtok

              Description:

              use_authtok - When password changing enforce the module to set the new password to the one provided by a previously stacked password module

              use_authtok allows multiple pam modules to confirm a new password before it is accepted.

              Run the following script to verify the active authselect profile includes use_authtok on the password stack's pam_pwhistory.so module lines:

              #!/usr/bin/env bash



              {

              l_pam_profile="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

              if grep -Pq -- '^custom\/' <<< "$l_pam_profile"; then

              l_pam_profile_path="/etc/authselect/$l_pam_profile"

              else

              l_pam_profile_path="/usr/share/authselect/default/$l_pam_profile"

              fi

              grep -P -- '^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?use_authtok\b' "$l_pam_profile_path"/{password,system}-auth

              }

              Example output:

              /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:password required pam_pwhistory.so use_authtok



              /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:password required pam_pwhistory.so use_authtok

              - IF - the output does not include use_authtok , run the following script:

              #!/usr/bin/env bash



              {

              l_pam_profile="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

              if grep -Pq -- '^custom\/' <<< "$l_pam_profile"; then

              l_pam_profile_path="/etc/authselect/$l_pam_profile"

              else

              l_pam_profile_path="/usr/share/authselect/default/$l_pam_profile"

              fi

              for l_authselect_file in "$l_pam_profile_path"/password-auth "$l_pam_profile_path"/system-auth; do

              if grep -Pq '^\h*password\h+([^#\n\r]+)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?use_authtok\b' "$l_authselect_file"; then

              echo "- \"use_authtok\" is already set"

              else

              echo "- \"use_authtok\" is not set. Updating template"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwhistory\.so\s+.*)$/& use_authtok/g' "$l_authselect_file"

              fi

              done

              }

              Run the following command to update the password-auth and system-auth files in /etc/pam.d to include the use_authtok argument on the password stack's pam_pwhistory.so lines:

              # authselect apply-changes

              Show Assessment Evidence
              Complex Check
              AND
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+use_authtok\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.
              Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+use_authtok\b
              Existence Check: At Least One Exists
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              No matching system items were found.


              Show Rule Result XML
              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.3_Ensure_pam_pwhistory_includes_use_authtok"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/11"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671282"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671282">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671282"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+use_authtok\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671284"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671284">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671284"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+use_authtok\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

              References:

              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

              CIS Controls V7.0:

              • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
                Subcontrol: 16.4
                Label: Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials
                Description: Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.
                • >

              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

              • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                CIS Control Information
                Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                Safeguard: 3.11
                Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest
                Description: Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption, meets the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods may include application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption, where access to the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text data.
                Implementation Group: IG-2
                Security Function: Protect
                • >

              Back to Summary

              5.3.3.4 Configure pam_unix module

              The pam_unix.so module is the standard Unix authentication module. It uses standard calls from the system's libraries to retrieve and set account information as well as authentication. Usually this is obtained from the /etc/passwd and the /etc/shadow file as well if shadow is enabled.

              Fail

              5.3.3.4.1 Ensure pam_unix does not include nullok

              Description:

              The nullok argument overrides the default action of pam_unix.so to not permit the user access to a service if their official password is blank.

              Using a strong password is essential to helping protect personal and sensitive information from unauthorized access

              Run the following script to verify that the active authselect profile's system-auth and password-auth files include {if not "without-nullok":nullok}- OR - don't include the nullok option on the pam_unix.so module:

              {

              l_module_name="unix"

              l_profile_name="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

              if [[ ! "$l_profile_name" =~ ^custom\/ ]]; then

              echo " - Follow Recommendation \"Ensure custom authselect profile is used\" and then return to this Recommendation"

              else

              grep -P -- "\bpam_$l_module_name\.so\b" /etc/authselect/$l_profile_name/{password,system}-auth

              fi

              }

              Example output with a custom profile named "custom-profile":

              /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:auth sufficient pam_unix.so {if not "without-nullok":nullok}

              /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:account required pam_unix.so

              /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow {if not "without-nullok":nullok} use_authtok

              /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:session required pam_unix.so



              /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:auth sufficient pam_unix.so {if not "without-nullok":nullok}

              /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:account required pam_unix.so

              /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow {if not "without-nullok":nullok} use_authtok

              /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:session required pam_unix.so

              - IF - any line is returned with nullok that doesn't also include {if not "without-nullok":nullok} , run the following script:

              #!/usr/bin/env bash



              {

              for l_pam_file in system-auth password-auth; do

              l_file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep 'custom/')/$l_pam_file"

              sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_unix\.so\s+.*)(nullok)(\s*.*)$/\1\2\4/g' $l_file

              done

              }

              - IF - any line is returned with {if not "without-nullok":nullok} , run the following command to enable the authselect without-nullok feature:

              # authselect enable-feature without-nullok

              Run the following command to update the files in /etc/pam.d to include pam_unix.so without the nullok argument:

              # authselect apply-changes

              Show Assessment Evidence
              Complex Check
              AND
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(auth|account|password|session)\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?nullok\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              Textfilecontent Item
              Name Type Status Value
              Filepath String Exists /etc/authselect/system-auth
              Path String Exists /etc/authselect
              Filename String Exists system-auth
              Pattern String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
              Instance Int Exists 1
              Line String Exists auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok
              Text String Exists auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok
              Subexpression String Exists auth
              Subexpression String Exists sufficient
              Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
              Windows View String Not collected No Value
              Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(auth|account|password|session)\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?nullok\b
              Existence Check: None Exist
              Item Check: All
              Result: Fail
              Textfilecontent Item
              Name Type Status Value
              Filepath String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
              Path String Exists /etc/authselect
              Filename String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
              Pattern String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
              Instance Int Exists 1
              Line String Exists auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok
              Text String Exists auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok
              Subexpression String Exists auth
              Subexpression String Exists sufficient
              Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
              Windows View String Not collected No Value


              Show Rule Result XML
              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.1_Ensure_pam_unix_does_not_include_nullok"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671287"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671287">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671287"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(auth|account|password|session)\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?nullok\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect/system-auth</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>system-auth</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>auth        sufficient                                   pam_unix.so nullok</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>auth        sufficient                                   pam_unix.so nullok</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>auth</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>sufficient</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671289"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671289">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671289"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(auth|account|password|session)\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?nullok\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>auth        sufficient                                   pam_unix.so nullok</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>auth        sufficient                                   pam_unix.so nullok</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>auth</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>sufficient</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

              References:

                CIS Controls V7.0:

                • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                  CIS Control Information
                  Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                  Subcontrol: 4.4
                  Label: Use Unique Passwords
                  Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                  • >

                CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                  CIS Control Information
                  Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                  Safeguard: 5.2
                  Label: Use Unique Passwords
                  Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                  Implementation Group: IG-1
                  Security Function: Protect
                  • >

                Back to Summary
                Pass

                5.3.3.4.2 Ensure pam_unix does not include remember

                Description:

                The remember=n argument saves the last n passwords for each user in /etc/security/opasswd in order to force password change history and keep the user from alternating between the same password too frequently. The MD5 password hash algorithm is used for storing the old passwords. Instead of this option the pam_pwhistory module should be used. The pam_pwhistory module saves the last n passwords for each user in /etc/security/opasswd using the password hash algorithm set on the pam_unix module. This allows for the sha512 hash algorithm to be used.

                The remember=n argument should be removed to ensure a strong password hashing algorithm is being used. A stronger hash provides additional protection to the system by increasing the level of effort needed for an attacker to successfully determine local user's old passwords stored in /etc/security/opasswd .

                Run the following script to verify the active authselect profile doesn't include the remember argument on the pam_unix.so module lines:

                #!/usr/bin/env bash



                {

                l_pam_profile="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

                if grep -Pq -- '^custom\/' <<< "$l_pam_profile"; then

                l_pam_profile_path="/etc/authselect/$l_pam_profile"

                else

                l_pam_profile_path="/usr/share/authselect/default/$l_pam_profile"

                fi

                grep -P -- '^\h*password\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)pam_unix\.so\b' "$l_pam_profile_path"/{password,system}-auth

                }

                Output should be similar to:

                /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow {if not "without-nullok":nullok} use_authtok



                /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow {if not "without-nullok":nullok} use_authtok

                - IF - any line includes remember= , run the following script to remove the remember= from the pam_unix.so lines in the active authselect profile password-auth and system-auth` templates:

                #!/usr/bin/env bash



                {

                l_pam_profile="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

                if grep -Pq -- '^custom\/' <<< "$l_pam_profile"; then

                l_pam_profile_path="/etc/authselect/$l_pam_profile"

                else

                l_pam_profile_path="/usr/share/authselect/default/$l_pam_profile"

                fi

                for l_authselect_file in "$l_pam_profile_path"/password-auth "$l_pam_profile_path"/system-auth; do

                sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_unix\.so\s+.*)(remember=[1-9][0-9]*)(\s*.*)$/\1\4/g' "$l_authselect_file"

                done

                }

                Run the following command to update the password-auth and system-auth files in /etc/pam.d to include pam_unix.so without the remember argument:

                # authselect apply-changes

                Show Assessment Evidence
                Complex Check
                AND
                Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember=\b
                Existence Check: None Exist
                Item Check: All
                Result: Pass
                No matching system items were found.
                Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember=\b
                Existence Check: None Exist
                Item Check: All
                Result: Pass
                No matching system items were found.


                Show Rule Result XML
                <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.2_Ensure_pam_unix_does_not_include_remember"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671291"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671291">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671291"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember=\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671293"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671293">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671293"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember=\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                References:

                  CIS Controls V7.0:

                  • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                    CIS Control Information
                    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                    Subcontrol: 4.4
                    Label: Use Unique Passwords
                    Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                    • >

                  CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                  • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                    CIS Control Information
                    Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                    Safeguard: 5.2
                    Label: Use Unique Passwords
                    Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                    Implementation Group: IG-1
                    Security Function: Protect
                    • >

                  Back to Summary
                  Pass

                  5.3.3.4.3 Ensure pam_unix includes a strong password hashing algorithm

                  Description:

                  A cryptographic hash function converts an arbitrary-length input into a fixed length output. Password hashing performs a one-way transformation of a password, turning the password into another string, called the hashed password.

                  The SHA-512 and yescrypt algorithms provide a stronger hash than other algorithms used by Linux for password hash generation. A stronger hash provides additional protection to the system by increasing the level of effort needed for an attacker to successfully determine local user passwords.

                  Note: These changes only apply to the local system.

                  Note:

                  • It is highly recommended that the chosen hashing algorithm is consistent across /etc/libuser.conf , /etc/login.defs , /etc/pam.d/password-auth , and /etc/pam.d/system-auth .
                  • This only effects local users and passwords created after updating the files to use sha512 or yescrypt . If it is determined that the password algorithm being used is not sha512 or yescrypt , once it is changed, it is recommended that all user ID's be immediately expired and forced to change their passwords on next login.

                  Run the following script to verify the active authselect profile includes a strong password hashing algorithm on the password stack's pam_unix.so module lines:

                  #!/usr/bin/env bash



                  {

                  l_pam_profile="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

                  if grep -Pq -- '^custom\/' <<< "$l_pam_profile"; then

                  l_pam_profile_path="/etc/authselect/$l_pam_profile"

                  else

                  l_pam_profile_path="/usr/share/authselect/default/$l_pam_profile"

                  fi

                  grep -P -- '^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?(sha512|yescrypt)\b' "$l_pam_profile_path"/{password,system}-auth

                  }

                  Example output:

                  /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow {if not "without-nullok":nullok} use_authtok



                  /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow {if not "without-nullok":nullok} use_authtok

                  - IF - the output does not include either sha512- OR -yescrypt , or includes a different hashing algorithm, run the following script:

                  #!/usr/bin/env bash



                  {

                  l_pam_profile="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

                  if grep -Pq -- '^custom\/' <<< "$l_pam_profile"; then

                  l_pam_profile_path="/etc/authselect/$l_pam_profile"

                  else

                  l_pam_profile_path="/usr/share/authselect/default/$l_pam_profile"

                  fi

                  for l_authselect_file in "$l_pam_profile_path"/password-auth "$l_pam_profile_path"/system-auth; do

                  if grep -Pq '^\h*password\h+()\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?(sha512|yescrypt)\b' "$l_authselect_file"; then

                  echo "- A strong password hashing algorithm is correctly set"

                  elif grep -Pq '^\h*password\h+()\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?(md5|bigcrypt|sha256|blowfish)\b' "$l_authselect_file"; then

                  echo "- A weak password hashing algorithm is set, updating to \"sha512\""

                  sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_unix\.so\s+.*)(md5|bigcrypt|sha256|blowfish)(\s*.*)$/\1\4 sha512/g' "$l_authselect_file"

                  else

                  echo "No password hashing algorithm is set, updating to \"sha512\""

                  sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_unix\.so\s+.*)$/& sha512/g' "$l_authselect_file"

                  fi

                  done

                  }

                  Run the following command to update the password-auth and system-auth files in /etc/pam.d to include pam_unix.so with a strong password hashing algorithm argument:

                  # authselect apply-changes

                  Show Assessment Evidence
                  Complex Check
                  AND
                  Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+(sha512|yescrypt)\b
                  Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                  Item Check: All
                  Result: Pass
                  Textfilecontent Item
                  Name Type Status Value
                  Filepath String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Path String Exists /etc/authselect
                  Filename String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Pattern String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Instance Int Exists 1
                  Line String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Text String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Subexpression String Exists sufficient
                  Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
                  Subexpression String Exists sha512
                  Windows View String Not collected No Value
                  Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+(sha512|yescrypt)\b
                  Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                  Item Check: All
                  Result: Pass
                  Textfilecontent Item
                  Name Type Status Value
                  Filepath String Exists /etc/authselect/system-auth
                  Path String Exists /etc/authselect
                  Filename String Exists system-auth
                  Pattern String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Instance Int Exists 1
                  Line String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Text String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Subexpression String Exists sufficient
                  Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
                  Subexpression String Exists sha512
                  Windows View String Not collected No Value


                  Show Rule Result XML
                  <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.3_Ensure_pam_unix_includes_a_strong_password_hashing_algorithm"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/11"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671295"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671295">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671295"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+(sha512|yescrypt)\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>sufficient</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>sha512</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671297"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671297">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671297"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+(sha512|yescrypt)\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect/system-auth</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>system-auth</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>sufficient</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>sha512</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                  References:

                  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

                  CIS Controls V7.0:

                  • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
                    CIS Control Information
                    Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
                    Subcontrol: 16.4
                    Label: Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials
                    Description: Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.
                    • >

                  CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                    CIS Control Information
                    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                    Safeguard: 3.11
                    Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest
                    Description: Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption, meets the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods may include application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption, where access to the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text data.
                    Implementation Group: IG-2
                    Security Function: Protect
                    • >

                  Back to Summary
                  Pass

                  5.3.3.4.4 Ensure pam_unix includes use_authtok

                  Description:

                  use_authtok - When password changing enforce the module to set the new password to the one provided by a previously stacked password module

                  use_authtok allows multiple pam modules to confirm a new password before it is accepted.

                  Run the following script to verify the active authselect profile includes use_authtok on the password stack's pam_unix.so module lines:

                  #!/usr/bin/env bash



                  {

                  l_pam_profile="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

                  if grep -Pq -- '^custom\/' <<< "$l_pam_profile"; then

                  l_pam_profile_path="/etc/authselect/$l_pam_profile"

                  else

                  l_pam_profile_path="/usr/share/authselect/default/$l_pam_profile"

                  fi

                  grep -P -- '^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?use_authtok\b' "$l_pam_profile_path"/{password,system}-auth

                  }

                  Example output:

                  /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/password-auth:password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow {if not "without-nullok":nullok} use_authtok



                  /etc/authselect/custom/custom-profile/system-auth:password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow {if not "without-nullok":nullok} use_authtok

                  - IF - the output does not include use_authtok , run the following script:

                  #!/usr/bin/env bash



                  {

                  l_pam_profile="$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf)"

                  if grep -Pq -- '^custom\/' <<< "$l_pam_profile"; then

                  l_pam_profile_path="/etc/authselect/$l_pam_profile"

                  else

                  l_pam_profile_path="/usr/share/authselect/default/$l_pam_profile"

                  fi

                  for l_authselect_file in "$l_pam_profile_path"/password-auth "$l_pam_profile_path"/system-auth; do

                  if grep -Pq '^\h*password\h+([^#\n\r]+)\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?use_authtok\b' "$l_authselect_file"; then

                  echo "- \"use_authtok\" is already set"

                  else

                  echo "- \"use_authtok\" is not set. Updating template"

                  sed -ri 's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_unix\.so\s+.*)$/& use_authtok/g' "$l_authselect_file"

                  fi

                  done

                  }

                  Run the following command to update the password-auth and system-auth files in /etc/pam.d to include the use_authtok argument on the password stack's pam_unix.so lines:

                  # authselect apply-changes

                  Show Assessment Evidence
                  Complex Check
                  AND
                  Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+use_authtok\b
                  Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                  Item Check: All
                  Result: Pass
                  Textfilecontent Item
                  Name Type Status Value
                  Filepath String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Path String Exists /etc/authselect
                  Filename String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Pattern String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Instance Int Exists 1
                  Line String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Text String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Subexpression String Exists sufficient
                  Subexpression String Exists sha512 shadow nullok
                  Windows View String Not collected No Value
                  Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+use_authtok\b
                  Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                  Item Check: All
                  Result: Pass
                  Textfilecontent Item
                  Name Type Status Value
                  Filepath String Exists /etc/authselect/system-auth
                  Path String Exists /etc/authselect
                  Filename String Exists system-auth
                  Pattern String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Instance Int Exists 1
                  Line String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Text String Exists OBFUSCATED [PWD]
                  Subexpression String Exists sufficient
                  Subexpression String Exists sha512 shadow nullok
                  Windows View String Not collected No Value


                  Show Rule Result XML
                  <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.4_Ensure_pam_unix_includes_use_authtok"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/11"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671298"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671298">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671298"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/password-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+use_authtok\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>sufficient</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td> sha512 shadow nullok</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671299"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671299">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671299"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/system-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+use_authtok\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect/system-auth</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/authselect</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>system-auth</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>sufficient</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td> sha512 shadow nullok</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                  References:

                  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

                  CIS Controls V7.0:

                  • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
                    CIS Control Information
                    Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
                    Subcontrol: 16.4
                    Label: Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials
                    Description: Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.
                    • >

                  CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                    CIS Control Information
                    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                    Safeguard: 3.11
                    Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest
                    Description: Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption, meets the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods may include application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption, where access to the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text data.
                    Implementation Group: IG-2
                    Security Function: Protect
                    • >

                  Back to Summary

                  5.4 User Accounts and Environment

                  This section provides guidance on setting up secure defaults for system and user accounts and their environment.

                  5.4.1 Configure shadow password suite parameters

                  While a majority of the password control parameters have been moved to PAM, some parameters are still available through the shadow password suite. Any changes made to /etc/login.defs will only be applied if the usermod command is used. If user IDs are added a different way, use the chage command to effect changes to individual user IDs.

                  Fail

                  5.4.1.1 Ensure password expiration is configured

                  Description:

                  The PASS_MAX_DAYS parameter in /etc/login.defs allows an administrator to force passwords to expire once they reach a defined age.

                  PASS_MAX_DAYS<N> - The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction).

                  The window of opportunity for an attacker to leverage compromised credentials or successfully compromise credentials via an online brute force attack is limited by the age of the password. Therefore, reducing the maximum age of a password also reduces an attacker's window of opportunity.

                  We recommend a yearly password change. This is primarily because for all their good intentions users will share credentials across accounts. Therefore, even if a breach is publicly identified, the user may not see this notification, or forget they have an account on that site. This could leave a shared credential vulnerable indefinitely. Having an organizational policy of a 1-year (annual) password expiration is a reasonable compromise to mitigate this with minimal user burden.

                  Set the PASS_MAX_DAYS parameter to conform to site policy in /etc/login.defs :

                  PASS_MAX_DAYS 365

                  Modify user parameters for all users with a password set to match:

                  # chage --maxdays 365 <user>

                  Edit /etc/login.defs and set PASS_MAX_DAYS to a value greater than 0 that follows local site policy:

                  Example:

                  PASS_MAX_DAYS 365

                  Run the following command to modify user parameters for all users with a password set to a maximum age no greater than 365 or less than 1 that follows local site policy:

                  # chage --maxdays <N> <user>

                  Example:

                  # awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($5 > 365 || $5 < 1)system ("chage --maxdays 365 " $1)}' /etc/shadow

                  Warning: If a password has been set at system install or kickstart, the last change date field is not set, In this case, setting PASS_MAX_DAYS will immediately expire the password. One possible solution is to populate the last change date field through a command like: chage -d "$(date +%Y-%m-%d)" root

                  Impact:

                  The password expiration must be greater than the minimum days between password changes or users will be unable to change their password.

                  Excessive password expiration requirements do more harm than good, because these requirements make users select predictable passwords, composed of sequential words and numbers that are closely related to each other. In these cases, the next password can be predicted based on the previous one (incrementing a number used in the password for example). Also, password expiration requirements offer no containment benefits because attackers will often use credentials as soon as they compromise them. Instead, immediate password changes should be based on key events including, but not limited to:

                  • Indication of compromise
                  • Change of user roles
                  • When a user leaves the organization.

                  Not only does changing passwords every few weeks or months frustrate the user, it’s been suggested that it does more harm than good, because it could lead to bad practices by the user such as adding a character to the end of their existing password.

                  Show Assessment Evidence
                  Complex Check
                  AND
                  Complex Check
                  AND
                  Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*PASS_MAX_DAYS\h+(36[0-5]|3[0-5][0-9]|[1-2][0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-9])\b
                  Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                  Item Check: All
                  Result: Fail
                  No matching system items were found.
                  Script: sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh
                  Result: Pass
                  Exit Value: 101
                  Output:
                  • - Audit Result:
                  • ** PASS **
                  • - * Correctly configured * :
                  • - All local users "PASS_MAX_DAYS" is not ">" than "365"
                  No error lines were collected.
                  Script: sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh
                  Result: Pass
                  Exit Value: 101
                  Output:
                  • - Audit Result:
                  • ** PASS **
                  • - * Correctly configured * :
                  • - All local users "PASS_MAX_DAYS" is not "<" than "1"
                  No error lines were collected.


                  Show Rule Result XML
                  <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.1_Ensure_password_expiration_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">CIS Password Policy Guide</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5678215"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5678215">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5678215"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*PASS_MAX_DAYS\h+(36[0-5]|3[0-5][0-9]|[1-2][0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-9])\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5678216_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                     <l/>
                     <l> - All local users "PASS_MAX_DAYS" is not "&gt;" than "365"</l>
                     <l/>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                                 <li/>
                                 <li> - All local users "PASS_MAX_DAYS" is not "&gt;" than "365"</li>
                                 <li/>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5678217_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - All local users "PASS_MAX_DAYS" is not "&lt;" than "1"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - All local users "PASS_MAX_DAYS" is not "&lt;" than "1"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                  References:

                  • URL: CIS Password Policy Guide
                  • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

                  CIS Controls V7.0:

                  • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                    CIS Control Information
                    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                    Subcontrol: 4.4
                    Label: Use Unique Passwords
                    Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                    • >

                  CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                  • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                    CIS Control Information
                    Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                    Safeguard: 5.2
                    Label: Use Unique Passwords
                    Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                    Implementation Group: IG-1
                    Security Function: Protect
                    • >

                  Back to Summary
                  Manual

                  5.4.1.2 Ensure minimum password days is configured

                  Description:

                  PASS_MIN_DAYS < N > - The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, 0 will be assumed (which disables the restriction).

                  Users may have favorite passwords that they like to use because they are easy to remember and they believe that their password choice is secure from compromise. Unfortunately, passwords are compromised and if an attacker is targeting a specific individual user account, with foreknowledge of data about that user, reuse of old, potentially compromised passwords, may cause a security breach.

                  By restricting the frequency of password changes, an administrator can prevent users from repeatedly changing their password in an attempt to circumvent password reuse controls

                  Edit /etc/login.defs and set PASS_MIN_DAYS to a value greater than 0 that follows local site policy:

                  Example:

                  PASS_MIN_DAYS 1

                  Run the following command to modify user parameters for all users with a password set to a minimum days greater than zero that follows local site policy:

                  # chage --mindays <N> <user>

                  Example:

                  # awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($4 < 1)system ("chage --mindays 1 " $1)}' /etc/shadow

                  Impact:

                  If a users password is set by other personnel as a procedure in dealing with a lost or expired password, the user should be forced to update this "set" password with their own password. e.g. force "change at next logon".

                  If it is not possible to have a user set their own password immediately, and this recommendation or local site procedure may cause a user to continue using a third party generated password, PASS_MIN_DAYS for the effected user should be temporally changed to 0 , to allow a user to change their password immediately.

                  For applications where the user is not using the password at console, the ability to "change at next logon" may be limited. This may cause a user to continue to use a password created by other personnel.

                  Show Assessment Evidence
                  Complex Check
                  AND
                  Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*PASS_MIN_DAYS\h+[1-9][0-9]*\b
                  Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                  Item Check: All
                  Result: Fail
                  No matching system items were found.
                  Script: sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh
                  Result: Pass
                  Exit Value: 101
                  Output:
                  • - Audit Result:
                  • ** PASS **
                  • - * Correctly configured * :
                  • - All local users "PASS_MIN_DAYS" is not "<" than "1"
                  No error lines were collected.


                  Show Rule Result XML
                  <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.2_Ensure_minimum_password_days_is_configured"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>informational</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">CIS Password Policy Guide</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671303"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671303">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671303"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*PASS_MIN_DAYS\h+[1-9][0-9]*\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671304_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - All local users "PASS_MIN_DAYS" is not "&lt;" than "1"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - All local users "PASS_MIN_DAYS" is not "&lt;" than "1"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                  References:

                  • URL: CIS Password Policy Guide

                  CIS Controls V7.0:

                  • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                    CIS Control Information
                    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                    Subcontrol: 4.4
                    Label: Use Unique Passwords
                    Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                    • >

                  CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                  • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                    CIS Control Information
                    Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                    Safeguard: 5.2
                    Label: Use Unique Passwords
                    Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                    Implementation Group: IG-1
                    Security Function: Protect
                    • >

                  Back to Summary
                  Pass

                  5.4.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is configured

                  Description:

                  The PASS_WARN_AGE parameter in /etc/login.defs allows an administrator to notify users that their password will expire in a defined number of days.

                  PASS_WARN_AGE<N> - The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided.

                  Providing an advance warning that a password will be expiring gives users time to think of a secure password. Users caught unaware may choose a simple password or write it down where it may be discovered.

                  Edit /etc/login.defs and set PASS_WARN_AGE to a value of 7 or more that follows local site policy:

                  Example:

                  PASS_WARN_AGE 7

                  Run the following command to modify user parameters for all users with a password set to a minimum warning to 7 or more days that follows local site policy:

                  # chage --warndays <N> <user>

                  Example:

                  # awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($6 < 7)system ("chage --warndays 7 " $1)}' /etc/shadow

                  Show Assessment Evidence
                  Complex Check
                  AND
                  Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*PASS_WARN_AGE\h+([7-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
                  Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                  Item Check: All
                  Result: Pass
                  Textfilecontent Item
                  Name Type Status Value
                  Filepath String Exists /etc/login.defs
                  Path String Exists /etc
                  Filename String Exists login.defs
                  Pattern String Exists (?i)^\h*PASS_WARN_AGE\h+([7-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b
                  Instance Int Exists 1
                  Line String Exists PASS_WARN_AGE 7
                  Text String Exists PASS_WARN_AGE 7
                  Subexpression String Exists 7
                  Windows View String Not collected No Value
                  Script: sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh
                  Result: Pass
                  Exit Value: 101
                  Output:
                  • - Audit Result:
                  • ** PASS **
                  • - * Correctly configured * :
                  • - All local users "PASS_WARN_AGE" is not "<" than "7"
                  No error lines were collected.


                  Show Rule Result XML
                  <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.3_Ensure_password_expiration_warning_days_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/1"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671305"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671305">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671305"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*PASS_WARN_AGE\h+([7-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/login.defs</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>login.defs</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(?i)^\h*PASS_WARN_AGE\h+([7-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>PASS_WARN_AGE	7</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>PASS_WARN_AGE	7</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>7</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671306_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - All local users "PASS_WARN_AGE" is not "&lt;" than "7"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - All local users "PASS_WARN_AGE" is not "&lt;" than "7"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                  References:

                    CIS Controls V7.0:

                    • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                      CIS Control Information
                      Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                      Subcontrol: 4.4
                      Label: Use Unique Passwords
                      Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                      • >

                    CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                    • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
                      CIS Control Information
                      Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
                      Safeguard: 4.1
                      Label: Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process
                      Description: Establish and maintain a secure configuration process for enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile, non-computing/IoT devices, and servers) and software (operating systems and applications). Review and update documentation annually, or when significant enterprise changes occur that could impact this Safeguard.
                      Implementation Group: IG-1
                      Security Function: Protect
                      • >

                    Back to Summary
                    Pass

                    5.4.1.4 Ensure strong password hashing algorithm is configured

                    Description:

                    A cryptographic hash function converts an arbitrary-length input into a fixed length output. Password hashing performs a one-way transformation of a password, turning the password into another string, called the hashed password.

                    ENCRYPT_METHOD (string) - This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line). It can take one of these values:

                    • MD5 - MD5-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
                    • SHA256 - SHA256-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
                    • SHA512 - SHA512-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
                    • BCRYPT - BCRYPT-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
                    • YESCRYPT - YESCRYPT-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
                    • DES - DES-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password (default)

                    Note:

                    • This parameter overrides the deprecated MD5_CRYPT_ENAB variable.
                    • This parameter will only affect the generation of group passwords.
                    • The generation of user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration.
                    • It is recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration.

                    The SHA-512 and yescrypt algorithms provide a stronger hash than other algorithms used by Linux for password hash generation. A stronger hash provides additional protection to the system by increasing the level of effort needed for an attacker to successfully determine local group passwords.

                    Edit /etc/login.defs and set the ENCRYPT_METHOD to SHA512 or YESCRYPT :

                    ENCRYPT_METHOD <HASHING_ALGORITHM>

                    Example:

                    ENCRYPT_METHOD YESCRYPT

                    Note:

                    • This only effects local groups' passwords created after updating the file to use sha512 or yescrypt .
                    • If it is determined that the password algorithm being used is not sha512 or yescrypt , once it is changed, it is recommended that all group passwords be updated to use the stronger hashing algorithm.
                    • It is recommended that the chosen hashing algorithm is consistent across /etc/login.defs and the PAM configuration

                    Show Assessment Evidence
                    Complex Check
                    AND
                    Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*ENCRYPT_METHOD\h+(SHA512|YESCRYPT)\b
                    Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                    Item Check: All
                    Result: Pass
                    Textfilecontent Item
                    Name Type Status Value
                    Filepath String Exists /etc/login.defs
                    Path String Exists /etc
                    Filename String Exists login.defs
                    Pattern String Exists (?i)^\h*ENCRYPT_METHOD\h+(SHA512|YESCRYPT)\b
                    Instance Int Exists 1
                    Line String Exists ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512
                    Text String Exists ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512
                    Subexpression String Exists SHA512
                    Windows View String Not collected No Value


                    Show Rule Result XML
                    <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.4_Ensure_strong_password_hashing_algorithm_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.357+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/11"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671307"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671307">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671307"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*ENCRYPT_METHOD\h+(SHA512|YESCRYPT)\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/login.defs</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>login.defs</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(?i)^\h*ENCRYPT_METHOD\h+(SHA512|YESCRYPT)\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>SHA512</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                    References:

                    • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

                    CIS Controls V7.0:

                    • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
                      CIS Control Information
                      Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
                      Subcontrol: 16.4
                      Label: Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials
                      Description: Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.
                      • >

                    CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                    • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                      CIS Control Information
                      Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                      Safeguard: 3.11
                      Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest
                      Description: Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption, meets the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods may include application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption, where access to the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text data.
                      Implementation Group: IG-2
                      Security Function: Protect
                      • >

                    Back to Summary
                    Fail

                    5.4.1.5 Ensure inactive password lock is configured

                    Description:

                    User accounts that have been inactive for over a given period of time can be automatically disabled.

                    INACTIVE - Defines the number of days after the password exceeded its maximum age where the user is expected to replace this password.

                    The value is stored in the shadow password file. An input of 0 will disable an expired password with no delay. An input of -1 will blank the respective field in the shadow password file.

                    Inactive accounts pose a threat to system security since the users are not logging in to notice failed login attempts or other anomalies.

                    Run the following command to set the default password inactivity period to 45 days or less that meets local site policy:

                    # useradd -D -f <N>

                    Example:

                    # useradd -D -f 45

                    Run the following command to modify user parameters for all users with a password set to a inactive age of 45 days or less that follows local site policy:

                    # chage --inactive <N> <user>

                    Example:

                    # awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($7 > 45 || $7 < 0)system ("chage --inactive 45 " $1)}' /etc/shadow

                    Show Assessment Evidence
                    Complex Check
                    AND
                    Complex Check
                    AND
                    Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/default/useradd exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*INACTIVE\h*=\h*(4[0-5]|[1-3][0-9]|[1-9])\b
                    Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                    Item Check: All
                    Result: Fail
                    No matching system items were found.
                    Script: sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh
                    Result: Pass
                    Exit Value: 101
                    Output:
                    • - Audit Result:
                    • ** PASS **
                    • - * Correctly configured * :
                    • - All local users "INACTIVE" is not ">" than "45"
                    No error lines were collected.
                    Script: sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh
                    Result: Pass
                    Exit Value: 101
                    Output:
                    • - Audit Result:
                    • ** PASS **
                    • - * Correctly configured * :
                    • - All local users "INACTIVE" is not "<" than "1"
                    No error lines were collected.


                    Show Rule Result XML
                    <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.5_Ensure_inactive_password_lock_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">CIS Password Policy Guide</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671308"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671308">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671308"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/default/useradd exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*INACTIVE\h*=\h*(4[0-5]|[1-3][0-9]|[1-9])\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671309_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                     <l/>
                     <l> - All local users "INACTIVE" is not "&gt;" than "45"</l>
                     <l/>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                                 <li/>
                                 <li> - All local users "INACTIVE" is not "&gt;" than "45"</li>
                                 <li/>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671310_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - All local users "INACTIVE" is not "&lt;" than "1"</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - All local users "INACTIVE" is not "&lt;" than "1"</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                    References:

                    • URL: CIS Password Policy Guide

                    CIS Controls V7.0:

                    • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                      CIS Control Information
                      Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                      Subcontrol: 4.4
                      Label: Use Unique Passwords
                      Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                      • >

                    CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                    • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                      CIS Control Information
                      Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                      Safeguard: 5.2
                      Label: Use Unique Passwords
                      Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                      Implementation Group: IG-1
                      Security Function: Protect
                      • >

                    Back to Summary
                    Pass

                    5.4.1.6 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past

                    Description:

                    All users should have a password change date in the past.

                    If a user's recorded password change date is in the future, then they could bypass any set password expiration.

                    Investigate any users with a password change date in the future and correct them. Locking the account, expiring the password, or resetting the password manually may be appropriate.

                    Show Assessment Evidence
                    Complex Check
                    AND
                    Script: sce/nix_password_change_past.sh
                    Result: Pass
                    Exit Value: 101
                    Output:
                    • - Audit Result:
                    • ** PASS **
                    • - All user password changes are in the past
                    No error lines were collected.


                    Show Rule Result XML
                    <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.6_Ensure_all_users_last_password_change_date_is_in_the_past"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_password_change_past.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_password_change_past.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_password_change_past.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - All user password changes are in the past </l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_password_change_past.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - All user password changes are in the past </li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                    References:

                      CIS Controls V7.0:

                      • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                        CIS Control Information
                        Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                        Subcontrol: 4.4
                        Label: Use Unique Passwords
                        Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                        • >

                      CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                      • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                        CIS Control Information
                        Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                        Safeguard: 5.2
                        Label: Use Unique Passwords
                        Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                        Implementation Group: IG-1
                        Security Function: Protect
                        • >

                      Back to Summary

                      5.4.2 Configure root and system accounts and environment

                      Pass

                      5.4.2.1 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account

                      Description:

                      Any account with UID 0 has superuser privileges on the system.

                      This access must be limited to only the default root account and only from the system console. Administrative access must be through an unprivileged account using an approved mechanism as noted in the Recommendation "Ensure access to the su command is restricted".

                      Run the following command to change the root account UID to 0 :

                      # usermod -u 0 root

                      Modify any users other than root with UID 0 and assign them a new UID.

                      Show Assessment Evidence
                      Complex Check
                      AND
                      Script: sce/nix_user_uid_chk.sh
                      Result: Pass
                      Exit Value: 101
                      Output:
                      • - Audit Result:
                      • ** PASS **
                      • - * Correctly configured * :
                      • - No unauthorized user's UID is: "0"
                      • - User "root" UID is correctly set to: "0"
                      No error lines were collected.


                      Show Rule Result XML
                      <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.1_Ensure_root_is_the_only_UID_0_account"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5739522_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_user_uid_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_user_uid_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_user_uid_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l>  - No unauthorized user's UID is: "0"</l>
                  <l>  - User "root" UID is correctly set to: "0"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_user_uid_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li>  - No unauthorized user's UID is: "0"</li>
                              <li>  - User "root" UID is correctly set to: "0"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                      References:

                      • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

                      Back to Summary
                      Pass

                      5.4.2.2 Ensure root is the only GID 0 account

                      Description:

                      The usermod command can be used to specify which group the root account belongs to. This affects permissions of files that are created by the root account.

                      Using GID 0 for the root account helps prevent root -owned files from accidentally becoming accessible to non-privileged users.

                      Run the following command to set the root user's GID to 0 :

                      # usermod -g 0 root

                      Run the following command to set the root group's GID to 0 :

                      # groupmod -g 0 root

                      Remove any users other than the root user with GID 0 or assign them a new GID if appropriate.

                      Show Assessment Evidence
                      Complex Check
                      AND
                      Script: sce/nix_user_gid_chk.sh
                      Result: Pass
                      Exit Value: 101
                      Output:
                      • - Audit Result:
                      • ** PASS **
                      • - * Correctly configured * :
                      • - No unauthorized user's GID is: "0"
                      • - User "root" GID is correctly set to: "0"
                      No error lines were collected.


                      Show Rule Result XML
                      <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.2_Ensure_root_is_the_only_GID_0_account"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671313_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_user_gid_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_user_gid_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_user_gid_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l>  - No unauthorized user's GID is: "0"</l>
                  <l>  - User "root" GID is correctly set to: "0"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_user_gid_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li>  - No unauthorized user's GID is: "0"</li>
                              <li>  - User "root" GID is correctly set to: "0"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                      References:

                      • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

                      CIS Controls V7.0:

                      • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                        CIS Control Information
                        Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                        Subcontrol: 14.6
                        Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                        Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                        • >

                      CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                      • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                        CIS Control Information
                        Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                        Safeguard: 3.3
                        Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                        Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                        Implementation Group: IG-1
                        Security Function: Protect
                        • >

                      Back to Summary
                      Pass

                      5.4.2.3 Ensure group root is the only GID 0 group

                      Description:

                      The groupmod command can be used to specify which group the root group belongs to. This affects permissions of files that are group owned by the root group.

                      Using GID 0 for the root group helps prevent root group owned files from accidentally becoming accessible to non-privileged users.

                      Run the following command to set the root group's GID to 0 :

                      # groupmod -g 0 root

                      Remove any groups other than the root group with GID 0 or assign them a new GID if appropriate.

                      Show Assessment Evidence
                      Complex Check
                      AND
                      Script: sce/nix_group_gid_chk.sh
                      Result: Pass
                      Exit Value: 101
                      Output:
                      • - Audit Result:
                      • ** PASS **
                      • - * Correctly configured * :
                      • - No unauthorized group's GID is: "0"
                      • - Group "root" GID is correctly set to: "0"
                      No error lines were collected.


                      Show Rule Result XML
                      <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.3_Ensure_group_root_is_the_only_GID_0_group"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671314_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_gid_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_gid_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_gid_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l>  - No unauthorized group's GID is: "0"</l>
                  <l>  - Group "root" GID is correctly set to: "0"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_gid_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li>  - No unauthorized group's GID is: "0"</li>
                              <li>  - Group "root" GID is correctly set to: "0"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                      References:

                      • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

                      CIS Controls V7.0:

                      • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                        CIS Control Information
                        Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                        Subcontrol: 14.6
                        Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                        Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                        • >

                      CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                      • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                        CIS Control Information
                        Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                        Safeguard: 3.3
                        Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                        Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                        Implementation Group: IG-1
                        Security Function: Protect
                        • >

                      Back to Summary
                      Fail

                      5.4.2.4 Ensure root account access is controlled

                      Description:

                      There are a number of methods to access the root account directly. Without a password set any user would be able to gain access and thus control over the entire system.

                      Access to root should be secured at all times.

                      Run the following command to set a password for the root user:

                      # passwd root

                      - OR -

                      Run the following command to lock the root user account:

                      # usermod -L root

                      Impact:

                      If there are any automated processes that relies on access to the root account without authentication, they will fail after remediation.

                      Show Assessment Evidence
                      Complex Check
                      OR
                      Criterion: Ensure usernames equals root have shadow parameter password Pattern Match ^\$.+\$ (string)
                      Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                      Item Check: All
                      Result: Fail
                      No matching system items were found.
                      Criterion: Ensure usernames equals root have shadow parameter password Pattern Match ^\! (string)
                      Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                      Item Check: All
                      Result: Fail
                      No matching system items were found.


                      Show Rule Result XML
                      <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.4_Ensure_root_account_access_is_controlled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671315"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671315_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671315"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671315">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671315"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure usernames equals root have shadow parameter password Pattern Match ^\$.+\$ (string)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5671316"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671316_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671316"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671316">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671316"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure usernames equals root have shadow parameter password Pattern Match ^\! (string)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                      References:

                        CIS Controls V7.0:

                        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                          CIS Control Information
                          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                          Subcontrol: 14.6
                          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                          • >

                        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                          CIS Control Information
                          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                          Safeguard: 3.3
                          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                          Implementation Group: IG-1
                          Security Function: Protect
                          • >

                        Back to Summary
                        Fail

                        5.4.2.5 Ensure root path integrity

                        Description:

                        The root user can execute any command on the system and could be fooled into executing programs unintentionally if the PATH is not set correctly.

                        Including the current working directory (.) or other writable directory in root 's executable path makes it likely that an attacker can gain superuser access by forcing an administrator operating as root to execute a Trojan horse program.

                        Correct or justify any:

                        • Locations that are not directories
                        • Empty directories ( :: )
                        • Trailing ( : )
                        • Current working directory ( . )
                        • Non root owned directories
                        • Directories that less restrictive than mode 0755

                        Show Assessment Evidence
                        Complex Check
                        AND
                        Script: sce/nix_root_path_integrity_chk.sh
                        Result: Fail
                        Exit Value: 102
                        Output:
                        • - Audit Result:
                        • ** FAIL **
                        • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                        • - "/root/.local/bin" is not a directory
                        • - "/root/bin" is not a directory
                        • - * Correctly configured * :
                        • - root's path doesn't contain an empty directory (::)
                        • - root's path doesn't contain a trailing (:)
                        • - root's path doesn't contain current working directory (.)
                        • - Directory: "/usr/local/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"
                        • - Directory: "/usr/local/sbin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive
                        • - Directory: "/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"
                        • - Directory: "/sbin" is correctly mode: "0555" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive
                        • - Directory: "/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"
                        • - Directory: "/bin" is correctly mode: "0555" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive
                        • - Directory: "/usr/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"
                        • - Directory: "/usr/sbin" is correctly mode: "0555" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive
                        • - Directory: "/usr/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"
                        • - Directory: "/usr/bin" is correctly mode: "0555" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive
                        No error lines were collected.


                        Show Rule Result XML
                        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.5_Ensure_root_path_integrity"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_root_path_integrity_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_root_path_integrity_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_root_path_integrity_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "/root/.local/bin" is not a directory</l>
                  <l> - "/root/bin" is not a directory</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - root's path doesn't contain an empty directory (::)</l>
                  <l> - root's path doesn't contain a trailing (:)</l>
                  <l> - root's path doesn't contain current working directory (.)</l>
                  <l> - Directory: "/usr/local/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"</l>
                  <l> - Directory: "/usr/local/sbin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l> - Directory: "/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"</l>
                  <l> - Directory: "/sbin" is correctly mode: "0555" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l> - Directory: "/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"</l>
                  <l> - Directory: "/bin" is correctly mode: "0555" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l> - Directory: "/usr/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"</l>
                  <l> - Directory: "/usr/sbin" is correctly mode: "0555" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l> - Directory: "/usr/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"</l>
                  <l> - Directory: "/usr/bin" is correctly mode: "0555" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_root_path_integrity_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "/root/.local/bin" is not a directory</li>
                              <li> - "/root/bin" is not a directory</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - root's path doesn't contain an empty directory (::)</li>
                              <li> - root's path doesn't contain a trailing (:)</li>
                              <li> - root's path doesn't contain current working directory (.)</li>
                              <li> - Directory: "/usr/local/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"</li>
                              <li> - Directory: "/usr/local/sbin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li> - Directory: "/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"</li>
                              <li> - Directory: "/sbin" is correctly mode: "0555" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li> - Directory: "/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"</li>
                              <li> - Directory: "/bin" is correctly mode: "0555" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li> - Directory: "/usr/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"</li>
                              <li> - Directory: "/usr/sbin" is correctly mode: "0555" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li> - Directory: "/usr/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"</li>
                              <li> - Directory: "/usr/bin" is correctly mode: "0555" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                        References:

                        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

                        Back to Summary
                        Pass

                        5.4.2.6 Ensure root user umask is configured

                        Description:

                        The user file-creation mode mask ( umask ) is used to determine the file permission for newly created directories and files. In Linux, the default permissions for any newly created directory is 0777 ( rwxrwxrwx ), and for any newly created file it is 0666 ( rw-rw-rw- ). The umask modifies the default Linux permissions by restricting (masking) these permissions. The umask is not simply subtracted, but is processed bitwise. Bits set in the umask are cleared in the resulting file mode.

                        umask can be set with either Octal or Symbolic values:

                        • Octal (Numeric) Value - Represented by either three or four digits. ie umask 0027 or umask 027 . If a four digit umask is used, the first digit is ignored. The remaining three digits effect the resulting permissions for user, group, and world/other respectively.
                        • Symbolic Value - Represented by a comma separated list for User u , group g , and world/other o . The permissions listed are not masked by umask . ie a umask set by umask u=rwx,g=rx,o= is the Symbolic equivalent of the Octalumask 027 . This umask would set a newly created directory with file mode drwxr-x--- and a newly created file with file mode rw-r----- .

                        root user Shell Configuration Files:

                        • /root/.bash_profile - Is executed to configure the root users' shell before the initial command prompt. Is only read by login shells.
                        • /root/.bashrc - Is executed for interactive shells. only read by a shell that's both interactive and non-login

                        umask is set by order of precedence. If umask is set in multiple locations, this order of precedence will determine the system's default umask .

                        Order of precedence:

                        1. /root/.bash_profile
                        2. /root/.bashrc
                        3. The system default umask

                        Setting a secure value for umask ensures that users make a conscious choice about their file permissions. A permissive umask value could result in directories or files with excessive permissions that can be read and/or written to by unauthorized users.

                        Edit /root/.bash_profile and /root/.bashrc and remove, comment out, or update any line with umask to be 0027 or more restrictive.

                        Show Assessment Evidence
                        Complex Check
                        AND
                        Criterion: Ensure no file named /root/.bash_profile exists and matches pattern ^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,
                        Existence Check: None Exist
                        Item Check: All
                        Result: Pass
                        No matching system items were found.
                        Criterion: Ensure no file named /root/.bashrc exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,3}
                        Existence Check: None Exist
                        Item Check: All
                        Result: Pass
                        No matching system items were found.


                        Show Rule Result XML
                        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.6_Ensure_root_user_umask_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671318"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671318">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671318"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /root/.bash_profile exists and matches pattern ^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671319"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671319">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671319"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /root/.bashrc exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,3}</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                        References:

                        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                        CIS Controls V7.0:

                        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                          CIS Control Information
                          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                          Subcontrol: 14.6
                          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                          • >

                        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                          CIS Control Information
                          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                          Safeguard: 3.3
                          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                          Implementation Group: IG-1
                          Security Function: Protect
                          • >

                        Back to Summary
                        Pass

                        5.4.2.7 Ensure system accounts do not have a valid login shell

                        Description:

                        There are a number of accounts provided with most distributions that are used to manage applications and are not intended to provide an interactive shell. Furthermore, a user may add special accounts that are not intended to provide an interactive shell.

                        It is important to make sure that accounts that are not being used by regular users are prevented from being used to provide an interactive shell. By default, most distributions set the password field for these accounts to an invalid string, but it is also recommended that the shell field in the password file be set to the nologin shell. This prevents the account from potentially being used to run any commands.

                        Run the following command to set the shell for any service accounts returned by the audit to nologin :

                        # usermod -s $(command -v nologin) <user>

                        Example script:

                        #!/usr/bin/env bash



                        {

                        l_valid_shells="^($( awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed -rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"

                        awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '($1!~/^(root|halt|sync|shutdown|nfsnobody)$/ && ($3<'"$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)"' || $3 == 65534) && $(NF) ~ pat) {system ("usermod -s '"$(command -v nologin)"' " $1)}' /etc/passwd

                        }

                        Show Assessment Evidence
                        Complex Check
                        AND
                        Script: sce/nix_system_account_no_login_shell_chk.sh
                        Result: Pass
                        Exit Value: 101
                        Output:
                        • - Audit Result:
                        • ** PASS **
                        • - All service accounts are locked
                        No error lines were collected.


                        Show Rule Result XML
                        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.7_Ensure_system_accounts_do_not_have_a_valid_login_shell"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-2(5), AC-3, AC-11, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_system_account_no_login_shell_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_system_account_no_login_shell_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_system_account_no_login_shell_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - All service accounts are locked</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_system_account_no_login_shell_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - All service accounts are locked</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                        References:

                        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-2(5), AC-3, AC-11, MP-2

                        CIS Controls V7.0:

                        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                          CIS Control Information
                          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                          Subcontrol: 14.6
                          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                          • >

                        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                          CIS Control Information
                          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                          Safeguard: 3.3
                          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                          Implementation Group: IG-1
                          Security Function: Protect
                          • >

                        Back to Summary
                        Pass

                        5.4.2.8 Ensure accounts without a valid login shell are locked

                        Description:

                        There are a number of accounts provided with most distributions that are used to manage applications and are not intended to provide an interactive shell. Furthermore, a user may add special accounts that are not intended to provide an interactive shell.

                        It is important to make sure that accounts that are not being used by regular users are prevented from being used to provide an interactive shell. By default, most distributions set the password field for these accounts to an invalid string, but it is also recommended that the shell field in the password file be set to the nologin shell. This prevents the account from potentially being used to run any commands.

                        Run the following command to lock any non-root accounts without a valid login shell returned by the audit:

                        # usermod -L <user>

                        Example script: :

                        #!/usr/bin/env bash



                        {

                        l_valid_shells="^($(awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed -rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"

                        while IFS= read -r l_user; do

                        passwd -S "$l_user" | awk '$2 !~ /^L/ {system ("usermod -L " $1)}'

                        done < <(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '($1 != "root" && $(NF) !~ pat) {print $1}' /etc/passwd)

                        }

                        Show Assessment Evidence
                        Complex Check
                        AND
                        Script: sce/nix_account_no_login_shell_locked_chk.sh
                        Result: Pass
                        Exit Value: 101
                        Output:
                        • - Audit Result:
                        • ** PASS **
                        • - All accounts without a valid login shell are locked
                        No error lines were collected.


                        Show Rule Result XML
                        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.8_Ensure_accounts_without_a_valid_login_shell_are_locked"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-2(5), AC-3, AC-11, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_account_no_login_shell_locked_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_account_no_login_shell_locked_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_account_no_login_shell_locked_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - All accounts without a valid login shell are locked</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_account_no_login_shell_locked_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - All accounts without a valid login shell are locked</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                        References:

                        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-2(5), AC-3, AC-11, MP-2

                        CIS Controls V7.0:

                        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                          CIS Control Information
                          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                          Subcontrol: 14.6
                          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                          • >

                        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                          CIS Control Information
                          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                          Safeguard: 3.3
                          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                          Implementation Group: IG-1
                          Security Function: Protect
                          • >

                        Back to Summary

                        5.4.3 Configure user default environment

                        Pass

                        5.4.3.1 Ensure nologin is not listed in /etc/shells

                        Description:

                        /etc/shells is a text file which contains the full pathnames of valid login shells. This file is consulted by chsh and available to be queried by other programs.

                        Be aware that there are programs which consult this file to find out if a user is a normal user; for example, FTP daemons traditionally disallow access to users with shells not included in this file.

                        A user can use chsh to change their configured shell.

                        If a user has a shell configured that isn't in in /etc/shells , then the system assumes that they're somehow restricted. In the case of chsh it means that the user cannot change that value.

                        Other programs might query that list and apply similar restrictions.

                        By putting nologin in /etc/shells , any user that has nologin as its shell is considered a full, unrestricted user. This is not the expected behavior for nologin .

                        Edit /etc/shells and remove any lines that include nologin

                        Show Assessment Evidence
                        Complex Check
                        AND
                        Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/shells exists and matches pattern ^\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\/nologin\b
                        Existence Check: None Exist
                        Item Check: All
                        Result: Pass
                        No matching system items were found.


                        Show Rule Result XML
                        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.1_Ensure_nologin_is_not_listed_in_etcshells"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">shells(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671322"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5671322">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5671322"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/shells exists and matches pattern ^\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\/nologin\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                        References:

                        • URL: shells(5)
                        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

                        Back to Summary
                        Fail

                        5.4.3.2 Ensure default user shell timeout is configured

                        Description:

                        TMOUT is an environmental setting that determines the timeout of a shell in seconds.

                        • TMOUT= n - Sets the shell timeout to n seconds. A setting of TMOUT=0 disables timeout.
                        • readonly TMOUT- Sets the TMOUT environmental variable as readonly, preventing unwanted modification during run-time.
                        • export TMOUT - exports the TMOUT variable

                        System Wide Shell Configuration Files:

                        • /etc/profile - used to set system wide environmental variables on users shells. The variables are sometimes the same ones that are in the .bash_profile , however this file is used to set an initial PATH or PS1 for all shell users of the system. is only executed for interactive login shells, or shells executed with the --login parameter.
                        • /etc/profile.d - /etc/profile will execute the scripts within /etc/profile.d/*.sh . It is recommended to place your configuration in a shell script within /etc/profile.d to set your own system wide environmental variables.
                        • /etc/bashrc - System wide version of .bashrc . In Fedora derived distributions, /etc/bashrc also invokes /etc/profile.d/*.sh if non-login shell, but redirects output to /dev/null if non-interactive. Is only executed for interactive shells or if BASH_ENV is set to /etc/bashrc .

                        Setting a timeout value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized user access to another user's shell session that has been left unattended. It also ends the inactive session and releases the resources associated with that session.

                        Review /etc/bashrc , /etc/profile , and all files ending in *.sh in the /etc/profile.d/ directory and remove or edit all TMOUT=_n_ entries to follow local site policy. TMOUT should not exceed 900 or be equal to 0 .

                        Configure TMOUT in one of the following files:

                        • A file in the /etc/profile.d/ directory ending in .sh
                        • /etc/profile
                        • /etc/bashrc

                        Example command to set TMOUT to 900 seconds in a file in /etc/profile.d/ :

                        # printf '%s\n' "# Set TMOUT to 900 seconds" "typeset -xr TMOUT=900" > /etc/profile.d/50-tmout.sh

                        TMOUT configuration examples:

                        typeset -xr TMOUT=900

                        Deprecated methods:

                        • As multiple lines:
                        TMOUT=900

                        readonly TMOUT

                        export TMOUT
                        • As a single line:
                        readonly TMOUT=900 ; export TMOUT

                        Show Assessment Evidence
                        Complex Check
                        AND
                        Script: sce/nix_tmout_chk.sh
                        Result: Fail
                        Exit Value: 102
                        Output:
                        • - Audit Result:
                        • ** FAIL **
                        • * Reasons for audit failure *
                        • - TMOUT is not configured
                        No error lines were collected.


                        Show Rule Result XML
                        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.2_Ensure_default_user_shell_timeout_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/11"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671323_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_tmout_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_tmout_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_tmout_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l>  * Reasons for audit failure *</l>
                  <l> - TMOUT is not configured</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_tmout_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li>  * Reasons for audit failure *</li>
                              <li> - TMOUT is not configured</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                        References:

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
                            Subcontrol: 16.11
                            Label: Lock Workstation Sessions After Inactivity
                            Description: Automatically lock workstation sessions after a standard period of inactivity.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
                            Safeguard: 4.3
                            Label: Configure Automatic Session Locking on Enterprise Assets
                            Description: Configure automatic session locking on enterprise assets after a defined period of inactivity. For general purpose operating systems, the period must not exceed 15 minutes. For mobile end-user devices, the period must not exceed 2 minutes.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Protect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Fail

                          5.4.3.3 Ensure default user umask is configured

                          Description:

                          The user file-creation mode mask ( umask ) is used to determine the file permission for newly created directories and files. In Linux, the default permissions for any newly created directory is 0777 ( rwxrwxrwx ), and for any newly created file it is 0666 ( rw-rw-rw- ). The umask modifies the default Linux permissions by restricting (masking) these permissions. The umask is not simply subtracted, but is processed bitwise. Bits set in the umask are cleared in the resulting file mode.

                          umask can be set with either Octal or Symbolic values:

                          • Octal (Numeric) Value - Represented by either three or four digits. ie umask 0027 or umask 027 . If a four digit umask is used, the first digit is ignored. The remaining three digits effect the resulting permissions for user, group, and world/other respectively.
                          • Symbolic Value - Represented by a comma separated list for User u , group g , and world/other o . The permissions listed are not masked by umask . ie a umask set by umask u=rwx,g=rx,o= is the Symbolic equivalent of the Octalumask 027 . This umask would set a newly created directory with file mode drwxr-x--- and a newly created file with file mode rw-r----- .

                          The default umask can be set to use the pam_umask module or in a System Wide Shell Configuration File . The user creating the directories or files has the discretion of changing the permissions via the chmod command, or choosing a different default umask by adding the umask command into a User Shell Configuration File , ( .bash_profile or .bashrc ), in their home directory.

                          Setting the default umask:

                          • pam_umask module:
                            • will set the umask according to the system default in /etc/login.defs and user settings, solving the problem of different umask settings with different shells, display managers, remote sessions etc.
                            • umask=<mask> value in the /etc/login.defs file is interpreted as Octal
                            • Setting USERGROUPS_ENAB to yes in /etc/login.defs (default):
                              • will enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits. (examples: 022 -> 002, 077 -> 007) for non-root users, if the uid is the same as gid , and username is the same as the <primary group name>
                              • userdel will remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and useradd will create by default a group with the name of the user
                          • System Wide Shell Configuration File :
                            • /etc/profile - used to set system wide environmental variables on users shells. The variables are sometimes the same ones that are in the .bash_profile , however this file is used to set an initial PATH or PS1 for all shell users of the system. is only executed for interactive login shells, or shells executed with the --login parameter.
                            • /etc/profile.d - /etc/profile will execute the scripts within /etc/profile.d/*.sh . It is recommended to place your configuration in a shell script within /etc/profile.d to set your own system wide environmental variables.
                            • /etc/bashrc - System wide version of .bashrc . In Fedora derived distributions, etc/bashrc also invokes /etc/profile.d/*.sh if non-login shell, but redirects output to /dev/null if non-interactive. Is only executed for interactive shells or if BASH_ENV is set to /etc/bashrc .

                          User Shell Configuration Files:

                          • ~/.bash_profile - Is executed to configure your shell before the initial command prompt. Is only read by login shells.
                          • ~/.bashrc - Is executed for interactive shells. only read by a shell that's both interactive and non-login

                          umask is set by order of precedence. If umask is set in multiple locations, this order of precedence will determine the system's default umask .

                          Order of precedence:

                          1. A file in /etc/profile.d/ ending in .sh - This will override any other system-wide umask setting
                          2. In the file /etc/profile
                          3. On the pam_umask.so module in /etc/pam.d/postlogin
                          4. In the file /etc/login.defs
                          5. In the file /etc/default/login

                          Setting a secure default value for umask ensures that users make a conscious choice about their file permissions. A permissive umask value could result in directories or files with excessive permissions that can be read and/or written to by unauthorized users.

                          Run the following script and perform the instructions in the output to set the default umask to 027 or more restrictive:

                          #!/usr/bin/env bash



                          {

                          l_output="" l_output2="" l_out=""

                          file_umask_chk()

                          {

                          if grep -Psiq -- '^\h*umask\h+(0?[0-7][2-7]7|u(=[rwx]{0,3}),g=([rx]{0,2}),o=)(\h*#.*)?$' "$l_file"; then

                          l_out="$l_out\n - umask is set correctly in \"$l_file\""

                          elif grep -Psiq -- '^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,3}\b)))' "$l_file"; then

                          l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_file\""

                          fi

                          }

                          while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do

                          file_umask_chk

                          done < <(find /etc/profile.d/ -type f -name '*.sh' -print0)

                          [ -n "$l_out" ] && l_output="$l_out"

                          l_file="/etc/profile" && file_umask_chk

                          l_file="/etc/bashrc" && file_umask_chk

                          l_file="/etc/bash.bashrc" && file_umask_chk

                          l_file="/etc/pam.d/postlogin"

                          if grep -Psiq '^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_umask\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?umask=(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b))' "$l_file"; then

                          l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_file\""

                          fi

                          l_file="/etc/login.defs" && file_umask_chk

                          l_file="/etc/default/login" && file_umask_chk

                          if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then

                          echo -e " - No files contain a UMASK that is not restrictive enough\n No UMASK updates required to existing files"

                          else

                          echo -e "\n - UMASK is not restrictive enough in the following file(s):$l_output2\n\n- Remediation Procedure:\n - Update these files and comment out the UMASK line\n or update umask to be \"0027\" or more restrictive"

                          fi

                          if [ -n "$l_output" ]; then

                          echo -e "$l_output"

                          else

                          echo -e " - Configure UMASK in a file in the \"/etc/profile.d/\" directory ending in \".sh\"\n\n Example Command (Hash to represent being run at a root prompt):\n\n# printf '%s\\\n' \"umask 027\" > /etc/profile.d/50-systemwide_umask.sh\n"

                          fi

                          }

                          Notes:

                          • This method only applies to bash and shell. If other shells are supported on the system, it is recommended that their configuration files also are checked
                          • If the pam_umask.so module is going to be used to set umask , ensure that it's not being overridden by another setting. Refer to the PAM_UMASK(8) man page for more information

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Script: sce/nix_umask_chk_v2.sh
                          Result: Fail
                          Exit Value: 102
                          Output:
                          • - Audit Result:
                          • ** FAIL **
                          • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                          • - umask is incorrectly set in "/etc/login.defs"
                          No error lines were collected.


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.3_Ensure_default_user_umask_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_umask_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_umask_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_umask_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - umask is incorrectly set in "/etc/login.defs"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_umask_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - umask is incorrectly set in "/etc/login.defs"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                            Safeguard: 3.3
                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Protect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary

                          6 Logging and Auditing

                          The items in this section describe how to configure logging, log monitoring, and auditing, using tools included in most distributions.

                          It is recommended that rsyslog be used for logging (with logwatch providing summarization) and auditd be used for auditing (with aureport providing summarization) to automatically monitor logs for intrusion attempts and other suspicious system behavior.

                          In addition to the local log files created by the steps in this section, it is also recommended that sites collect copies of their system logs on a secure, centralized log server via an encrypted connection. Not only does centralized logging help sites correlate events that may be occurring on multiple systems, but having a second copy of the system log information may be critical after a system compromise where the attacker has modified the local log files on the affected system(s). If a log correlation system is deployed, configure it to process the logs described in this section.

                          Because it is often necessary to correlate log information from many different systems (particularly after a security incident) it is recommended that the time be synchronized among systems and devices connected to the local network. The standard Internet protocol for time synchronization is the Network Time Protocol (NTP), which is supported by most network-ready devices. Reference < http://chrony.tuxfamily.org/ > manual page for more information on configuring chrony.

                          It is important that all logs described in this section be monitored on a regular basis and correlated to determine trends. A seemingly innocuous entry in one log could be more significant when compared to an entry in another log.

                          Note on log file permissions: There really isn't a "one size fits all" solution to the permissions on log files. Many sites utilize group permissions so that administrators who are in a defined security group, such as "wheel" do not have to elevate privileges to root in order to read log files. Also, if a third party log aggregation tool is used, it may need to have group permissions to read the log files, which is preferable to having it run setuid to root. Therefore, there are two remediation and audit steps for log file permissions. One is for systems that do not have a secured group method implemented that only permits root to read the log files ( root:root 600 ). The other is for sites that do have such a setup and are designated as root:securegrp 640 where securegrp is the defined security group (in some cases wheel ).

                          6.1 Configure Integrity Checking

                          AIDE is a file integrity checking tool, similar in nature to Tripwire. While it cannot prevent intrusions, it can detect unauthorized changes to configuration files by alerting when the files are changed. When setting up AIDE, decide internally what the site policy will be concerning integrity checking. Review the AIDE quick start guide and AIDE documentation before proceeding.

                          Pass

                          6.1.1 Ensure AIDE is installed

                          Description:

                          Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment (AIDE) is a intrusion detection tool that uses predefined rules to check the integrity of files and directories in the Linux operating system. AIDE has its own database to check the integrity of files and directories.

                          aide takes a snapshot of files and directories including modification times, permissions, and file hashes which can then be used to compare against the current state of the filesystem to detect modifications to the system.

                          By monitoring the filesystem state compromised files can be detected to prevent or limit the exposure of accidental or malicious misconfigurations or modified binaries.

                          Run the following command to install aide :

                          # dnf install aide

                          Configure aide as appropriate for your environment. Consult the aide documentation for options.

                          Initialize aide :

                          Run the following commands:

                          # aide --init # mv /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new.gz /var/lib/aide/aide.db.gz

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'aide' is installed
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Rpminfo Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Name String Exists aide
                          Arch String Exists x86_64
                          Epoch String Exists (none)
                          Release String Exists 100.el9
                          Version String Exists 0.16
                          Evr Evr String Exists 0:0.16-100.el9
                          Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
                          Extended Name String Exists aide-0:0.16-100.el9.x86_64
                          Filepath String Does not exist No Value


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.1_Ensure_AIDE_is_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/9"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/14"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">AIDE stable manual: http://aide.sourceforge.net/stable/manual.html</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670632"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670632">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670632"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'aide' is installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>aide</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>100.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0.16</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:0.16-100.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>aide-0:0.16-100.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: AIDE stable manual: http://aide.sourceforge.net/stable/manual.html
                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                            Subcontrol: 14.9
                            Label: Enforce Detail Logging for Access or Changes to Sensitive Data
                            Description: Enforce detailed audit logging for access to sensitive data or changes to sensitive data (utilizing tools such as File Integrity Monitoring or Security Information and Event Monitoring).
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                            Safeguard: 3.14
                            Label: Log Sensitive Data Access
                            Description: Log sensitive data access, including modification and disposal.
                            Implementation Group: IG-3
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Pass

                          6.1.2 Ensure filesystem integrity is regularly checked

                          Description:

                          Periodic checking of the filesystem integrity is needed to detect changes to the filesystem.

                          Periodic file checking allows the system administrator to determine on a regular basis if critical files have been changed in an unauthorized fashion.

                          - IF -cron will be used to schedule and run aide check

                          Run the following command:

                          # crontab -u root -e

                          Add the following line to the crontab:

                          0 5 * * * /usr/sbin/aide --check

                          - OR -

                          - IF -aidecheck.service and aidecheck.timer will be used to schedule and run aide check:

                          Create or edit the file /etc/systemd/system/aidecheck.service and add the following lines:

                          [Unit]

                          Description=Aide Check



                          [Service]

                          Type=simple

                          ExecStart=/usr/sbin/aide --check



                          [Install]

                          WantedBy=multi-user.target

                          Create or edit the file /etc/systemd/system/aidecheck.timer and add the following lines:

                          [Unit]

                          Description=Aide check every day at 5AM



                          [Timer]

                          OnCalendar=*-*-* 05:00:00

                          Unit=aidecheck.service



                          [Install]

                          WantedBy=multi-user.target

                          Run the following commands:

                          # chown root:root /etc/systemd/system/aidecheck.*

                          # chmod 0644 /etc/systemd/system/aidecheck.*



                          # systemctl daemon-reload



                          # systemctl enable aidecheck.service

                          # systemctl --now enable aidecheck.timer

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /var/spool/cron/ exists and matches pattern ^([-0-9*\/,A-Za-z]+\s+){5}([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Textfilecontent Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Filepath String Exists /var/spool/cron/root
                          Path String Exists /var/spool/cron
                          Filename String Exists root
                          Pattern String Exists ^([-0-9*\/,A-Za-z]+\s+){5}([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$
                          Instance Int Exists 1
                          Line String Exists 0 0 * * * /usr/sbin/aide --check
                          Text String Exists 0 0 * * * /usr/sbin/aide --check
                          Subexpression String Exists *
                          Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
                          Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
                          Subexpression String Exists check
                          Windows View String Not collected No Value
                          Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/crontab exists and matches pattern ^([-0-9*\/,A-Za-z]+\s+){5}([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/cron.d exists and matches pattern ^([-0-9*\/,A-Za-z]+\s+){5}([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/cron.hourly exists and matches pattern ^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\s([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/cron.daily exists and matches pattern ^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\s([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/cron.weekly exists and matches pattern ^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\s([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/cron.monthly exists and matches pattern ^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\s([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'aidecheck.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals enabled
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists aidecheck.service
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists No Value
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'aidecheck.timer' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals enabled
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists aidecheck.timer
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists No Value
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'aidecheck.timer' unit 'Unit' property equals 'aidecheck.service'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists aidecheck.timer
                          Property String Exists Unit
                          Value String Exists No Value
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named aidecheck.service in /etc/systemd/system/ exists and matches pattern ^\h*ExecStart=\/usr\/sbin\/aide\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named aidecheck.service in /usr/lib/systemd/system/ exists and matches pattern ^\h*ExecStart=\/usr\/sbin\/aide\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          No matching system items were found.


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.2_Ensure_filesystem_integrity_is_regularly_checked"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/9"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/14"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://github.com/konstruktoid/hardening/blob/master/config/aidecheck.service</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://github.com/konstruktoid/hardening/blob/master/config/aidecheck.timer</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
                     <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
                        <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                                     negate="false"
                                     multi-check="false">
                           <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                                    name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670633"/>
                           <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                              <div class="definition"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670633">
                                 <div class="criteria">
                                    <div class="criterion"
                                         id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670633"
                                         check="all"
                                         check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                       <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                          <tbody class="tbe">
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                                <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /var/spool/cron/ exists and matches pattern ^([-0-9*\/,A-Za-z]+\s+){5}([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                                <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                                <td>All</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                                <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                             </tr>
                                          </tbody>
                                       </table>
                                       <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                          <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                                          <thead>
                                             <tr>
                                                <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                                <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                                <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                                <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                             </tr>
                                          </thead>
                                          <tbody class="tbe">
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Filepath</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>/var/spool/cron/root</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Path</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>/var/spool/cron</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Filename</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>root</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Pattern</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>^([-0-9*\/,A-Za-z]+\s+){5}([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Instance</td>
                                                <td>Int</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>1</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Line</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>0 0 * * * /usr/sbin/aide --check</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Text</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>0 0 * * * /usr/sbin/aide --check</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Subexpression</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>* </td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Subexpression</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Does not exist</td>
                                                <td>No Value</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Subexpression</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Does not exist</td>
                                                <td>No Value</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Subexpression</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Exists</td>
                                                <td>check</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>Windows View</td>
                                                <td>String</td>
                                                <td>Not collected</td>
                                                <td>No Value</td>
                                             </tr>
                                          </tbody>
                                       </table>
                                    </div>
                                 </div>
                              </div>
                           </evidence>
                        </xccdf:check>
                        <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                                     negate="false"
                                     multi-check="false">
                           <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                                    name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670634"/>
                           <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                              <div class="definition"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670634">
                                 <div class="criteria">
                                    <div class="criterion"
                                         id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670634"
                                         check="all"
                                         check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                       <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                          <tbody class="tbe">
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                                <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/crontab exists and matches pattern ^([-0-9*\/,A-Za-z]+\s+){5}([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                                <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                                <td>All</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                                <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                             </tr>
                                          </tbody>
                                       </table>
                                       <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                          </tr>
                                       </table>
                                    </div>
                                 </div>
                              </div>
                           </evidence>
                        </xccdf:check>
                     </xccdf:complex-check>
                     <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                                  negate="false"
                                  multi-check="false">
                        <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                                 name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670635"/>
                        <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                           <div class="definition"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670635">
                              <div class="criteria">
                                 <div class="criterion"
                                      id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670635"
                                      check="all"
                                      check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                    <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                       <tbody class="tbe">
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                             <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/cron.d exists and matches pattern ^([-0-9*\/,A-Za-z]+\s+){5}([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                             <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                             <td>All</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                             <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                          </tr>
                                       </tbody>
                                    </table>
                                    <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </table>
                                 </div>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </evidence>
                     </xccdf:check>
                  </xccdf:complex-check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                              name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670636"/>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="definition"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670636">
                           <div class="criteria">
                              <div class="criterion"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670636"
                                   check="all"
                                   check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                          <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/cron.hourly exists and matches pattern ^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\s([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                          <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                          <td>All</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670637"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670637">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670637"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/cron.daily exists and matches pattern ^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\s([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670638"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670638">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670638"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/cron.weekly exists and matches pattern ^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\s([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670639"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670639">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670639"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/cron.monthly exists and matches pattern ^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\/usr\/sbin\/aide\s([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670641"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670641_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670641"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670641">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670641"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'aidecheck.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals enabled</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>aidecheck.service</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670643"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670643_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670643"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670643">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670643"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'aidecheck.timer' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals enabled</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>aidecheck.timer</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670645"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670645_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670645"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670645">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670645"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'aidecheck.timer' unit 'Unit' property equals 'aidecheck.service'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>aidecheck.timer</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670647"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670647">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670647"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named aidecheck.service in /etc/systemd/system/ exists and matches pattern ^\h*ExecStart=\/usr\/sbin\/aide\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670649"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670649">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670649"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named aidecheck.service in /usr/lib/systemd/system/ exists and matches pattern ^\h*ExecStart=\/usr\/sbin\/aide\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?--(check|update)\b.*$</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: https://github.com/konstruktoid/hardening/blob/master/config/aidecheck.service
                          • URL: https://github.com/konstruktoid/hardening/blob/master/config/aidecheck.timer
                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                            Subcontrol: 14.9
                            Label: Enforce Detail Logging for Access or Changes to Sensitive Data
                            Description: Enforce detailed audit logging for access to sensitive data or changes to sensitive data (utilizing tools such as File Integrity Monitoring or Security Information and Event Monitoring).
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                            Safeguard: 3.14
                            Label: Log Sensitive Data Access
                            Description: Log sensitive data access, including modification and disposal.
                            Implementation Group: IG-3
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Fail

                          6.1.3 Ensure cryptographic mechanisms are used to protect the integrity of audit tools

                          Description:

                          Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity and records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.

                          Protecting the integrity of the tools used for auditing purposes is a critical step toward ensuring the integrity of audit information. Audit information includes all information (e.g., audit records, audit settings, and audit reports) needed to successfully audit information system activity.

                          Attackers may replace the audit tools or inject code into the existing tools with the purpose of providing the capability to hide or erase system activity from the audit logs.

                          Audit tools should be cryptographically signed in order to provide the capability to identify when the audit tools have been modified, manipulated, or replaced. An example is a checksum hash of the file or files.

                          Run the following command to determine the absolute path to the non-symlinked version on the audit tools:

                          # readlink -f /sbin

                          The output will be either /usr/sbin- OR -/sbin . Ensure the correct path is used.

                          Edit /etc/aide.conf and add or update the following selection lines replacing <PATH> with the correct path returned in the command above:

                          # Audit Tools

                          <PATH>/auditctl p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512

                          <PATH>/auditd p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512

                          <PATH>/ausearch p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512

                          <PATH>/aureport p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512

                          <PATH>/autrace p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512

                          <PATH>/augenrules p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512

                          Example

                          # printf '\n%s' "# Audit Tools" "$(readlink -f /sbin/auditctl) p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512" \

                          "$(readlink -f /sbin/auditd) p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512" \

                          "$(readlink -f /sbin/ausearch) p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512" \

                          "$(readlink -f /sbin/aureport) p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512" \

                          "$(readlink -f /sbin/autrace) p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512" \

                          "$(readlink -f /sbin/augenrules) p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512" >> /etc/aide.conf

                          Note: - IF -/etc/aide.conf includes a @@x_include statement:

                          Example:

                          @@x_include /etc/aide.conf.d ^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$
                          • @@x_include FILE
                          • @@x_include DIRECTORY REGEX
                            • @x_include is identical to @@include , except that if a config file is executable it is run and the output is used as config.
                            • If the executable file exits with status greater than zero or writes to stderr aide stops with an error.
                            • For security reasons DIRECTORY and each executable config file must be owned by the current user and must not be group or world-writable.

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Script: sce/nix_audit_tool_aide_chk_v3.sh
                          Result: Fail
                          Exit Value: 102
                          Output:
                          • - Audit Result:
                          • ** FAIL **
                          • * Reasons for audit failure *
                          • - No audit tool files are configured in an AIDE configuration file
                          No error lines were collected.


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.3_Ensure_cryptographic_mechanisms_are_used_to_protect_the_integrity_of_audit_tools"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">AIDE.CONF(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_audit_tool_aide_chk_v3.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_audit_tool_aide_chk_v3.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_audit_tool_aide_chk_v3.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l>  * Reasons for audit failure *</l>
                  <l> - No audit tool files are configured in an AIDE configuration file</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_audit_tool_aide_chk_v3.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li>  * Reasons for audit failure *</li>
                              <li> - No audit tool files are configured in an AIDE configuration file</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: AIDE.CONF(5)

                          Back to Summary

                          6.2 System Logging

                          Logging services should be configured to prevent information leaks and to aggregate logs on a remote server so that they can be reviewed in the event of a system compromise. A centralized log server provides a single point of entry for further analysis, monitoring and filtering.

                          Security principals for logging

                          • Ensure transport layer security is implemented between the client and the log server.
                          • Ensure that logs are rotated as per the environment requirements.
                          • Ensure all locally generated logs have the appropriate permissions.
                          • Ensure all security logs are sent to a remote log server.
                          • Ensure the required events are logged.

                          What is covered

                          This section will cover the minimum best practices for the usage of eitherrsyslogorjournald . The recommendations are written such that each is wholly independent of each other and only one is implemented .

                          • If your organization makes use of an enterprise wide logging system completely outside of rsyslog or journald , then the following recommendations do not directly apply. However, the principals of the recommendations should be followed regardless of what solution is implemented. If the enterprise solution incorporates either of these tools, careful consideration should be given to the following recommendations to determine exactly what applies.
                          • Should your organization make use of both rsyslog and journald , take care how the recommendations may or may not apply to you.

                          What is not covered

                          • Enterprise logging systems not utilizing rsyslog or journald . As logging is very situational and dependent on the local environment, not everything can be covered here.
                          • Transport layer security should be applied to all remote logging functionality. Both rsyslog and journald supports secure transport and should be configured as such.
                          • The log server. There are a multitude of reasons for a centralized log server (and keeping a short period of logging on the local system), but the log server is out of scope for these recommendations.

                          6.2.1 Configure systemd-journald service

                          systemd-journald is a system service that collects and stores logging data. It creates and maintains structured, indexed journals based on logging information that is received from a variety of sources:

                          • Kernel log messages, via kmsg
                          • Simple system log messages, via the libc syslog call
                          • Structured system log messages via the native Journal API
                          • Standard output and standard error of service units
                          • Audit records, originating from the kernel audit subsystem

                          The daemon will implicitly collect numerous metadata fields for each log messages in a secure and unfakeable way. See systemd.journal-fields man page for more information about the collected metadata.

                          The journal service stores log data either persistently below /var/log/journal or in a volatile way below /run/log/journal/ . By default, log data is stored persistently if /var/log/journal/ exists during boot, with an implicit fallback to volatile storage. Use Storage= in journald.conf to configure where log data is placed, independently of the existence of /var/log/journal/ .

                          On systems where /var/log/journal/ does not exist but where persistent logging is desired, and the default journald.conf is used, it is sufficient to create the directory and ensure it has the correct access modes and ownership.

                          Note:systemd-journald.service must be configured appropriately for either journald- OR -rsyslog to operate effectively.

                          Pass

                          6.2.1.1 Ensure journald service is enabled and active

                          Description:

                          Ensure that the systemd-journald service is enabled to allow capturing of logging events.

                          If the systemd-journald service is not enabled to start on boot, the system will not capture logging events.

                          Run the following commands to unmask and start systemd-journald.service

                          # systemctl unmask systemd-journald.service

                          # systemctl start systemd-journald.service

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'static'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists systemd-journald.service
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists static
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists systemd-journald.service
                          Property String Exists ActiveState
                          Value String Exists active


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.1_Ensure_journald_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670657"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670657_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670657"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670657">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670657"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'static'</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Unit</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>systemd-journald.service</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Property</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>UnitFileState</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr class="evaluated">
                              <td>Value</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>static</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670659"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670659_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670659"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670659">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670659"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Unit</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>systemd-journald.service</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Property</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ActiveState</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr class="evaluated">
                              <td>Value</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>active</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Manual

                          6.2.1.2 Ensure journald log file access is configured

                          Description:

                          Journald will create logfiles that do not already exist on the system. This setting controls what permissions will be applied to these newly created files.

                          It is important to ensure that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that sensitive data is archived and protected.

                          If the default configuration is not appropriate for the site specific requirements, copy /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf to /etc/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf and modify as required. Requirements is either 0640 or site policy if that is less restrictive.



                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.2_Ensure_journald_log_file_access_is_configured"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-2, AU-12, MP-2, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-2, AU-12, MP-2, SI-5

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                            Safeguard: 3.3
                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Protect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Manual

                          6.2.1.3 Ensure journald log file rotation is configured

                          Description:

                          Journald includes the capability of rotating log files regularly to avoid filling up the system with logs or making the logs unmanageably large. The file /etc/systemd/journald.conf is the configuration file used to specify how logs generated by Journald should be rotated.

                          By keeping the log files smaller and more manageable, a system administrator can easily archive these files to another system and spend less time looking through inordinately large log files.

                          Edit /etc/systemd/journald.conf or a file ending in .conf the /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ directory. Set the following parameters in the [Journal] section to ensure logs are rotated according to site policy. The settings should be carefully understood as there are specific edge cases and prioritization of parameters.

                          Example Configuration

                          [Journal]

                          SystemMaxUse=1G

                          SystemKeepFree=500M

                          RuntimeMaxUse=200M

                          RuntimeKeepFree=50M

                          MaxFileSec=1month

                          Note: If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the setting will be overwritten



                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.3_Ensure_journald_log_file_rotation_is_configured"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/journald.conf.5.html</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12
                          • URL: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/journald.conf.5.html

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Pass

                          6.2.1.4 Ensure only one logging system is in use

                          Description:

                          Best practices recommend that a single centralized logging system be used for log management, choose a single service either rsyslog- OR -journald to be used as a single centralized logging system.

                          Configuring only one logging service either rsyslog- OR -journald avoids redundancy, optimizes resources, simplifies configuration and management, and ensures consistency.

                          1. Determine whether to use journald- OR -rsyslog depending on site needs
                          2. Configure systemd-jounald.service
                          3. Configure only ONE either journald- OR -rsyslog and complete the recommendations in that subsection
                          4. Return to this recommendation to ensure only one logging system is in use

                          Impact:

                          Transitioning from one logging service to another can be complex and time consuming, it involves reconfiguration and may result in data loss if not managed and reconfigured correctly.

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Script: sce/nix_fed34_ensure_only_one_logging_system_in_use.sh
                          Result: Pass
                          Exit Value: 101
                          Output:
                          • - Audit Result:
                          • ** PASS **
                          • - rsyslog is in use
                          • - follow the recommendations in Configure rsyslog subsection only
                          No error lines were collected.


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.4_Ensure_only_one_logging_system_is_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.358+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_fed34_ensure_only_one_logging_system_in_use.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_fed34_ensure_only_one_logging_system_in_use.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_fed34_ensure_only_one_logging_system_in_use.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - rsyslog is in use</l>
                  <l>- follow the recommendations in Configure rsyslog subsection only</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_fed34_ensure_only_one_logging_system_in_use.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - rsyslog is in use</li>
                              <li>- follow the recommendations in Configure rsyslog subsection only</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
                          Back to Summary

                          6.2.2 Configure journald

                          Included in the systemd suite is a journaling service called systemd-journald.service for the collection and storage of logging data. It creates and maintains structured, indexed journals based on logging information that is received from a variety of sources such as:

                          Classic RFC3164 BSD syslog via the /dev/log socket STDOUT/STDERR of programs via StandardOutput=journal + StandardError=journal in service files (both of which are default settings) Kernel log messages via the /dev/kmsg device node Audit records via the kernel’s audit subsystem Structured log messages via journald’s native protocol Any changes made to the systemd-journald configuration will require a re-start of systemd-journald

                          Note:

                          - IF -rsyslog will be used for remote logging on the system this subsection can be skipped

                          6.2.2.1 Configure systemd-journal-remote

                          The systemd-journal-remote package includes systemd-journal-upload .

                          systemd-journal-upload will upload journal entries to the URL specified with --url=. This program reads journal entries from one or more journal files, similarly to journalctl.

                          systemd-journal-upload transfers the raw content of journal file and uses HTTP as a transport protocol.

                          systemd-journal-upload.service is a system service that uses systemd-journal-upload to upload journal entries to a server. It uses the configuration in journal-upload.conf .

                          Note:- IF -rsyslog is in use this subsection can be skipped.

                          Pass

                          6.2.2.1.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed

                          Description:

                          Journald systemd-journal-remote supports the ability to send log events it gathers to a remote log host or to receive messages from remote hosts, thus enabling centralized log management.

                          Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an attacker gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log data that is stored on the local system.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if journald is the chosen method for client side logging . Do not apply this recommendation if rsyslog is used.

                          Run the following command to install systemd-journal-remote :

                          # dnf install systemd-journal-remote

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is installed
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Rpminfo Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Name String Exists rsyslog
                          Arch String Exists x86_64
                          Epoch String Exists (none)
                          Release String Exists 4.el9
                          Version String Exists 8.2310.0
                          Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.2310.0-4.el9
                          Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
                          Extended Name String Exists rsyslog-0:8.2310.0-4.el9.x86_64
                          Filepath String Does not exist No Value
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists enabled
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists ActiveState
                          Value String Exists active
                          Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'systemd-journal-remote' is installed
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          No matching system items were found.


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.1_Ensure_systemd-journal-remote_is_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670673"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670673">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670673"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is installed</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Name</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>rsyslog</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Arch</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>x86_64</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Epoch</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>(none)</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Release</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>4.el9</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Version</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>8.2310.0</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Evr</td>
                                    <td>Evr String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>0:8.2310.0-4.el9</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Extended Name</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>rsyslog-0:8.2310.0-4.el9.x86_64</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Filepath</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Does not exist</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670677"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670677_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670677"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670677">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670677"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>enabled</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670682"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670682_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670682"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670682">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670682"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>active</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670670"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670670">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670670"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'systemd-journal-remote' is installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Manual

                          6.2.2.1.2 Ensure systemd-journal-upload authentication is configured

                          Description:

                          Journald systemd-journal-upload supports the ability to send log events it gathers to a remote log host.

                          Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an attacker gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log data that is stored on the local system.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if journald is the chosen method for client side logging . Do not apply this recommendation if rsyslog is used.

                          Edit the /etc/systemd/journal-upload.conf file or a file in /etc/systemd/journal-upload.conf.d ending in .conf and ensure the following lines are set in the [Upload] section per your environment:

                          [Upload]

                          URL=192.168.50.42

                          ServerKeyFile=/etc/ssl/private/journal-upload.pem

                          ServerCertificateFile=/etc/ssl/certs/journal-upload.pem

                          TrustedCertificateFile=/etc/ssl/ca/trusted.pem

                          Restart the service:

                          # systemctl restart systemd-journal-upload



                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.2_Ensure_systemd-journal-upload_authentication_is_configured"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Pass

                          6.2.2.1.3 Ensure systemd-journal-upload is enabled and active

                          Description:

                          Journald systemd-journal-upload supports the ability to send log events it gathers to a remote log host.

                          Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an attacker gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log data that is stored on the local system.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if journald is the chosen method for client side logging . Do not apply this recommendation if rsyslog is used.

                          Run the following commands to unmask, enable and start systemd-journal-upload :

                          # systemctl unmask systemd-journal-upload.service

                          # systemctl --now enable systemd-journal-upload.service

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-upload.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists systemd-journal-upload.service
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists No Value
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-upload.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists systemd-journal-upload.service
                          Property String Exists ActiveState
                          Value String Exists inactive
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists ActiveState
                          Value String Exists active
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists enabled


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.3_Ensure_systemd-journal-upload_is_enabled_and_active"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670690"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670690_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670690"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670690">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670690"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-upload.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>systemd-journal-upload.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>No Value</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670696"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670696_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670696"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670696">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670696"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-upload.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>systemd-journal-upload.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670701"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670701_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670701"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670701">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670701"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property  equals 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>active</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670706"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670706_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670706"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670706">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670706"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>enabled</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Pass

                          6.2.2.1.4 Ensure systemd-journal-remote service is not in use

                          Description:

                          Journald systemd-journal-remote supports the ability to receive messages from remote hosts, thus acting as a log server. Clients should not receive data from other hosts.

                          Note:

                          • The same package, systemd-journal-remote , is used for both sending logs to remote hosts and receiving incoming logs.
                          • With regards to receiving logs, there are two services; systemd-journal-remote.socket and systemd-journal-remote.service .

                          If a client is configured to also receive data, thus turning it into a server, the client system is acting outside it's operational boundary.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if journald is the chosen method for client side logging . Do not apply this recommendation if rsyslog is used.

                          Run the following commands to stop and mask systemd-journal-remote.socket and systemd-journal-remote.service:

                          # systemctl stop systemd-journal-remote.socket systemd-journal-remote.service

                          # systemctl mask systemd-journal-remote.socket systemd-journal-remote.service

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists systemd-journal-remote.socket
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists No Value
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists systemd-journal-remote.socket
                          Property String Exists ActiveState
                          Value String Exists inactive
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists systemd-journal-remote.service
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists No Value
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists systemd-journal-remote.service
                          Property String Exists ActiveState
                          Value String Exists inactive
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitStateState' property equals 'enabled'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists enabled
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists ActiveState
                          Value String Exists active


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.4_Ensure_systemd-journal-remote_service_is_not_in_use"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670712"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670712_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670712"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670712">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670712"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>systemd-journal-remote.socket</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>No Value</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670716"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670716_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670716"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670716">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670716"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                                 <thead>
                                    <tr>
                                       <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                       <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                    </tr>
                                 </thead>
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Unit</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>systemd-journal-remote.socket</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>Property</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>ActiveState</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr class="evaluated">
                                       <td>Value</td>
                                       <td>String</td>
                                       <td>Exists</td>
                                       <td>inactive</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670721"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670721_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670721"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670721">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670721"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                              <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                    <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                    <th scope="col">Value</th>
                                 </tr>
                              </thead>
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Unit</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>systemd-journal-remote.service</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>Property</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>UnitFileState</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr class="evaluated">
                                    <td>Value</td>
                                    <td>String</td>
                                    <td>Exists</td>
                                    <td>No Value</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670724"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670724_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670724"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670724">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670724"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>systemd-journal-remote.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>inactive</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670730"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670730_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670730"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670730">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670730"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitStateState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>enabled</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670734"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670734_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670734"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670734">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670734"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>active</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
                            Subcontrol: 9.2
                            Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
                            Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
                            Safeguard: 4.8
                            Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
                            Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
                            Implementation Group: IG-2
                            Security Function: Protect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Pass

                          6.2.2.2 Ensure journald ForwardToSyslog is disabled

                          Description:

                          Data from journald should be kept in the confines of the service and not forwarded to other services.

                          - IF -journald is the method for capturing logs, all logs of the system should be handled by journald and not forwarded to other logging mechanisms.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if journald is the chosen method for client side logging . Do not apply this recommendation if rsyslog is used.

                          - IF -rsyslog is the preferred method for capturing logs, this section and Recommendation should be skipped and the "Configure rsyslog" section followed.

                          - IF -journald is the preferred method for capturing logs:

                          Set the following parameter in the [Journal] section in /etc/systemd/journald.conf or a file in /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ ending in .conf :

                          ForwardToSyslog=no

                          Example:

                          #!/usr/bin/env bash



                          {

                          [ ! -d /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/

                          if grep -Psq -- '^\h*\[Journal\]' /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf; then

                          printf '%s\n' "ForwardToSyslog=no" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf

                          else

                          printf '%s\n' "[Journal]" "ForwardToSyslog=no" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf

                          fi

                          }

                          Note: If this setting appears in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the setting will be overwritten

                          Run to following command to update the parameters in the service:

                          # systemctl reload-or-restart systemd-journald

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equal 'enabled'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists enabled
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equal 'active'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists ActiveState
                          Value String Exists active
                          Script: sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh
                          Result: Pass
                          Exit Value: 101
                          Output:
                          • - rsyslog is in use
                          • - Audit Result:
                          • ** PASS **
                          No error lines were collected.


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.2_Ensure_journald_ForwardToSyslog_is_disabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-6, AU-7, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670748"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670748_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670748"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670748">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670748"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>enabled</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670753"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670753_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670753"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670753">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670753"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>active</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670743_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l>- rsyslog is in use</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li>- rsyslog is in use</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-6, AU-7, AU-12

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Pass

                          6.2.2.3 Ensure journald Compress is configured

                          Description:

                          The journald system includes the capability of compressing overly large files to avoid filling up the system with logs or making the logs unmanageably large.

                          Uncompressed large files may unexpectedly fill a filesystem leading to resource unavailability. Compressing logs prior to write can prevent sudden, unexpected filesystem impacts.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if journald is the chosen method for client side logging . Do not apply this recommendation if rsyslog is used.

                          Set the following parameter in the [Journal] section in /etc/systemd/journald.conf or a file in /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ ending in .conf :

                          Compress=yes

                          Example:

                          #!/usr/bin/env bash



                          {

                          [ ! -d /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/

                          if grep -Psq -- '^\h*\[Journal\]' /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf; then

                          printf '%s\n' "Compress=yes" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf

                          else

                          printf '%s\n' "[Journal]" "Compress=yes" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf

                          fi

                          }

                          Note: If this setting appears in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the setting will be overwritten

                          Run to following command to update the parameters in the service:

                          # systemctl reload-or-restart systemd-journald

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equal 'enabled'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists enabled
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equal 'active'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists ActiveState
                          Value String Exists active
                          Script: sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh
                          Result: Pass
                          Exit Value: 101
                          Output:
                          • - rsyslog is in use
                          • - Audit Result:
                          • ** PASS **
                          No error lines were collected.


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.3_Ensure_journald_Compress_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-4</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670766"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670766_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670766"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670766">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670766"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>enabled</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670771"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670771_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670771"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670771">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670771"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>active</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670760_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l>- rsyslog is in use</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li>- rsyslog is in use</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-4

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.4
                            Label: Ensure adequate storage for logs
                            Description: Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the logs generated.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.3
                            Label: Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage
                            Description: Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's audit log management process.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Protect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Pass

                          6.2.2.4 Ensure journald Storage is configured

                          Description:

                          Data from journald may be stored in volatile memory or persisted locally on the server. Logs in memory will be lost upon a system reboot. By persisting logs to local disk on the server they are protected from loss due to a reboot.

                          Writing log data to disk will provide the ability to forensically reconstruct events which may have impacted the operations or security of a system even after a system crash or reboot.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if journald is the chosen method for client side logging . Do not apply this recommendation if rsyslog is used.

                          Set the following parameter in the [Journal] section in /etc/systemd/journald.conf or a file in /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ ending in .conf :

                          Storage=persistent

                          Example:

                          #!/usr/bin/env bash



                          {

                          [ ! -d /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/

                          if grep -Psq -- '^\h*\[Journal\]' /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf; then

                          printf '%s\n' "Storage=persistent" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf

                          else

                          printf '%s\n' "[Journal]" "Storage=persistent" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf

                          fi

                          }

                          Note: If this setting appears in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the setting will be overwritten

                          Run to following command to update the parameters in the service:

                          # systemctl reload-or-restart systemd-journald

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equal 'enabled'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists enabled
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equal 'active'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists ActiveState
                          Value String Exists active
                          Script: sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh
                          Result: Pass
                          Exit Value: 101
                          Output:
                          • - rsyslog is in use
                          • - Audit Result:
                          • ** PASS **
                          No error lines were collected.


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.4_Ensure_journald_Storage_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670781"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670781_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670781"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670781">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670781"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equal 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>enabled</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670786"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670786_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670786"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670786">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670786"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equal 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>active</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670790_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l>- rsyslog is in use</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_fed34_ensure_journald_parameter_ck.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li>- rsyslog is in use</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary

                          6.2.3 Configure rsyslog

                          The rsyslog software package may be used instead of the default journald logging mechanism.

                          Rsyslog has evolved over several decades. For this reason it supports three different configuration formats (“languages”):

                          • basic - previously known as the sysklogd format, this is the format best used to express basic things, such as where the statement fits on a single line.
                            • It stems back to the original syslog.conf format, in use now for several decades.
                            • The most common use case is matching on facility/severity and writing matching messages to a log file.
                          • advanced - previously known as the RainerScript format, this format was first available in rsyslog v6 and is the current, best and most precise format for non-trivial use cases where more than one line is needed.
                            • Prior to v7, there was a performance impact when using this format that encouraged use of the basic format for best results. Current versions of rsyslog do not suffer from this (historical) performance impact.
                            • This new style format is specifically targeted towards more advanced use cases like forwarding to remote hosts that might be partially offline.
                          • obsolete legacy - previously known simply as the legacy format, this format is exactly what its name implies: it is obsolete and should not be used when writing new configurations. It was created in the early days (up to rsyslog version 5) where we expected that rsyslog would extend sysklogd just mildly. Consequently, it was primarily aimed at small additions to the original sysklogd format.
                            • Practice has shown that it was notoriously hard to use for more advanced use cases, and thus we replaced it with the advanced format.
                            • In essence, everything that needs to be written on a single line that starts with a dollar sign is legacy format. Users of this format are encouraged to migrate to the basic or advanced formats.

                          Note: This section only applies if rsyslog is the chosen method for client side logging. Do not apply this section if journald is used.

                          Pass

                          6.2.3.1 Ensure rsyslog is installed

                          Description:

                          The rsyslog software is recommended in environments where journald does not meet operation requirements.

                          The security enhancements of rsyslog such as connection-oriented (i.e. TCP) transmission of logs, the option to log to database formats, and the encryption of log data en route to a central logging server) justify installing and configuring the package.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if rsyslog is the chosen method for client side logging. Do not apply this recommendation if journald is used.

                          Run the following command to install rsyslog :

                          # dnf install rsyslog

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is installed
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Rpminfo Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Name String Exists rsyslog
                          Arch String Exists x86_64
                          Epoch String Exists (none)
                          Release String Exists 4.el9
                          Version String Exists 8.2310.0
                          Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.2310.0-4.el9
                          Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
                          Extended Name String Exists rsyslog-0:8.2310.0-4.el9.x86_64
                          Filepath String Does not exist No Value
                          Script: sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh
                          Result: Pass
                          Exit Value: 101
                          Output:
                          • - Audit Result:
                          • ** PASS **
                          • - "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file
                          • ** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **
                          No error lines were collected.


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.1_Ensure_rsyslog_is_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670800"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670800">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670800"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>rsyslog</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>4.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.2310.0</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.2310.0-4.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>rsyslog-0:8.2310.0-4.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670805_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</l>
                  <l>   ** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</li>
                              <li>   ** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Pass

                          6.2.3.2 Ensure rsyslog service is enabled and active

                          Description:

                          Once the rsyslog package is installed, ensure that the service is enabled.

                          If the rsyslog service is not enabled to start on boot, the system will not capture logging events.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if rsyslog is the chosen method for client side logging. Do not apply this recommendation if journald is used.

                          - IF -rsyslog is being used for logging on the system:

                          Run the following commands to unmask, enable, and start rsyslog.service :

                          # systemctl unmask rsyslog.service

                          # systemctl enable rsyslog.service

                          # systemctl start rsyslog.service

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists UnitFileState
                          Value String Exists enabled
                          Criterion: Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Systemdunitproperty Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Unit String Exists rsyslog.service
                          Property String Exists ActiveState
                          Value String Exists active
                          Script: sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh
                          Result: Pass
                          Exit Value: 101
                          Output:
                          • - Audit Result:
                          • ** PASS **
                          • - "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file
                          • ** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **
                          No error lines were collected.


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.2_Ensure_rsyslog_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670815"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670815_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670815"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670815">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670815"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>UnitFileState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>enabled</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670822"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670822_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670822"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670822">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670822"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                           <thead>
                              <tr>
                                 <th scope="col">Name</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Type</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Status</th>
                                 <th scope="col">Value</th>
                              </tr>
                           </thead>
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Unit</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>rsyslog.service</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td>Property</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>ActiveState</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr class="evaluated">
                                 <td>Value</td>
                                 <td>String</td>
                                 <td>Exists</td>
                                 <td>active</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670826_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</l>
                  <l>   ** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</li>
                              <li>   ** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Fail

                          6.2.3.3 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to rsyslog

                          Description:

                          Data from systemd-journald may be stored in volatile memory or persisted locally on the server. Utilities exist to accept remote export of systemd-journald logs, however, use of the rsyslog service provides a consistent means of log collection and export.

                          - IF -rsyslog is the preferred method for capturing logs, all logs of the system should be sent to it for further processing.

                          - IF -rsyslog is the preferred method for capturing logs:

                          Set the following parameter in the [Journal] section in /etc/systemd/journald.conf or a file in /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ ending in .conf :

                          ForwardToSyslog=yes

                          Example:

                          #!/usr/bin/env bash



                          {

                          [ ! -d /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/

                          if grep -Psq -- '^\h*\[Journal\]' /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf; then

                          printf '%s\n' "ForwardToSyslog=yes" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf

                          else

                          printf '%s\n' "[Journal]" "ForwardToSyslog=yes" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf

                          fi

                          }

                          Note: If this setting appears in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the setting will be overwritten

                          Run to following command to update the parameters in the service:

                          Restart systemd-journald.service :

                          # systemctl reload-or-restart systemd-journald.service

                          Impact:

                          - IF -Journald is the preferred method for capturing logs, this section and Recommendation should be skipped and the "Configure Journald" section followed.

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Script: sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh
                          Result: Fail
                          Exit Value: 102
                          Output:
                          • - Audit Result:
                          • ** FAIL **
                          • - Reason(s) for audit failure:
                          • - "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file
                          • ** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **
                          No error lines were collected.
                          Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is not installed
                          Existence Check: None Exist
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          Rpminfo Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Name String Exists rsyslog
                          Arch String Exists x86_64
                          Epoch String Exists (none)
                          Release String Exists 4.el9
                          Version String Exists 8.2310.0
                          Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.2310.0-4.el9
                          Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
                          Extended Name String Exists rsyslog-0:8.2310.0-4.el9.x86_64
                          Filepath String Does not exist No Value


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.3_Ensure_journald_is_configured_to_send_logs_to_rsyslog"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/9"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-2, AU-4, AU-12, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">SYSTEMD-JOURNALD.SERVICE(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">JOURNALD.CONF(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670837_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</l>
                  <l>   ** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</li>
                              <li>   ** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670843"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670843">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670843"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>rsyslog</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>4.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.2310.0</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.2310.0-4.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>rsyslog-0:8.2310.0-4.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-2, AU-4, AU-12, MP-2
                          • URL: SYSTEMD-JOURNALD.SERVICE(8)
                          • URL: JOURNALD.CONF(5)

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.5
                            Label: Central Log Management
                            Description: Ensure that appropriate logs are being aggregated to a central log management system for analysis and review.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.9
                            Label: Centralize Audit Logs
                            Description: Centralize, to the extent possible, audit log collection and retention across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-2
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Fail

                          6.2.3.4 Ensure rsyslog log file creation mode is configured

                          Description:

                          rsyslog will create logfiles that do not already exist on the system.

                          The $FileCreateMode parameter allows you to specify the creation mode with which rsyslog creates new files. If not specified, the value 0644 is used (which retains backward-compatibility with earlier releases). The value given must always be a 4-digit octal number, with the initial digit being zero.

                          Please note that the actual permission depend on rsyslogd’s process umask.

                          $FileCreateMode may be specified multiple times. If so, it specifies the creation mode for all selector lines that follow until the next $FileCreateMode parameter. Order of lines is vitally important.

                          It is important to ensure that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that sensitive data is archived and protected.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if rsyslog is the chosen method for client side logging. Do not apply this recommendation if systemd-journald is used.

                          Edit either /etc/rsyslog.conf or a dedicated .conf file in /etc/rsyslog.d/ and set $FileCreateMode to 0640 or more restrictive:

                          $FileCreateMode 0640

                          Restart the service:

                          # systemctl restart rsyslog

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/rsyslog.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*\$FileCreateMode\s+0[6420][40]0\b
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure at least one file(s) named .*\.conf in /etc/rsyslog.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*\$FileCreateMode\s+0[6420][40]0\b
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: At least one
                          Result: Fail
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is not installed
                          Existence Check: None Exist
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          Rpminfo Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Name String Exists rsyslog
                          Arch String Exists x86_64
                          Epoch String Exists (none)
                          Release String Exists 4.el9
                          Version String Exists 8.2310.0
                          Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.2310.0-4.el9
                          Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
                          Extended Name String Exists rsyslog-0:8.2310.0-4.el9.x86_64
                          Filepath String Does not exist No Value


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.4_Ensure_rsyslog_log_file_creation_mode_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/5/subcontrol/1"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">RSYSLOG.CONF(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AC-6, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/configuration/action/rsconf1_filecreatemode.html#filecreatemode</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670851"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670851">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670851"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/rsyslog.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*\$FileCreateMode\s+0[6420][40]0\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670855"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670855">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670855"
                          check="at least one"
                          check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure at least one file(s) named .*\.conf in /etc/rsyslog.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*\$FileCreateMode\s+0[6420][40]0\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>At least one</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670863"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670863">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670863"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>rsyslog</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>4.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.2310.0</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.2310.0-4.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>rsyslog-0:8.2310.0-4.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: RSYSLOG.CONF(5)
                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AC-6, MP-2
                          • URL: https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/
                          • URL: https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/configuration/action/rsconf1_filecreatemode.html#filecreatemode

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 5: Secure Configuration for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops, Workstations and Servers: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Establish, implement, and actively manage (track, report on, correct) the security configuration of mobile devices, laptops, servers, and workstations using a rigorous configuration management and change control process in order to prevent attackers from exploiting vulnerable services and settings.
                            Subcontrol: 5.1
                            Label: Establish Secure Configurations
                            Description: Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all authorized operating systems and software.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                            Safeguard: 3.3
                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Protect
                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Manual

                          6.2.3.5 Ensure rsyslog logging is configured

                          Description:

                          The /etc/rsyslog.conf and /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf files specifies rules for logging and which files are to be used to log certain classes of messages.

                          A great deal of important security-related information is sent via rsyslog (e.g., successful and failed su attempts, failed login attempts, root login attempts, etc.).

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if rsyslog is the chosen method for client side logging. Do not apply this recommendation if journald is used.

                          Edit the following lines in the /etc/rsyslog.conf and /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf files as appropriate for your environment.

                          Note: The below configuration is shown for example purposes only. Due care should be given to how the organization wishes to store log data.

                          *.emerg :omusrmsg:*

                          auth,authpriv.* /var/log/secure

                          mail.* -/var/log/mail

                          mail.info -/var/log/mail.info

                          mail.warning -/var/log/mail.warn

                          mail.err /var/log/mail.err

                          cron.* /var/log/cron

                          *.=warning;*.=err -/var/log/warn

                          *.crit /var/log/warn

                          *.*;mail.none;news.none -/var/log/messages

                          local0,local1.* -/var/log/localmessages

                          local2,local3.* -/var/log/localmessages

                          local4,local5.* -/var/log/localmessages

                          local6,local7.* -/var/log/localmessages

                          Run the following command to reload the rsyslogd configuration:

                          # systemctl restart rsyslog



                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.5_Ensure_rsyslog_logging_is_configured"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the rsyslog.conf(5) man page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: See the rsyslog.conf(5) man page for more information.
                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Manual

                          6.2.3.6 Ensure rsyslog is configured to send logs to a remote log host

                          Description:

                          rsyslog supports the ability to send log events it gathers to a remote log host or to receive messages from remote hosts, thus enabling centralized log management.

                          Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an attacker gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log data that is stored on the local system.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if rsyslog is the chosen method for client side logging. Do not apply this recommendation if systemd-journald is used.

                          Edit the /etc/rsyslog.conf and /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf files and add the following line (where loghost.example.com is the name of your central log host). The target directive may either be a fully qualified domain name or an IP address.

                          Example:

                          *.* action(type="omfwd" target="loghost.example.com" port="514" protocol="tcp"

                          action.resumeRetryCount="100"

                          queue.type="LinkedList" queue.size="1000")

                          Run the following command to reload rsyslog.service :

                          # systemctl reload-or-restart rsyslog.service



                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.6_Ensure_rsyslog_is_configured_to_send_logs_to_a_remote_log_host"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">See the rsyslog.conf(5) man page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: See the rsyslog.conf(5) man page for more information.
                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-6
                          • URL: https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Pass

                          6.2.3.7 Ensure rsyslog is not configured to receive logs from a remote client

                          Description:

                          rsyslog supports the ability to receive messages from remote hosts, thus acting as a log server. Clients should not receive data from other hosts.

                          If a client is configured to also receive data, thus turning it into a server, the client system is acting outside its operational boundary.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if rsyslog is the chosen method for client side logging. Do not apply this recommendation if systemd-journald is used.

                          Should there be any active log server configuration found in the auditing section, modify those files and remove the specific lines highlighted by the audit. Verify none of the following entries are present in any of /etc/rsyslog.conf or /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf .

                          advanced format

                          module(load="imtcp")

                          input(type="imtcp" port="514")

                          deprecated legacy format

                          $ModLoad imtcp

                          $InputTCPServerRun

                          Restart the service:

                          # systemctl restart rsyslog

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          OR
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/rsyslog.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*module\(load=\"?imtcp\"?\)
                          Existence Check: None Exist
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named .*\.conf in /etc/rsyslog.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*module\(load=\"?imtcp\"?\)
                          Existence Check: None Exist
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/rsyslog.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*input\(type=\"?imtcp\"?\b
                          Existence Check: None Exist
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/rsyslog.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*input\(type=\"?imtcp\"?\b
                          Existence Check: None Exist
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/rsyslog.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*\$ModLoad\h+imtcp\b
                          Existence Check: None Exist
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/rsyslog.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*\$ModLoad\h+imtcp\b
                          Existence Check: None Exist
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/rsyslog.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*\$InputTCPServerRun\b
                          Existence Check: None Exist
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/rsyslog.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*\$InputTCPServerRun\b
                          Existence Check: None Exist
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          No matching system items were found.
                          Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is not installed
                          Existence Check: None Exist
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          Rpminfo Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Name String Exists rsyslog
                          Arch String Exists x86_64
                          Epoch String Exists (none)
                          Release String Exists 4.el9
                          Version String Exists 8.2310.0
                          Evr Evr String Exists 0:8.2310.0-4.el9
                          Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
                          Extended Name String Exists rsyslog-0:8.2310.0-4.el9.x86_64
                          Filepath String Does not exist No Value


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.7_Ensure_rsyslog_is_not_configured_to_receive_logs_from_a_remote_client"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12, CM-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/index.html</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                     <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                        <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                           <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                                        negate="false"
                                        multi-check="false">
                              <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                                       name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670877"/>
                              <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                                 <div class="definition"
                                      id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670877">
                                    <div class="criteria">
                                       <div class="criterion"
                                            id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670877"
                                            check="all"
                                            check_existence="none_exist">
                                          <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                             <tbody class="tbe">
                                                <tr>
                                                   <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                                   <td>Ensure no file named /etc/rsyslog.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*module\(load=\"?imtcp\"?\)</td>
                                                </tr>
                                                <tr>
                                                   <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                                   <td>None Exist</td>
                                                </tr>
                                                <tr>
                                                   <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                                   <td>All</td>
                                                </tr>
                                                <tr>
                                                   <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                                   <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                                </tr>
                                             </tbody>
                                          </table>
                                          <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                             </tr>
                                          </table>
                                       </div>
                                    </div>
                                 </div>
                              </evidence>
                           </xccdf:check>
                           <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                                        negate="false"
                                        multi-check="false">
                              <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                                       name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670882"/>
                              <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                                 <div class="definition"
                                      id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670882">
                                    <div class="criteria">
                                       <div class="criterion"
                                            id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670882"
                                            check="all"
                                            check_existence="none_exist">
                                          <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                             <tbody class="tbe">
                                                <tr>
                                                   <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                                   <td>Ensure no file(s) named .*\.conf in /etc/rsyslog.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*module\(load=\"?imtcp\"?\)</td>
                                                </tr>
                                                <tr>
                                                   <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                                   <td>None Exist</td>
                                                </tr>
                                                <tr>
                                                   <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                                   <td>All</td>
                                                </tr>
                                                <tr>
                                                   <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                                   <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                                </tr>
                                             </tbody>
                                          </table>
                                          <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                             <tr>
                                                <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                             </tr>
                                          </table>
                                       </div>
                                    </div>
                                 </div>
                              </evidence>
                           </xccdf:check>
                        </xccdf:complex-check>
                        <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                                     negate="false"
                                     multi-check="false">
                           <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                                    name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670890"/>
                           <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                              <div class="definition"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670890">
                                 <div class="criteria">
                                    <div class="criterion"
                                         id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670890"
                                         check="all"
                                         check_existence="none_exist">
                                       <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                          <tbody class="tbe">
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                                <td>Ensure no file named /etc/rsyslog.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*input\(type=\"?imtcp\"?\b</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                                <td>None Exist</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                                <td>All</td>
                                             </tr>
                                             <tr>
                                                <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                                <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                             </tr>
                                          </tbody>
                                       </table>
                                       <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                          </tr>
                                       </table>
                                    </div>
                                 </div>
                              </div>
                           </evidence>
                        </xccdf:check>
                     </xccdf:complex-check>
                     <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                                  negate="false"
                                  multi-check="false">
                        <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                                 name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670894"/>
                        <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                           <div class="definition"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670894">
                              <div class="criteria">
                                 <div class="criterion"
                                      id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670894"
                                      check="all"
                                      check_existence="none_exist">
                                    <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                       <tbody class="tbe">
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                             <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/rsyslog.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*input\(type=\"?imtcp\"?\b</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                             <td>None Exist</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                             <td>All</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                             <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                          </tr>
                                       </tbody>
                                    </table>
                                    <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </table>
                                 </div>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </evidence>
                     </xccdf:check>
                  </xccdf:complex-check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                              name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670899"/>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="definition"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670899">
                           <div class="criteria">
                              <div class="criterion"
                                   id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670899"
                                   check="all"
                                   check_existence="none_exist">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                          <td>Ensure no file named /etc/rsyslog.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*\$ModLoad\h+imtcp\b</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                          <td>None Exist</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                          <td>All</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                           name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670906"/>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="definition"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670906">
                        <div class="criteria">
                           <div class="criterion"
                                id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670906"
                                check="all"
                                check_existence="none_exist">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                       <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/rsyslog.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*\$ModLoad\h+imtcp\b</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                       <td>None Exist</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                       <td>All</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                        name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670912"/>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="definition"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670912">
                     <div class="criteria">
                        <div class="criterion"
                             id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670912"
                             check="all"
                             check_existence="none_exist">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                    <td>Ensure no file named /etc/rsyslog.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*\$InputTCPServerRun\b</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                    <td>None Exist</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                    <td>All</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                     name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670917"/>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="definition"
                    id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670917">
                  <div class="criteria">
                     <div class="criterion"
                          id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670917"
                          check="all"
                          check_existence="none_exist">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                                 <td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/rsyslog.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*\$InputTCPServerRun\b</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                                 <td>None Exist</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                                 <td>All</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670922"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670922">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670922"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is not installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>rsyslog</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>4.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>8.2310.0</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:8.2310.0-4.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>rsyslog-0:8.2310.0-4.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12, CM-6
                          • URL: https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/index.html

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available to attackers.
                            Subcontrol: 9.2
                            Label: Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running
                            Description: Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with validated business needs are running on each system.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices, including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers) and software (operating systems and applications).
                            Safeguard: 4.8
                            Label: Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software
                            Description: Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.
                            Implementation Group: IG-2
                            Security Function: Protect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Manual

                          6.2.3.8 Ensure rsyslog logrotate is configured

                          Description:

                          The system includes the capability of rotating log files regularly to avoid filling up the system with logs or making the logs unmanageably large. The file /etc/logrotate.d/rsyslog is the configuration file used to rotate log files created by rsyslog .

                          By keeping the log files smaller and more manageable, a system administrator can easily archive these files to another system and spend less time looking through inordinately large log files.

                          Note: This recommendation only applies if rsyslog is the chosen method for client side logging. Do not apply this recommendation if systemd-journald is used.

                          Edit /etc/logrotate.conf and /etc/logrotate.d/* to ensure logs are rotated according to site policy.

                          Example logrotate configuration that specifies log files be rotated weekly, keep 4 backlogs, compress old log files, ignores missing and empty log files, postrotate to reload rsyslog service after logs are rotated

                          /var/log/rsyslog/*.log {

                          weekly

                          rotate 4

                          compress

                          missingok

                          notifempty

                          postrotate

                          /usr/bin/systemctl reload rsyslog.service >/dev/null || true

                          endscript

                          }



                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.8_Ensure_rsyslog_logrotate_is_configured"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/tutorials/log_rotation_fix_size.html</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8
                          • URL: https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/tutorials/log_rotation_fix_size.html

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.4
                            Label: Ensure adequate storage for logs
                            Description: Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the logs generated.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.3
                            Label: Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage
                            Description: Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's audit log management process.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Protect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary

                          6.2.4 Configure Logfiles

                          Fail

                          6.2.4.1 Ensure access to all logfiles has been configured

                          Description:

                          Log files contain information from many services on the the local system, or in the event of a centralized log server, others systems logs as well.

                          In general log files are found in /var/log/ , although application can be configured to store logs elsewhere. Should your application store logs in another, ensure to run the same test on that location.

                          It is important that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that sensitive data is protected and that only the appropriate users / groups have access to them.

                          Run the following script to update permissions and ownership on files in /var/log .

                          Although the script is not destructive, ensure that the output is captured in the event that the remediation causes issues.

                          #!/usr/bin/env bash



                          {

                          l_op2="" l_output2=""

                          l_uidmin="$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)"

                          file_test_fix()

                          {

                          l_op2=""

                          l_fuser="root"

                          l_fgroup="root"

                          if [ $(( $l_mode & $perm_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then

                          l_op2="$l_op2\n - Mode: \"$l_mode\" should be \"$maxperm\" or more restrictive\n - Removing excess permissions"

                          chmod "$l_rperms" "$l_fname"

                          fi

                          if [[ ! "$l_user" =~ $l_auser ]]; then

                          l_op2="$l_op2\n - Owned by: \"$l_user\" and should be owned by \"${l_auser//|/ or }\"\n - Changing ownership to: \"$l_fuser\""

                          chown "$l_fuser" "$l_fname"

                          fi

                          if [[ ! "$l_group" =~ $l_agroup ]]; then

                          l_op2="$l_op2\n - Group owned by: \"$l_group\" and should be group owned by \"${l_agroup//|/ or }\"\n - Changing group ownership to: \"$l_fgroup\""

                          chgrp "$l_fgroup" "$l_fname"

                          fi

                          [ -n "$l_op2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2\n - File: \"$l_fname\" is:$l_op2\n"

                          }

                          unset a_file && a_file=() # clear and initialize array

                          # Loop to create array with stat of files that could possibly fail one of the audits

                          while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do

                          [ -e "$l_file" ] && a_file+=("$(stat -Lc '%n^%#a^%U^%u^%G^%g' "$l_file")")

                          done < <(find -L /var/log -type f \( -perm /0137 -o ! -user root -o ! -group root \) -print0)

                          while IFS="^" read -r l_fname l_mode l_user l_uid l_group l_gid; do

                          l_bname="$(basename "$l_fname")"

                          case "$l_bname" in

                          lastlog | lastlog.* | wtmp | wtmp.* | wtmp-* | btmp | btmp.* | btmp-* | README)

                          perm_mask='0113'

                          maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$perm_mask)) )"

                          l_rperms="ug-x,o-wx"

                          l_auser="root"

                          l_agroup="(root|utmp)"

                          file_test_fix

                          ;;

                          secure | auth.log | syslog | messages)

                          perm_mask='0137'

                          maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$perm_mask)) )"

                          l_rperms="u-x,g-wx,o-rwx"

                          l_auser="(root|syslog)"

                          l_agroup="(root|adm)"

                          file_test_fix

                          ;;

                          SSSD | sssd)

                          perm_mask='0117'

                          maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$perm_mask)) )"

                          l_rperms="ug-x,o-rwx"

                          l_auser="(root|SSSD)"

                          l_agroup="(root|SSSD)"

                          file_test_fix

                          ;;

                          gdm | gdm3)

                          perm_mask='0117'

                          l_rperms="ug-x,o-rwx"

                          maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$perm_mask)) )"

                          l_auser="root"

                          l_agroup="(root|gdm|gdm3)"

                          file_test_fix

                          ;;

                          *.journal | *.journal~)

                          perm_mask='0137'

                          maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$perm_mask)) )"

                          l_rperms="u-x,g-wx,o-rwx"

                          l_auser="root"

                          l_agroup="(root|systemd-journal)"

                          file_test_fix

                          ;;

                          *)

                          perm_mask='0137'

                          maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$perm_mask)) )"

                          l_rperms="u-x,g-wx,o-rwx"

                          l_auser="(root|syslog)"

                          l_agroup="(root|adm)"

                          if [ "$l_uid" -lt "$l_uidmin" ] && [ -z "$(awk -v grp="$l_group" -F: '$1==grp {print $4}' /etc/group)" ]; then

                          if [[ ! "$l_user" =~ $l_auser ]]; then

                          l_auser="(root|syslog|$l_user)"

                          fi

                          if [[ ! "$l_group" =~ $l_agroup ]]; then

                          l_tst=""

                          while l_out3="" read -r l_duid; do

                          [ "$l_duid" -ge "$l_uidmin" ] && l_tst=failed

                          done <<< "$(awk -F: '$4=='"$l_gid"' {print $3}' /etc/passwd)"

                          [ "$l_tst" != "failed" ] && l_agroup="(root|adm|$l_group)"

                          fi

                          fi

                          file_test_fix

                          ;;

                          esac

                          done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_file[@]}")"

                          unset a_file # Clear array

                          # If all files passed, then we report no changes

                          if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then

                          echo -e "- All files in \"/var/log/\" have appropriate permissions and ownership\n - No changes required\n"

                          else

                          # print report of changes

                          echo -e "\n$l_output2"

                          fi

                          }

                          Note: You may also need to change the configuration for your logging software or services for any logs that had incorrect permissions.

                          If there are services that log to other locations, ensure that those log files have the appropriate access configured.

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Script: sce/nix_logfile_access_chk.sh
                          Result: Fail
                          Exit Value: 102
                          Output:
                          • - Audit Results:
                          • ** Fail **
                          • - File: "/var/log/amazon/ssm/amazon-ssm-agent.log" is:
                          • - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
                          • - File: "/var/log/amazon/ssm/errors.log" is:
                          • - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
                          • - File: "/var/log/rhsm/rhsm.log" is:
                          • - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
                          • - File: "/var/log/rhsm/rhsmcertd.log" is:
                          • - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
                          • - File: "/var/log/tuned/tuned.log" is:
                          • - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
                          • - File: "/var/log/choose_repo.log" is:
                          • - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
                          • - File: "/var/log/dnf.librepo.log" is:
                          • - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
                          • - File: "/var/log/dnf.log" is:
                          • - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
                          • - File: "/var/log/dnf.rpm.log" is:
                          • - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
                          • - File: "/var/log/hawkey.log" is:
                          • - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
                          No error lines were collected.


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.4.1_Ensure_access_to_all_logfiles_has_been_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_logfile_access_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_logfile_access_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_logfile_access_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Results:</l>
                  <l> ** Fail **</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - File: "/var/log/amazon/ssm/amazon-ssm-agent.log" is:</l>
                  <l>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - File: "/var/log/amazon/ssm/errors.log" is:</l>
                  <l>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - File: "/var/log/rhsm/rhsm.log" is:</l>
                  <l>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - File: "/var/log/rhsm/rhsmcertd.log" is:</l>
                  <l>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - File: "/var/log/tuned/tuned.log" is:</l>
                  <l>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - File: "/var/log/choose_repo.log" is:</l>
                  <l>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - File: "/var/log/dnf.librepo.log" is:</l>
                  <l>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - File: "/var/log/dnf.log" is:</l>
                  <l>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - File: "/var/log/dnf.rpm.log" is:</l>
                  <l>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - File: "/var/log/hawkey.log" is:</l>
                  <l>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_logfile_access_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Results:</li>
                              <li> ** Fail **</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - File: "/var/log/amazon/ssm/amazon-ssm-agent.log" is:</li>
                              <li>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - File: "/var/log/amazon/ssm/errors.log" is:</li>
                              <li>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - File: "/var/log/rhsm/rhsm.log" is:</li>
                              <li>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - File: "/var/log/rhsm/rhsmcertd.log" is:</li>
                              <li>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - File: "/var/log/tuned/tuned.log" is:</li>
                              <li>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - File: "/var/log/choose_repo.log" is:</li>
                              <li>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - File: "/var/log/dnf.librepo.log" is:</li>
                              <li>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - File: "/var/log/dnf.log" is:</li>
                              <li>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - File: "/var/log/dnf.rpm.log" is:</li>
                              <li>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - File: "/var/log/hawkey.log" is:</li>
                              <li>  - Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                            Safeguard: 3.3
                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Protect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary

                          6.3 System Auditing

                          The Linux Auditing System operates on a set of rules that collects certain types of system activity to facilitate incident investigation, detect unauthorized access or modification of data. By default events will be logged to /var/log/audit/audit.log , which can be configured in /etc/audit/auditd.conf .

                          The following types of audit rules can be specified:

                          • Control rules: Configuration of the auditing system.
                          • File system rules: Allow the auditing of access to a particular file or a directory. Also known as file watches.
                          • System call rules: Allow logging of system calls that any specified program makes.

                          Audit rules can be set:

                          • On the command line using the auditctl utility. These rules are not persistent across reboots.
                          • In /etc/audit/audit.rules . These rules have to be merged and loaded before they are active.

                          Notes:

                          • For 64 bit systems that have arch as a rule parameter, you will need two rules: one for 64 bit and one for 32 bit systems calls. For 32 bit systems, only one rule is needed.
                          • If the auditing system is configured to be locked ( -e 2 ), a system reboot will be required in order to load any changes.
                          • Key names are optional on the rules and will not be used in compliance auditing. The usage of key names is highly recommended as it facilitates organization and searching; as such, all remediation steps will have key names supplied.
                          • It is best practice to store the rules, in number prepended files, in /etc/audit/rules.d/ . Rules must end in a .rules suffix. This then requires the use of augenrules to merge all the rules into /etc/audit/audit.rules based on their alphabetical (lexical) sort order. All benchmark recommendations follow this best practice for remediation, specifically using the prefix of 50 which is center weighed if all rule sets make use of the number prepending naming convention.
                          • Your system may have been customized to change the default UID_MIN . All sample output uses 1000 , but this value will not be used in compliance auditing. To confirm the UID_MIN for your system, run the following command: awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs

                          Normalization The Audit system normalizes some entries, so when you look at the sample output keep in mind that:

                          • With regards to users whose login UID is not set, the values -1 / unset / 4294967295 are equivalent and normalized to -1 .
                          • When comparing field types and both sides of the comparison is valid fields types, such as euid!=uid , then the auditing system may normalize such that the output is uid!=euid .
                          • Some parts of the rule may be rearranged whilst others are dependent on previous syntax. For example, the following two statements are the same:
                          -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S execve -C uid!=euid -F auid!=-1 -F key=user_emulation

                          and

                          -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -C euid!=uid -F auid!=unset -S execve -k user_emulation

                          Capacity planning

                          The recommendations in this section implement auditing policies that not only produce large quantities of logged data, but may also negatively impact system performance. Capacity planning is critical in order not to adversely impact production environments.

                          • Disk space. If a significantly large set of events are captured, additional on system or off system storage may need to be allocated. If the logs are not sent to a remote log server, ensure that log rotation is implemented else the disk will fill up and the system will halt. Even when logs are sent to a log server, ensure sufficient disk space to allow caching of logs in the case of temporary network outages.
                          • Disk IO. It is not just the amount of data collected that should be considered, but the rate at which logs are generated.
                          • CPU overhead. System call rules might incur considerable CPU overhead. Test the systems open/close syscalls per second with and without the rules to gauge the impact of the rules.

                          6.3.1 Configure auditd Service

                          The capturing of system events provides system administrators with information to allow them to determine if unauthorized access to their system is occurring.

                          Pass

                          6.3.1.1 Ensure auditd packages are installed

                          Description:

                          auditd is the userspace component to the Linux Auditing System. It's responsible for writing audit records to the disk.

                          The capturing of system events provides system administrators with information to allow them to determine if unauthorized access to their system is occurring.

                          Run the following command to install audit and audit-libs :

                          # dnf install audit audit-libs

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'audit' is installed
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Rpminfo Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Name String Exists audit
                          Arch String Exists x86_64
                          Epoch String Exists (none)
                          Release String Exists 2.el9
                          Version String Exists 3.1.2
                          Evr Evr String Exists 0:3.1.2-2.el9
                          Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
                          Extended Name String Exists audit-0:3.1.2-2.el9.x86_64
                          Filepath String Does not exist No Value
                          Criterion: Ensure package name equals 'audit-libs' is installed
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Pass
                          Rpminfo Item
                          Name Type Status Value
                          Name String Exists audit-libs
                          Arch String Exists x86_64
                          Epoch String Exists (none)
                          Release String Exists 2.el9
                          Version String Exists 3.1.2
                          Evr Evr String Exists 0:3.1.2-2.el9
                          Signature Keyid String Exists 199e2f91fd431d51
                          Extended Name String Exists audit-libs-0:3.1.2-2.el9.x86_64
                          Filepath String Does not exist No Value


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.1_Ensure_auditd_packages_are_installed"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.359+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-3(1), AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670936"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670936">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670936"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'audit' is installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>audit</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>2.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>3.1.2</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:3.1.2-2.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>audit-0:3.1.2-2.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670939"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670939">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670939"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure package name equals 'audit-libs' is installed</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Rpminfo Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>audit-libs</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Arch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Epoch</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>(none)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Release</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>2.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Version</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>3.1.2</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Evr</td>
                              <td>Evr String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>0:3.1.2-2.el9</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Signature Keyid</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>199e2f91fd431d51</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Extended Name</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>audit-libs-0:3.1.2-2.el9.x86_64</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-3(1), AU-12, SI-5

                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.2
                            Label: Activate audit logging
                            Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                          • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Subcontrol: 6.3
                            Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                            Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                            • >

                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.2
                            Label: Collect Audit Logs
                            Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                            Security Function: Detect
                          • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                            CIS Control Information
                            Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                            Safeguard: 8.5
                            Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                            Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                            Implementation Group: IG-2
                            Security Function: Detect
                            • >

                          Back to Summary
                          Fail

                          6.3.1.2 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is enabled

                          Description:

                          Configure grub2 so that processes that are capable of being audited can be audited even if they start up prior to auditd startup.

                          Audit events need to be captured on processes that start up prior to auditd , so that potential malicious activity cannot go undetected.

                          Run the following command to update the grub2 configuration with audit=1 :

                          # grubby --update-kernel ALL --args 'audit=1'

                          Edit /etc/default/grub and add audit=1 to the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX= line between the opening and closing double quotes:

                          Example:

                          GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="quiet audit=1"

                          Note: Other parameters may also be listed

                          Show Assessment Evidence
                          Complex Check
                          AND
                          Script: sce/nix_grubby_exist_chk.sh
                          Result: Fail
                          Exit Value: 102
                          Output:
                          • - Audit Result:
                          • ** FAIL **
                          • - Grub parameter: "audit=1" is not set
                          • *** Lines from grub config: ***
                          • args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 net.ifnames=0 rd.blacklist=nouveau nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M $tuned_params"
                          • *** END ***
                          No error lines were collected.
                          Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/default/grub exists and matches pattern ^\h*GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"([^#\n\r]+\h+)?audit=1\b
                          Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                          Item Check: All
                          Result: Fail
                          No matching system items were found.


                          Show Rule Result XML
                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.2_Ensure_auditing_for_processes_that_start_prior_to_auditd_is_enabled"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670943_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_grubby_exist_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_grubby_exist_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_grubby_exist_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l>  - Grub parameter: "audit=1" is not set</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>*** Lines from grub config: ***</l>
                  <l>args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 net.ifnames=0 rd.blacklist=nouveau nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M $tuned_params"</l>
                  <l>*** END ***</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_grubby_exist_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li>  - Grub parameter: "audit=1" is not set</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>*** Lines from grub config: ***</li>
                              <li>args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 net.ifnames=0 rd.blacklist=nouveau nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M $tuned_params"</li>
                              <li>*** END ***</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670947"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670947">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670947"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/default/grub exists and matches pattern ^\h*GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"([^#\n\r]+\h+)?audit=1\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                          References:

                            CIS Controls V7.0:

                            • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Subcontrol: 6.2
                              Label: Activate audit logging
                              Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                              • >

                            CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                            • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Safeguard: 8.2
                              Label: Collect Audit Logs
                              Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                              Implementation Group: IG-1
                              Security Function: Detect
                              • >

                            Back to Summary
                            Fail

                            6.3.1.3 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient

                            Description:

                            The audit_backlog_limit parameter determines how auditd records can be held in the auditd backlog. The default setting of 64 may be insufficient to store all audit events during boot.

                            During boot if audit=1 , then the backlog will hold 64 records. If more than 64 records are created during boot, auditd records will be lost and potential malicious activity could go undetected.

                            Run the following command to add audit_backlog_limit=<BACKLOG SIZE> to GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX:

                            # grubby --update-kernel ALL --args 'audit_backlog_limit=<BACKLOG SIZE>'

                            Example:

                            # grubby --update-kernel ALL --args 'audit_backlog_limit=8192'

                            Edit /etc/default/grub and add audit_backlog_limit=<BACKLOG SIZE> to the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX= line between the opening and closing double quotes:

                            Example:

                            GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="quiet audit_backlog_limit=8192"

                            Note: Other parameters may also be listed

                            Show Assessment Evidence
                            Complex Check
                            AND
                            Script: sce/nix_grubby_exist_chk.sh
                            Result: Fail
                            Exit Value: 102
                            Output:
                            • - Audit Result:
                            • ** FAIL **
                            • - Grub parameter: "audit_backlog_limit=\d+" is not set
                            • *** Lines from grub config: ***
                            • args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 net.ifnames=0 rd.blacklist=nouveau nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M $tuned_params"
                            • *** END ***
                            No error lines were collected.
                            Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/default/grub exists and matches pattern ^\h*GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\baudit_backlog_limit=\d+\b
                            Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                            Item Check: All
                            Result: Fail
                            No matching system items were found.


                            Show Rule Result XML
                            <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.3_Ensure_audit_backlog_limit_is_sufficient"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670951_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_grubby_exist_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_grubby_exist_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_grubby_exist_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l>  - Grub parameter: "audit_backlog_limit=\d+" is not set</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>*** Lines from grub config: ***</l>
                  <l>args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 net.ifnames=0 rd.blacklist=nouveau nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M $tuned_params"</l>
                  <l>*** END ***</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_grubby_exist_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li>  - Grub parameter: "audit_backlog_limit=\d+" is not set</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>*** Lines from grub config: ***</li>
                              <li>args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 net.ifnames=0 rd.blacklist=nouveau nvme_core.io_timeout=4294967295 crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M $tuned_params"</li>
                              <li>*** END ***</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670955"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670955">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670955"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/default/grub exists and matches pattern ^\h*GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\baudit_backlog_limit=\d+\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                            References:

                            • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5

                            CIS Controls V7.0:

                            • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Subcontrol: 6.2
                              Label: Activate audit logging
                              Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                              • >

                            CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                            • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Safeguard: 8.2
                              Label: Collect Audit Logs
                              Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                              Implementation Group: IG-1
                              Security Function: Detect
                              • >

                            Back to Summary
                            Pass

                            6.3.1.4 Ensure auditd service is enabled and active

                            Description:

                            Turn on the auditd daemon to record system events.

                            The capturing of system events provides system administrators with information to allow them to determine if unauthorized access to their system is occurring.

                            Run the following commands to unmask, enable and start auditd :

                            # systemctl unmask auditd

                            # systemctl enable auditd

                            # systemctl start auditd

                            Show Assessment Evidence
                            Complex Check
                            AND
                            Criterion: Ensure systemd 'auditd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'
                            Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                            Item Check: All
                            Result: Pass
                            Systemdunitproperty Item
                            Name Type Status Value
                            Unit String Exists auditd.service
                            Property String Exists UnitFileState
                            Value String Exists enabled
                            Criterion: Ensure systemd 'auditd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'
                            Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                            Item Check: All
                            Result: Pass
                            Systemdunitproperty Item
                            Name Type Status Value
                            Unit String Exists auditd.service
                            Property String Exists ActiveState
                            Value String Exists active


                            Show Rule Result XML
                            <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.4_Ensure_auditd_service_is_enabled_and_active"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670959"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670959_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670959"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670959">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670959"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure systemd 'auditd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Unit</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>auditd.service</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Property</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>UnitFileState</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr class="evaluated">
                              <td>Value</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>enabled</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:var:5670963"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670963_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670963"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670963">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670963"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure systemd 'auditd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Unit</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>auditd.service</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Property</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>ActiveState</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr class="evaluated">
                              <td>Value</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>active</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                            References:

                            • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5

                            CIS Controls V7.0:

                            • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Subcontrol: 6.2
                              Label: Activate audit logging
                              Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                            • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Subcontrol: 6.3
                              Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                              Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                              • >

                            CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                            • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Safeguard: 8.2
                              Label: Collect Audit Logs
                              Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                              Implementation Group: IG-1
                              Security Function: Detect
                              • >

                            Back to Summary

                            6.3.2 Configure Data Retention

                            When auditing, it is important to carefully configure the storage requirements for audit logs. By default, auditd will max out the log files at 5MB and retain only 4 copies of them. Older versions will be deleted. It is possible on a system that the 20 MBs of audit logs may fill up the system causing loss of audit data. While the recommendations here provide guidance, check your site policy for audit storage requirements.

                            Pass

                            6.3.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured

                            Description:

                            Configure the maximum size of the audit log file. Once the log reaches the maximum size, it will be rotated and a new log file will be started.

                            It is important that an appropriate size is determined for log files so that they do not impact the system and audit data is not lost.

                            Set the following parameter in /etc/audit/auditd.conf in accordance with site policy:

                            max_log_file = <MB>

                            Show Assessment Evidence
                            Complex Check
                            AND
                            Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern ^\h*max_log_file\h*=\h*\d+\b.*$
                            Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                            Item Check: All
                            Result: Pass
                            Textfilecontent Item
                            Name Type Status Value
                            Filepath String Exists /etc/audit/auditd.conf
                            Path String Exists /etc/audit
                            Filename String Exists auditd.conf
                            Pattern String Exists ^\h*max_log_file\h*=\h*\d+\b.*$
                            Instance Int Exists 1
                            Line String Exists max_log_file = 8
                            Text String Exists max_log_file = 8
                            Subexpression String Does not exist No Value
                            Windows View String Not collected No Value


                            Show Rule Result XML
                            <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.1_Ensure_audit_log_storage_size_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670967"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670967">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670967"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern ^\h*max_log_file\h*=\h*\d+\b.*$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
                        <thead>
                           <tr>
                              <th scope="col">Name</th>
                              <th scope="col">Type</th>
                              <th scope="col">Status</th>
                              <th scope="col">Value</th>
                           </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filepath</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/audit/auditd.conf</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Path</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>/etc/audit</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Filename</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>auditd.conf</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Pattern</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>^\h*max_log_file\h*=\h*\d+\b.*$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Instance</td>
                              <td>Int</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>1</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Line</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>max_log_file = 8</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Text</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Exists</td>
                              <td>max_log_file = 8</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Subexpression</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Does not exist</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td>Windows View</td>
                              <td>String</td>
                              <td>Not collected</td>
                              <td>No Value</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                            References:

                            • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8

                            CIS Controls V7.0:

                            • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Subcontrol: 6.4
                              Label: Ensure adequate storage for logs
                              Description: Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the logs generated.
                              • >

                            CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                            • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Safeguard: 8.3
                              Label: Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage
                              Description: Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's audit log management process.
                              Implementation Group: IG-1
                              Security Function: Protect
                              • >

                            Back to Summary
                            Fail

                            6.3.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted

                            Description:

                            The max_log_file_action setting determines how to handle the audit log file reaching the max file size. A value of keep_logs will rotate the logs but never delete old logs.

                            In high security contexts, the benefits of maintaining a long audit history exceed the cost of storing the audit history.

                            Set the following parameter in /etc/audit/auditd.conf:

                            max_log_file_action = keep_logs

                            Show Assessment Evidence
                            Complex Check
                            AND
                            Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern ^\s*max_log_file_action\s*=\s*keep_logs\s*(\s+#.*)?$
                            Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                            Item Check: All
                            Result: Fail
                            No matching system items were found.


                            Show Rule Result XML
                            <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.2_Ensure_audit_logs_are_not_automatically_deleted"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670972"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670972">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670972"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern ^\s*max_log_file_action\s*=\s*keep_logs\s*(\s+#.*)?$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                            References:

                            • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8

                            CIS Controls V7.0:

                            • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Subcontrol: 6.4
                              Label: Ensure adequate storage for logs
                              Description: Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the logs generated.
                              • >

                            CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                            • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Safeguard: 8.3
                              Label: Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage
                              Description: Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's audit log management process.
                              Implementation Group: IG-1
                              Security Function: Protect
                              • >

                            Back to Summary
                            Fail

                            6.3.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full

                            Description:

                            The auditd daemon can be configured to halt the system or put the system in single user mode, if no free space is available or an error is detected on the partition that holds the audit log files.

                            The disk_full_action parameter tells the system what action to take when no free space is available on the partition that holds the audit log files. Valid values are ignore , syslog , rotate , exec , suspend , single , and halt .

                            • ignore , the audit daemon will issue a syslog message but no other action is taken
                            • syslog , the audit daemon will issue a warning to syslog
                            • rotate , the audit daemon will rotate logs, losing the oldest to free up space
                            • exec , /path-to-script will execute the script. You cannot pass parameters to the script. The script is also responsible for telling the auditd daemon to resume logging once its completed its action
                            • suspend , the audit daemon will stop writing records to the disk
                            • single , the audit daemon will put the computer system in single user mode
                            • halt , the audit daemon will shut down the system

                            The disk_error_action parameter tells the system what action to take when an error is detected on the partition that holds the audit log files. Valid values are ignore , syslog , exec , suspend , single , and halt .

                            • ignore , the audit daemon will not take any action
                            • syslog , the audit daemon will issue no more than 5 consecutive warnings to syslog
                            • exec , /path-to-script will execute the script. You cannot pass parameters to the script
                            • suspend , the audit daemon will stop writing records to the disk
                            • single , the audit daemon will put the computer system in single user mode
                            • halt , the audit daemon will shut down the system

                            In high security contexts, the risk of detecting unauthorized access or nonrepudiation exceeds the benefit of the system's availability.

                            Set one of the following parameters in /etc/audit/auditd.conf depending on your local security policies.

                            disk_full_action = <halt|single>

                            disk_error_action = <syslog|single|halt>

                            Example:

                            disk_full_action = halt

                            disk_error_action = halt

                            Impact:

                            disk_full_action parameter:

                            • Set to halt - the auditd daemon will shutdown the system when the disk partition containing the audit logs becomes full.
                            • Set to single - the auditd daemon will put the computer system in single user mode when the disk partition containing the audit logs becomes full.

                            disk_error_action parameter:

                            • Set to halt - the auditd daemon will shutdown the system when an error is detected on the partition that holds the audit log files.
                            • Set to single - the auditd daemon will put the computer system in single user mode when an error is detected on the partition that holds the audit log files.
                            • Set to syslog - the auditd daemon will issue no more than 5 consecutive warnings to syslog when an error is detected on the partition that holds the audit log files.

                            Show Assessment Evidence
                            Complex Check
                            AND
                            Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*disk_full_action\h*=\h*(halt|single)\b
                            Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                            Item Check: All
                            Result: Fail
                            No matching system items were found.
                            Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*disk_error_action\h*=\h*(syslog|single|halt)\b
                            Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                            Item Check: All
                            Result: Fail
                            No matching system items were found.


                            Show Rule Result XML
                            <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.3_Ensure_system_is_disabled_when_audit_logs_are_full"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-8, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">AUDITD.CONF(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/auditing-the-system_security-hardening#configuring-auditd-for-a-secure-environment_auditing-the-system</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670976"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670976">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670976"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*disk_full_action\h*=\h*(halt|single)\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670980"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670980">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670980"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*disk_error_action\h*=\h*(syslog|single|halt)\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                            References:

                            • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-8, AU-12, SI-5
                            • URL: AUDITD.CONF(5)
                            • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/auditing-the-system_security-hardening#configuring-auditd-for-a-secure-environment_auditing-the-system

                            CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                            • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Safeguard: 8.2
                              Label: Collect Audit Logs
                              Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                              Implementation Group: IG-1
                              Security Function: Detect
                            • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Safeguard: 8.3
                              Label: Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage
                              Description: Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's audit log management process.
                              Implementation Group: IG-1
                              Security Function: Protect
                              • >

                            Back to Summary
                            Fail

                            6.3.2.4 Ensure system warns when audit logs are low on space

                            Description:

                            The auditd daemon can be configured to halt the system, put the system in single user mode or send a warning message, if the partition that holds the audit log files is low on space.

                            The space_left_action parameter tells the system what action to take when the system has detected that it is starting to get low on disk space. Valid values are ignore , syslog , rotate , email , exec , suspend , single , and halt .

                            • ignore , the audit daemon does nothing
                            • syslog , the audit daemon will issue a warning to syslog
                            • rotate , the audit daemon will rotate logs, losing the oldest to free up space
                            • email , the audit daemon will send a warning to the email account specified in action_mail_acct as well as sending the message to syslog
                            • exec , /path-to-script will execute the script. You cannot pass parameters to the script. The script is also responsible for telling the auditd daemon to resume logging once its completed its action
                            • suspend , the audit daemon will stop writing records to the disk
                            • single , the audit daemon will put the computer system in single user mode
                            • halt , the audit daemon will shut down the system

                            The admin_space_left_action parameter tells the system what action to take when the system has detected that it is low on disk space. Valid values are ignore , syslog , rotate , email , exec , suspend , single , and halt .

                            • ignore , the audit daemon does nothing
                            • syslog , the audit daemon will issue a warning to syslog
                            • rotate , the audit daemon will rotate logs, losing the oldest to free up space
                            • email , the audit daemon will send a warning to the email account specified in action_mail_acct as well as sending the message to syslog
                            • exec , /path-to-script will execute the script. You cannot pass parameters to the script. The script is also responsible for telling the auditd daemon to resume logging once its completed its action
                            • suspend , the audit daemon will stop writing records to the disk
                            • single , the audit daemon will put the computer system in single user mode
                            • halt , the audit daemon will shut down the system

                            In high security contexts, the risk of detecting unauthorized access or nonrepudiation exceeds the benefit of the system's availability.

                            Set the space_left_action parameter in /etc/audit/auditd.conf to email , exec , single , or halt :

                            Example:

                            space_left_action = email

                            Set the admin_space_left_action parameter in /etc/audit/auditd.conf to single or halt :

                            Example:

                            admin_space_left_action = single

                            Note: A Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) must be installed and configured properly to set space_left_action = email

                            Impact:

                            If the admin_space_left_action is set to single the audit daemon will put the computer system in single user mode.

                            Show Assessment Evidence
                            Complex Check
                            AND
                            Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*space_left_action\h*=\h*(email|exec|single|halt)\b
                            Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                            Item Check: All
                            Result: Fail
                            No matching system items were found.
                            Criterion: Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*admin_space_left_action\h*=\h*(single|halt)\b
                            Existence Check: At Least One Exists
                            Item Check: All
                            Result: Fail
                            No matching system items were found.


                            Show Rule Result XML
                            <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.4_Ensure_system_warns_when_audit_logs_are_low_on_space"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-8, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">AUDITD.CONF(5)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/auditing-the-system_security-hardening#configuring-auditd-for-a-secure-environment_auditing-the-system</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670984"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670984">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670984"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*space_left_action\h*=\h*(email|exec|single|halt)\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670987"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670987">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670987"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*admin_space_left_action\h*=\h*(single|halt)\b</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>At Least One Exists</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                            References:

                            • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-8, AU-12, SI-5
                            • URL: AUDITD.CONF(5)
                            • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/auditing-the-system_security-hardening#configuring-auditd-for-a-secure-environment_auditing-the-system

                            CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                            • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Safeguard: 8.2
                              Label: Collect Audit Logs
                              Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                              Implementation Group: IG-1
                              Security Function: Detect
                            • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Safeguard: 8.3
                              Label: Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage
                              Description: Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's audit log management process.
                              Implementation Group: IG-1
                              Security Function: Protect
                              • >

                            Back to Summary

                            6.3.3 Configure auditd Rules

                            The Audit system operates on a set of rules that define what is to be captured in the log files.

                            The following types of Audit rules can be specified:

                            • Control rules: Allow the Audit system's behavior and some of its configuration to be modified.
                            • File system rules: Allow the auditing of access to a particular file or a directory. (Also known as file watches)
                            • System call rules: Allow logging of system calls that any specified program makes.

                            Audit rules can be set:

                            • on the command line using the auditctl utility. Note that these rules are not persistent across reboots.
                            • in a file ending in .rules in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory.
                            Fail

                            6.3.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope (sudoers) is collected

                            Description:

                            Monitor scope changes for system administrators. If the system has been properly configured to force system administrators to log in as themselves first and then use the sudo command to execute privileged commands, it is possible to monitor changes in scope. The file /etc/sudoers , or files in /etc/sudoers.d , will be written to when the file(s) or related attributes have changed. The audit records will be tagged with the identifier "scope".

                            Changes in the /etc/sudoers and /etc/sudoers.d files can indicate that an unauthorized change has been made to the scope of system administrator activity.

                            Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor scope changes for system administrators.

                            Example:

                            # printf '%s\n' "-w /etc/sudoers -p wa -k scope" "-w /etc/sudoers.d -p wa -k scope" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-scope.rules

                            Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                            # augenrules --load

                            Check if reboot is required.

                            # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                            Show Assessment Evidence
                            Complex Check
                            AND
                            Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                            Result: Fail
                            Exit Value: 102
                            Output:
                            • - Audit Result:
                            • ** FAIL **
                            • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                            • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                            • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                            No error lines were collected.
                            Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                            Result: Fail
                            Exit Value: 102
                            Output:
                            • - Audit Result:
                            • ** FAIL **
                            • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                            • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                            • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers.d" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                            No error lines were collected.


                            Show Rule Result XML
                            <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.1_Ensure_changes_to_system_administration_scope_sudoers_is_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670993_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670995_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers.d" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers.d" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                            References:

                            • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

                            CIS Controls V7.0:

                            • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                              Subcontrol: 4.8
                              Label: Log and Alert on Changes to Administrative Group Membership
                              Description: Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert when an account is added to or removed from any group assigned administrative privileges.
                              • >

                            CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                            • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Safeguard: 8.5
                              Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                              Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                              Implementation Group: IG-2
                              Security Function: Detect
                              • >

                            Back to Summary
                            Fail

                            6.3.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged

                            Description:

                            sudo provides users with temporary elevated privileges to perform operations, either as the superuser or another user.

                            Creating an audit log of users with temporary elevated privileges and the operation(s) they performed is essential to reporting. Administrators will want to correlate the events written to the audit trail with the records written to sudo 's logfile to verify if unauthorized commands have been executed.

                            Create audit rules

                            Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor elevated privileges.

                            Example:

                            # printf "

                            -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -C euid!=uid -F auid!=unset -S execve -k user_emulation

                            -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -C euid!=uid -F auid!=unset -S execve -k user_emulation

                            " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-user_emulation.rules

                            Load audit rules

                            Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                            # augenrules --load

                            Check if reboot is required.

                            # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                            Show Assessment Evidence
                            Complex Check
                            AND
                            Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                            Result: Fail
                            Exit Value: 102
                            Output:
                            • - Audit Result:
                            • ** FAIL **
                            • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                            • - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                            • - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                            No error lines were collected.
                            Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                            Result: Fail
                            Exit Value: 102
                            Output:
                            • - Audit Result:
                            • ** FAIL **
                            • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                            • - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                            • - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                            No error lines were collected.


                            Show Rule Result XML
                            <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.2_Ensure_actions_as_another_user_are_always_logged"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/9"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670999_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671002_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                            References:

                            • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

                            CIS Controls V7.0:

                            • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                              Subcontrol: 4.9
                              Label: Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account Login
                              Description: Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an administrative account.
                              • >

                            CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                            • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                              CIS Control Information
                              Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                              Safeguard: 8.5
                              Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                              Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                              Implementation Group: IG-2
                              Security Function: Detect
                              • >

                            Back to Summary
                            Fail

                            6.3.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected

                            Description:

                            Monitor the sudo log file. If the system has been properly configured to disable the use of the su command and force all administrators to have to log in first and then use sudo to execute privileged commands, then all administrator commands will be logged to /var/log/sudo.log . Any time a command is executed, an audit event will be triggered as the /var/log/sudo.log file will be opened for write and the executed administration command will be written to the log.

                            Changes in /var/log/sudo.log indicate that an administrator has executed a command or the log file itself has been tampered with. Administrators will want to correlate the events written to the audit trail with the records written to /var/log/sudo.log to verify if unauthorized commands have been executed.

                            Note: This recommendation requires that the sudo logfile is configured. See guidance provided in the recommendation "Ensure sudo log file exists"

                            Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify the sudo log file.

                            Example:

                            # {

                            SUDO_LOG_FILE=$(grep -r logfile /etc/sudoers* | sed -e 's/.*logfile=//;s/,? .*//' -e 's/"//g')

                            [ -n "${SUDO_LOG_FILE}" ] && printf "

                            -w ${SUDO_LOG_FILE} -p wa -k sudo_log_file

                            " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-sudo.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'SUDO_LOG_FILE' is unset.\n"

                            }

                            Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                            # augenrules --load

                            Check if reboot is required.

                            # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                            Show Assessment Evidence
                            Complex Check
                            AND
                            Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                            Result: Fail
                            Exit Value: 102
                            Output:
                            • - Audit Result:
                            • ** FAIL **
                            • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                            • - Sudo logfile setting not found in a sudo configuration file
                            • ** Please refer to Recommendation: "Ensure sudo log file exists" **
                            No error lines were collected.


                            Show Rule Result XML
                            <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.3_Ensure_events_that_modify_the_sudo_log_file_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/9"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671005_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Sudo logfile setting not found in a sudo configuration file</l>
                  <l>  ** Please refer to Recommendation: "Ensure sudo log file exists" **</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Sudo logfile setting not found in a sudo configuration file</li>
                              <li>  ** Please refer to Recommendation: "Ensure sudo log file exists" **</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                            References:

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                                Subcontrol: 4.9
                                Label: Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account Login
                                Description: Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an administrative account.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are collected

                              Description:

                              Capture events where the system date and/or time has been modified. The parameters in this section are set to determine if the;

                              • adjtimex - tune kernel clock
                              • settimeofday - set time using timeval and timezone structures
                              • stime - using seconds since 1/1/1970
                              • clock_settime - allows for the setting of several internal clocks and timers

                              system calls have been executed. Further, ensure to write an audit record to the configured audit log file upon exit, tagging the records with a unique identifier such as "time-change".

                              Unexpected changes in system date and/or time could be a sign of malicious activity on the system.

                              Create audit rules

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify date and time information.

                              Example:

                              # printf "

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex,settimeofday -k time-change

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex,settimeofday -k time-change

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S clock_settime -F a0=0x0 -k time-change

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S clock_settime -F a0=0x0 -k time-change

                              -w /etc/localtime -p wa -k time-change

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-time-change.rules

                              Load audit rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/localtime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/localtime" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.4_Ensure_events_that_modify_date_and_time_information_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/5/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5734048_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                     <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l/>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                 <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li/>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5734049_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                     <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l/>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                 <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li/>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5734050_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/localtime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/localtime" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/localtime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/localtime" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 5: Secure Configuration for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops, Workstations and Servers: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Establish, implement, and actively manage (track, report on, correct) the security configuration of mobile devices, laptops, servers, and workstations using a rigorous configuration management and change control process in order to prevent attackers from exploiting vulnerable services and settings.
                                Subcontrol: 5.5
                                Label: Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring Systems
                                Description: Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration monitoring system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved exceptions, and alert when unauthorized changes occur.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network environment are collected

                              Description:

                              Record changes to network environment files or system calls. The below parameters monitors the following system calls, and write an audit event on system call exit:

                              • sethostname - set the systems host name
                              • setdomainname - set the systems domain name

                              The files being monitored are:

                              • /etc/issue and /etc/issue.net - messages displayed pre-login
                              • /etc/hosts - file containing host names and associated IP addresses
                              • /etc/hostname - file contains the system's host name
                              • /etc/sysconfig/network - additional information that is valid to all network interfaces
                              • /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ - directory containing network interface scripts and configurations files
                              • /etc/NetworkManager/ - directory contains configuration files and settings used by the NetworkManager

                              Monitoring sethostname and setdomainname will identify potential unauthorized changes to host and domain name of a system. The changing of these names could potentially break security parameters that are set based on those names. The /etc/hosts file is monitored for changes that can indicate an unauthorized intruder is trying to change machine associations with IP addresses and trick users and processes into connecting to unintended machines. Monitoring /etc/issue and /etc/issue.net is important, as intruders could put disinformation into those files and trick users into providing information to the intruder. Monitoring /etc/sysconfig/network is important as it can show if network interfaces or scripts are being modified in a way that can lead to the machine becoming unavailable or compromised. All audit records should have a relevant tag associated with them.

                              Create audit rules

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify the system's network environment.

                              Example:

                              # printf "

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S sethostname,setdomainname -k system-locale

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S sethostname,setdomainname -k system-locale

                              -w /etc/issue -p wa -k system-locale

                              -w /etc/issue.net -p wa -k system-locale

                              -w /etc/hosts -p wa -k system-locale

                              -w /etc/hostname -p wa -k system-locale

                              -w /etc/sysconfig/network -p wa -k system-locale

                              -w /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ -p wa -k system-locale

                              -w /etc/NetworkManager -p wa -k system-locale

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-system_locale.rules

                              Load audit rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue.net" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue.net" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hosts" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hosts" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sysconfig/network" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sysconfig/network" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hostname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/NetworkManager" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/NetworkManager" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
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                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.5_Ensure_events_that_modify_the_systems_network_environment_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/5/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                     <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                        <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                           <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                        negate="false"
                                        multi-check="false">
                              <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                                  value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5684405_var"/>
                              <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
                              <xccdf:check-content>
                                 <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                                 xccdf="fail"
                                                 script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                                 exit-value="102">
                                    <out>
                                       <l/>
                                       <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                       <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                                       <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                                       <l> - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                                       <l> - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                                       <l> - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                                       <l> - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                                       <l/>
                                    </out>
                                    <err/>
                                    <env/>
                                 </command_result>
                              </xccdf:check-content>
                              <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                                 <div class="sce">
                                    <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                       <tbody class="tbe">
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                             <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                             <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                             <td>102</td>
                                          </tr>
                                       </tbody>
                                    </table>
                                    <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                       <tbody class="tbe">
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                             <td>
                                                <ul class="unstyled">
                                                   <li/>
                                                   <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                                   <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                                   <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                                   <li> - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                                   <li> - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                                   <li> - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                                   <li> - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                                   <li/>
                                                </ul>
                                             </td>
                                          </tr>
                                       </tbody>
                                    </table>
                                    <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                       <tbody class="tbe">
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                          </tr>
                                       </tbody>
                                    </table>
                                 </div>
                              </evidence>
                           </xccdf:check>
                           <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                        negate="false"
                                        multi-check="false">
                              <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                                  value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5684406_var"/>
                              <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
                              <xccdf:check-content>
                                 <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                                 xccdf="fail"
                                                 script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                                 exit-value="102">
                                    <out>
                                       <l/>
                                       <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                       <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                                       <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                                       <l> - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                                       <l> - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                                       <l> - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                                       <l> - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                                       <l/>
                                    </out>
                                    <err/>
                                    <env/>
                                 </command_result>
                              </xccdf:check-content>
                              <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                                 <div class="sce">
                                    <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                       <tbody class="tbe">
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                             <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                             <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                          </tr>
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                             <td>102</td>
                                          </tr>
                                       </tbody>
                                    </table>
                                    <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                       <tbody class="tbe">
                                          <tr>
                                             <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                             <td>
                                                <ul class="unstyled">
                                                   <li/>
                                                   <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                                   <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                                   <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                                   <li> - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                                   <li> - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                                   <li> - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                                   <li> - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                                   <li/>
                                                </ul>
                                             </td>
                                          </tr>
                                       </tbody>
                                    </table>
                                    <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                       <tbody class="tbe">
                                          <tr>
                                             <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                          </tr>
                                       </tbody>
                                    </table>
                                 </div>
                              </evidence>
                           </xccdf:check>
                        </xccdf:complex-check>
                        <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                     negate="false"
                                     multi-check="false">
                           <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                               value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5684407_var"/>
                           <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
                           <xccdf:check-content>
                              <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                              xccdf="fail"
                                              script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                              exit-value="102">
                                 <out>
                                    <l/>
                                    <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                    <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                                    <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                                    <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                                    <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                                    <l/>
                                 </out>
                                 <err/>
                                 <env/>
                              </command_result>
                           </xccdf:check-content>
                           <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                              <div class="sce">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                          <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                          <td>102</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                          <td>
                                             <ul class="unstyled">
                                                <li/>
                                                <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                                <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                                <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                                <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                                <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                                <li/>
                                             </ul>
                                          </td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </evidence>
                        </xccdf:check>
                     </xccdf:complex-check>
                     <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                  negate="false"
                                  multi-check="false">
                        <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                            value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5684408_var"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content>
                           <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                           xccdf="fail"
                                           script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                           exit-value="102">
                              <out>
                                 <l/>
                                 <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                 <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                                 <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                                 <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue.net" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                                 <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue.net" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                                 <l/>
                              </out>
                              <err/>
                              <env/>
                           </command_result>
                        </xccdf:check-content>
                        <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                           <div class="sce">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                       <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                       <td>102</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                       <td>
                                          <ul class="unstyled">
                                             <li/>
                                             <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                             <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                             <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                             <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue.net" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                             <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue.net" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                             <li/>
                                          </ul>
                                       </td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </evidence>
                     </xccdf:check>
                  </xccdf:complex-check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5684409_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                        xccdf="fail"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                        exit-value="102">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                              <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                              <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hosts" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                              <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hosts" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                              <l/>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>102</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                          <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                          <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hosts" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                          <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hosts" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                          <li/>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5684410_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content>
                     <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                     xccdf="fail"
                                     script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                     exit-value="102">
                        <out>
                           <l/>
                           <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                           <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                           <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                           <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sysconfig/network" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                           <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sysconfig/network" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                           <l/>
                        </out>
                        <err/>
                        <env/>
                     </command_result>
                  </xccdf:check-content>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="sce">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                 <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                 <td>102</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                 <td>
                                    <ul class="unstyled">
                                       <li/>
                                       <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                       <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                       <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                       <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sysconfig/network" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                       <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sysconfig/network" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                       <li/>
                                    </ul>
                                 </td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5684411_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                  xccdf="fail"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                  exit-value="102">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                        <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>102</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                    <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5684412_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                     <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hostname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l/>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                 <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hostname" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li/>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5684413_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/NetworkManager" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/NetworkManager" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/NetworkManager" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/NetworkManager" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 5: Secure Configuration for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops, Workstations and Servers: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Establish, implement, and actively manage (track, report on, correct) the security configuration of mobile devices, laptops, servers, and workstations using a rigorous configuration management and change control process in order to prevent attackers from exploiting vulnerable services and settings.
                                Subcontrol: 5.5
                                Label: Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring Systems
                                Description: Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration monitoring system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved exceptions, and alert when unauthorized changes occur.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected

                              Description:

                              Monitor privileged programs, those that have the setuid and/or setgid bit set on execution, to determine if unprivileged users are running these commands.

                              Execution of privileged commands by non-privileged users could be an indication of someone trying to gain unauthorized access to the system.

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor the use of privileged commands.

                              Example script:

                              #!/usr/bin/env bash



                              {

                              UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)

                              AUDIT_RULE_FILE="/etc/audit/rules.d/50-privileged.rules"

                              NEW_DATA=()

                              for PARTITION in $(findmnt -n -l -k -it $(awk '/nodev/ { print $2 }' /proc/filesystems | paste -sd,) | grep -Pv "noexec|nosuid" | awk '{print $1}'); do

                              readarray -t DATA < <(find "${PARTITION}" -xdev -perm /6000 -type f | awk -v UID_MIN=${UID_MIN} '{print "-a always,exit -F path=" $1 " -F perm=x -F auid>="UID_MIN" -F auid!=unset -k privileged" }')

                              for ENTRY in "${DATA[@]}"; do

                              NEW_DATA+=("${ENTRY}")

                              done

                              done

                              readarray &> /dev/null -t OLD_DATA < "${AUDIT_RULE_FILE}"

                              COMBINED_DATA=( "${OLD_DATA[@]}" "${NEW_DATA[@]}" )

                              printf '%s\n' "${COMBINED_DATA[@]}" | sort -u > "${AUDIT_RULE_FILE}"

                              }

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Special mount points

                              If there are any special mount points that are not visible by default from just scanning / , change the PARTITION variable to the appropriate partition and re-run the remediation.

                              Impact:

                              Both the audit and remediation section of this recommendation will traverse all mounted file systems that is not mounted with either noexec or nosuid mount options. If there are large file systems without these mount options, such traversal will be significantly detrimental to the performance of the system.

                              Before running either the audit or remediation section, inspect the output of the following command to determine exactly which file systems will be traversed:

                              # findmnt -n -l -k -it $(awk '/nodev/ { print $2 }' /proc/filesystems | paste -sd,) | grep -Pv "noexec|nosuid"

                              To exclude a particular file system due to adverse performance impacts, update the audit and remediation sections by adding a sufficiently unique string to the grep statement. The above command can be used to test the modified exclusions.

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_privileged_commands_rule_chk.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/libexec/openssh/ssh-keysign":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/libexec/utempter/utempter":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/chage":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/gpasswd":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/newgrp":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/passwd":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/mount":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/umount":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/sudo":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/su":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/write":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/pkexec":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/crontab":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/fusermount":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/pam_timestamp_check":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/grub2-set-bootflag":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/userhelper":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/polkit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1":
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.6_Ensure_use_of_privileged_commands_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-3(1)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_privileged_commands_rule_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_privileged_commands_rule_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_privileged_commands_rule_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/libexec/openssh/ssh-keysign":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/libexec/utempter/utempter":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/chage":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/gpasswd":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/newgrp":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/passwd":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/mount":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/umount":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/sudo":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/su":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/write":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/pkexec":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/crontab":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/fusermount":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/pam_timestamp_check":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/grub2-set-bootflag":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/userhelper":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/polkit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1":</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_privileged_commands_rule_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/libexec/openssh/ssh-keysign":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/libexec/utempter/utempter":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/chage":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/gpasswd":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/newgrp":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/passwd":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/mount":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/umount":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/sudo":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/su":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/write":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/pkexec":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/crontab":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/fusermount":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/pam_timestamp_check":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/grub2-set-bootflag":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/userhelper":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/polkit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1":</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li>  - auditd rule doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-3(1)

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Subcontrol: 6.2
                                Label: Activate audit logging
                                Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.7 Ensure unsuccessful file access attempts are collected

                              Description:

                              Monitor for unsuccessful attempts to access files. The following parameters are associated with system calls that control files:

                              • creation - creat
                              • opening - open , openat
                              • truncation - truncate , ftruncate

                              An audit log record will only be written if all of the following criteria is met for the user when trying to access a file:

                              • a non-privileged user (auid>=UID_MIN)
                              • is not a Daemon event (auid=4294967295/unset/-1)
                              • if the system call returned EACCES (permission denied) or EPERM (some other permanent error associated with the specific system call)

                              Failed attempts to open, create or truncate files could be an indication that an individual or process is trying to gain unauthorized access to the system.

                              Create audit rules

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor unsuccessful file access attempts.

                              Example:

                              # {

                              UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)

                              [ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EACCES -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EPERM -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EACCES -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EPERM -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-access.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"

                              }

                              Load audit rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.7_Ensure_unsuccessful_file_access_attempts_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/9"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671054_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                  xccdf="fail"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                  exit-value="102">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                        <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>102</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                    <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671058_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                  xccdf="fail"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                  exit-value="102">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                        <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>102</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                    <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671060_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                     <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l/>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                 <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li/>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671065_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                Subcontrol: 14.9
                                Label: Enforce Detail Logging for Access or Changes to Sensitive Data
                                Description: Enforce detailed audit logging for access to sensitive data or changes to sensitive data (utilizing tools such as File Integrity Monitoring or Security Information and Event Monitoring).
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are collected

                              Description:

                              Record events affecting the modification of user or group information, including that of passwords and old passwords if in use.

                              • /etc/group - system groups
                              • /etc/passwd - system users
                              • /etc/gshadow - encrypted password for each group
                              • /etc/shadow - system user passwords
                              • /etc/security/opasswd - storage of old passwords if the relevant PAM module is in use
                              • /etc/nsswitch.conf - file configures how the system uses various databases and name resolution mechanisms
                              • /etc/pam.conf - file determines the authentication services to be used, and the order in which the services are used.
                              • /etc/pam.d - directory contains the PAM configuration files for each PAM-aware application.

                              The parameters in this section will watch the files to see if they have been opened for write or have had attribute changes (e.g. permissions) and tag them with the identifier "identity" in the audit log file.

                              Unexpected changes to these files could be an indication that the system has been compromised and that an unauthorized user is attempting to hide their activities or compromise additional accounts.

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify user/group information.

                              Example:

                              # printf "

                              -w /etc/group -p wa -k identity

                              -w /etc/passwd -p wa -k identity

                              -w /etc/gshadow -p wa -k identity

                              -w /etc/shadow -p wa -k identity

                              -w /etc/security/opasswd -p wa -k identity

                              -w /etc/nsswitch.conf -p wa -k identity

                              -w /etc/pam.conf -p wa -k identity

                              -w /etc/pam.d -p wa -k identity

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-identity.rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/group" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/group" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/passwd" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/passwd" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/gshadow" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/gshadow" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/shadow" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/shadow" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/security/opasswd" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/security/opasswd" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/nsswitch.conf" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/nsswitch.conf" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.conf" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.conf" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.d" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.8_Ensure_events_that_modify_usergroup_information_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://manpages.debian.org/bookworm/manpages/nsswitch.conf.5.en.html</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/managing_smart_cards/pam_configuration_files</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                     <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                        <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                     negate="false"
                                     multi-check="false">
                           <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                               value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671070_var"/>
                           <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
                           <xccdf:check-content>
                              <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                              xccdf="fail"
                                              script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                              exit-value="102">
                                 <out>
                                    <l/>
                                    <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                    <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                                    <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                                    <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/group" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                                    <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/group" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                                    <l/>
                                 </out>
                                 <err/>
                                 <env/>
                              </command_result>
                           </xccdf:check-content>
                           <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                              <div class="sce">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                          <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                          <td>102</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                          <td>
                                             <ul class="unstyled">
                                                <li/>
                                                <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                                <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                                <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                                <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/group" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                                <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/group" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                                <li/>
                                             </ul>
                                          </td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </evidence>
                        </xccdf:check>
                        <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                     negate="false"
                                     multi-check="false">
                           <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                               value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671072_var"/>
                           <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
                           <xccdf:check-content>
                              <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                              xccdf="fail"
                                              script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                              exit-value="102">
                                 <out>
                                    <l/>
                                    <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                    <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                                    <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                                    <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/passwd" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                                    <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/passwd" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                                    <l/>
                                 </out>
                                 <err/>
                                 <env/>
                              </command_result>
                           </xccdf:check-content>
                           <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                              <div class="sce">
                                 <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                          <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                          <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                       </tr>
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                          <td>102</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                          <td>
                                             <ul class="unstyled">
                                                <li/>
                                                <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                                <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                                <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                                <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/passwd" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                                <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/passwd" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                                <li/>
                                             </ul>
                                          </td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                                 <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                    <tbody class="tbe">
                                       <tr>
                                          <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                       </tr>
                                    </tbody>
                                 </table>
                              </div>
                           </evidence>
                        </xccdf:check>
                     </xccdf:complex-check>
                     <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                                  negate="false"
                                  multi-check="false">
                        <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                            value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671076_var"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
                        <xccdf:check-content>
                           <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                           xccdf="fail"
                                           script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                           exit-value="102">
                              <out>
                                 <l/>
                                 <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                                 <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                                 <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                                 <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/gshadow" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                                 <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/gshadow" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                                 <l/>
                              </out>
                              <err/>
                              <env/>
                           </command_result>
                        </xccdf:check-content>
                        <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                           <div class="sce">
                              <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                       <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                       <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                    </tr>
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                       <td>102</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                       <td>
                                          <ul class="unstyled">
                                             <li/>
                                             <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                             <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                             <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                             <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/gshadow" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                             <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/gshadow" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                             <li/>
                                          </ul>
                                       </td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                              <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                                 <tbody class="tbe">
                                    <tr>
                                       <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                    </tr>
                                 </tbody>
                              </table>
                           </div>
                        </evidence>
                     </xccdf:check>
                  </xccdf:complex-check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671079_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                        xccdf="fail"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                        exit-value="102">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                              <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                              <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/shadow" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                              <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/shadow" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                              <l/>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>102</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                          <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                          <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/shadow" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                          <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/shadow" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                          <li/>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671081_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content>
                     <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                     xccdf="fail"
                                     script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                     exit-value="102">
                        <out>
                           <l/>
                           <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                           <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                           <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                           <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/security/opasswd" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                           <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/security/opasswd" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                           <l/>
                        </out>
                        <err/>
                        <env/>
                     </command_result>
                  </xccdf:check-content>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="sce">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                 <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                 <td>102</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                 <td>
                                    <ul class="unstyled">
                                       <li/>
                                       <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                       <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                       <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                       <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/security/opasswd" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                       <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/security/opasswd" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                       <li/>
                                    </ul>
                                 </td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671084_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                  xccdf="fail"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                                  exit-value="102">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                        <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/nsswitch.conf" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                        <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/nsswitch.conf" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                        <l/>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>102</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                    <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/nsswitch.conf" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                    <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/nsswitch.conf" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                    <li/>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671087_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                     <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.conf" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.conf" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l/>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                 <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.conf" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.conf" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li/>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671089_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.d" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.d" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
                              • URL: https://manpages.debian.org/bookworm/manpages/nsswitch.conf.5.en.html
                              • URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/managing_smart_cards/pam_configuration_files

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                                Subcontrol: 4.8
                                Label: Log and Alert on Changes to Administrative Group Membership
                                Description: Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert when an account is added to or removed from any group assigned administrative privileges.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission modification events are collected

                              Description:

                              Monitor changes to file permissions, attributes, ownership and group. The parameters in this section track changes for system calls that affect file permissions and attributes. The following commands and system calls effect the permissions, ownership and various attributes of files.

                              • chmod
                              • fchmod
                              • fchmodat
                              • chown
                              • fchown
                              • fchownat
                              • lchown
                              • setxattr
                              • lsetxattr
                              • fsetxattr
                              • removexattr
                              • lremovexattr
                              • fremovexattr

                              In all cases, an audit record will only be written for non-system user ids and will ignore Daemon events. All audit records will be tagged with the identifier "perm_mod."

                              Monitoring for changes in file attributes could alert a system administrator to activity that could indicate intruder activity or policy violation.

                              Create audit rules

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor discretionary access control permission modification events.

                              Example:

                              # {

                              UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)

                              [ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown,fchown,lchown,fchownat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown,fchown,chown,fchownat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_mod.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"

                              }

                              Load audit rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.9_Ensure_discretionary_access_control_permission_modification_events_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/5/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671095_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671097_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 5: Secure Configuration for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops, Workstations and Servers: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Establish, implement, and actively manage (track, report on, correct) the security configuration of mobile devices, laptops, servers, and workstations using a rigorous configuration management and change control process in order to prevent attackers from exploiting vulnerable services and settings.
                                Subcontrol: 5.5
                                Label: Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring Systems
                                Description: Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration monitoring system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved exceptions, and alert when unauthorized changes occur.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected

                              Description:

                              Monitor the use of the mount system call. The mount (and umount ) system call controls the mounting and unmounting of file systems. The parameters below configure the system to create an audit record when the mount system call is used by a non-privileged user

                              It is highly unusual for a non privileged user to mount file systems to the system. While tracking mount commands gives the system administrator evidence that external media may have been mounted (based on a review of the source of the mount and confirming it's an external media type), it does not conclusively indicate that data was exported to the media. System administrators who wish to determine if data were exported, would also have to track successful open , creat and truncate system calls requiring write access to a file under the mount point of the external media file system. This could give a fair indication that a write occurred. The only way to truly prove it, would be to track successful writes to the external media. Tracking write system calls could quickly fill up the audit log and is not recommended. Recommendations on configuration options to track data export to media is beyond the scope of this document.

                              Create audit rules

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor successful file system mounts.

                              Example:

                              # {

                              UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)

                              [ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S mount -F auid>=$UID_MIN -F auid!=unset -k mounts

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S mount -F auid>=$UID_MIN -F auid!=unset -k mounts

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-mounts.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"

                              }

                              Load audit rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.10_Ensure_successful_file_system_mounts_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.360+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671102_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671105_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Subcontrol: 6.3
                                Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                                Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected

                              Description:

                              Monitor session initiation events. The parameters in this section track changes to the files associated with session events.

                              • /var/run/utmp - tracks all currently logged in users.
                              • /var/log/wtmp - file tracks logins, logouts, shutdown, and reboot events.
                              • /var/log/btmp - keeps track of failed login attempts and can be read by entering the command /usr/bin/last -f /var/log/btmp .

                              All audit records will be tagged with the identifier "session."

                              Monitoring these files for changes could alert a system administrator to logins occurring at unusual hours, which could indicate intruder activity (i.e. a user logging in at a time when they do not normally log in).

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor session initiation information.

                              Example:

                              # printf "

                              -w /var/run/utmp -p wa -k session

                              -w /var/log/wtmp -p wa -k session

                              -w /var/log/btmp -p wa -k session

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-session.rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/utmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/utmp" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/wtmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/wtmp" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/btmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/btmp" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.11_Ensure_session_initiation_information_is_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/9"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/13"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671111_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                     <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/utmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/utmp" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l/>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                 <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/utmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/utmp" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li/>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671114_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               xccdf="fail"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                               exit-value="102">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                     <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/wtmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                     <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/wtmp" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                     <l/>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>102</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                                 <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/wtmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                                 <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/wtmp" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                                 <li/>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671116_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/btmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/btmp" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/btmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/btmp" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-3

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                                Subcontrol: 4.9
                                Label: Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account Login
                                Description: Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an administrative account.
                              • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
                                Subcontrol: 16.13
                                Label: Alert on Account Login Behavior Deviation
                                Description: Alert when users deviate from normal login behavior, such as time-of-day, workstation location and duration.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected

                              Description:

                              Monitor login and logout events. The parameters below track changes to files associated with login/logout events.

                              • /var/log/lastlog - maintain records of the last time a user successfully logged in.
                              • /var/run/faillock - directory maintains records of login failures via the pam_faillock module.

                              Monitoring login/logout events could provide a system administrator with information associated with brute force attacks against user logins.

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor login and logout events.

                              Example:

                              # printf "

                              -w /var/log/lastlog -p wa -k logins

                              -w /var/run/faillock -p wa -k logins

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-login.rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/lastlog" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/lastlog" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/faillock" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/faillock" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.12_Ensure_login_and_logout_events_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/9"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/11"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/13"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671121_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/lastlog" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/lastlog" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/lastlog" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/lastlog" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671124_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/faillock" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/faillock" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/faillock" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/faillock" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                                Subcontrol: 4.9
                                Label: Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account Login
                                Description: Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an administrative account.
                              • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
                                Subcontrol: 16.11
                                Label: Lock Workstation Sessions After Inactivity
                                Description: Automatically lock workstation sessions after a standard period of inactivity.
                              • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
                                Subcontrol: 16.13
                                Label: Alert on Account Login Behavior Deviation
                                Description: Alert when users deviate from normal login behavior, such as time-of-day, workstation location and duration.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected

                              Description:

                              Monitor the use of system calls associated with the deletion or renaming of files and file attributes. This configuration statement sets up monitoring for:

                              • unlink - remove a file
                              • unlinkat - remove a file attribute
                              • rename - rename a file
                              • renameat rename a file attribute system calls and tags them with the identifier "delete".

                              Monitoring these calls from non-privileged users could provide a system administrator with evidence that inappropriate removal of files and file attributes associated with protected files is occurring. While this audit option will look at all events, system administrators will want to look for specific privileged files that are being deleted or altered.

                              Create audit rules

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor file deletion events by users.

                              Example:

                              # {

                              UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)

                              [ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S rename,unlink,unlinkat,renameat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=delete

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S rename,unlink,unlinkat,renameat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=delete

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-delete.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"

                              }

                              Load audit rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.13_Ensure_file_deletion_events_by_users_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-12, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671128_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671131_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-12, SC-7

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Subcontrol: 6.2
                                Label: Activate audit logging
                                Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory Access Controls are collected

                              Description:

                              Monitor SELinux, an implementation of mandatory access controls. The parameters below monitor any write access (potential additional, deletion or modification of files in the directory) or attribute changes to the /etc/selinux/ and /usr/share/selinux/ directories.

                              Note: If a different Mandatory Access Control method is used, changes to the corresponding directories should be audited.

                              Changes to files in the /etc/selinux/ and /usr/share/selinux/ directories could indicate that an unauthorized user is attempting to modify access controls and change security contexts, leading to a compromise of the system.

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify the system's Mandatory Access Controls.

                              Example:

                              # printf "

                              -w /etc/selinux -p wa -k MAC-policy

                              -w /usr/share/selinux -p wa -k MAC-policy

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-MAC-policy.rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/selinux" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/selinux" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /usr/share/selinux" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-w /usr/share/selinux" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.14_Ensure_events_that_modify_the_systems_Mandatory_Access_Controls_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/5/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671136_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/selinux" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/selinux" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/selinux" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/selinux" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671139_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /usr/share/selinux" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /usr/share/selinux" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /usr/share/selinux" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /usr/share/selinux" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 5: Secure Configuration for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops, Workstations and Servers: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Establish, implement, and actively manage (track, report on, correct) the security configuration of mobile devices, laptops, servers, and workstations using a rigorous configuration management and change control process in order to prevent attackers from exploiting vulnerable services and settings.
                                Subcontrol: 5.5
                                Label: Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring Systems
                                Description: Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration monitoring system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved exceptions, and alert when unauthorized changes occur.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chcon command are collected

                              Description:

                              The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses of the chcon command.

                              The chcon command is used to change file security context. Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.

                              Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system (e.g., module or policy filter).

                              Create audit rules

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chcon command.

                              Example:

                              # {

                              UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)

                              [ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "

                              -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chcon -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k perm_chng

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_chng.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"

                              }

                              Load audit rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chcon" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chcon" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.15_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_chcon_command_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671144_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chcon" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chcon" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chcon" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chcon" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Subcontrol: 6.2
                                Label: Activate audit logging
                                Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.2
                                Label: Collect Audit Logs
                                Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                                Implementation Group: IG-1
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the setfacl command are collected

                              Description:

                              The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses of the setfacl command

                              This utility sets Access Control Lists (ACLs) of files and directories. Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.

                              Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system (e.g., module or policy filter).

                              Create audit rules

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the setfacl command.

                              Example:

                              # {

                              UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)

                              [ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "

                              -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/setfacl -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k perm_chng

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_chng.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"

                              }

                              Load audit rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/setfacl" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/setfacl" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.16_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_setfacl_command_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671149_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/setfacl" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/setfacl" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/setfacl" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/setfacl" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Subcontrol: 6.2
                                Label: Activate audit logging
                                Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.2
                                Label: Collect Audit Logs
                                Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                                Implementation Group: IG-1
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chacl command are collected

                              Description:

                              The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses of the chacl command.

                              chacl is an IRIX-compatibility command, and is maintained for those users who are familiar with its use from either XFS or IRIX.

                              chacl changes the ACL(s) for a file or directory. Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.

                              Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system (e.g., module or policy filter).

                              Create audit rules

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chacl command.

                              Example:

                              # {

                              UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)

                              [ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "

                              -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chacl -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k perm_chng

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_chng.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"

                              }

                              Load audit rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chacl" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chacl" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.17_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_chacl_command_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671153_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chacl" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chacl" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chacl" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chacl" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Subcontrol: 6.2
                                Label: Activate audit logging
                                Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.2
                                Label: Collect Audit Logs
                                Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                                Implementation Group: IG-1
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the usermod command are collected

                              Description:

                              The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses of the usermod command.

                              The usermod command modifies the system account files to reflect the changes that are specified on the command line. Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.

                              Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system (e.g., module or policy filter).

                              Create audit rules

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the usermod command.

                              Example:

                              # {

                              UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)

                              [ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "

                              -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/usermod -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k usermod

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-usermod.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"

                              }

                              Load audit rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/sbin/usermod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/sbin/usermod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.18_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_usermod_command_are_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671159_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/sbin/usermod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/sbin/usermod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/sbin/usermod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/sbin/usermod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Subcontrol: 6.2
                                Label: Activate audit logging
                                Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.2
                                Label: Collect Audit Logs
                                Description: Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.
                                Implementation Group: IG-1
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and modification is collected

                              Description:

                              Monitor the loading and unloading of kernel modules. All the loading / listing / dependency checking of modules is done by kmod via symbolic links.

                              The following system calls control loading and unloading of modules:

                              • init_module - load a module
                              • finit_module - load a module (used when the overhead of using cryptographically signed modules to determine the authenticity of a module can be avoided)
                              • delete_module - delete a module
                              • create_module - create a loadable module entry
                              • query_module - query the kernel for various bits pertaining to modules

                              Any execution of the loading and unloading module programs and system calls will trigger an audit record with an identifier of modules .

                              Monitoring the use of all the various ways to manipulate kernel modules could provide system administrators with evidence that an unauthorized change was made to a kernel module, possibly compromising the security of the system.

                              Create audit rules

                              Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension, with the relevant rules to monitor kernel module modification.

                              Example:

                              #!/usr/bin/env bash



                              {

                              UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)

                              [ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "

                              -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S init_module,finit_module,delete_module,create_module,query_module -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k kernel_modules

                              -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/kmod -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k kernel_modules

                              " >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-kernel_modules.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"

                              }

                              Load audit rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "create_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "create_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "init_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "init_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "delete_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "delete_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "query_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "query_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              • - Auditd rule for: "finit_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "finit_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/kmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
                              • - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/kmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.19_Ensure_kernel_module_loading_unloading_and_modification_is_collected"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5684414_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "create_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "create_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "init_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "init_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "delete_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "delete_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "query_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "query_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "finit_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "finit_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "create_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "create_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "init_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "init_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "delete_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "delete_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "query_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "query_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "finit_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "finit_module" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5684415_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/kmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
                  <l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/kmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/kmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
                              <li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/kmod" doesn't exist in the auditd running configuration</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Subcontrol: 6.2
                                Label: Activate audit logging
                                Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Fail

                              6.3.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable

                              Description:

                              Set system audit so that audit rules cannot be modified with auditctl . Setting the flag "-e 2" forces audit to be put in immutable mode. Audit changes can only be made on system reboot.

                              Note: This setting will require the system to be rebooted to update the active auditd configuration settings.

                              In immutable mode, unauthorized users cannot execute changes to the audit system to potentially hide malicious activity and then put the audit rules back. Users would most likely notice a system reboot and that could alert administrators of an attempt to make unauthorized audit changes.

                              Edit or create the file /etc/audit/rules.d/99-finalize.rules and add the line -e 2 at the end of the file:

                              Example:

                              # printf '\n%s' "-e 2" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/99-finalize.rules

                              Load audit rules

                              Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              # if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to load rules\n"; fi

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh
                              Result: Fail
                              Exit Value: 102
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** FAIL **
                              • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                              • - Auditd Immutable flag: "-e 2" not found in a rule file
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.20_Ensure_the_audit_configuration_is_immutable"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-3, AU-3(1), MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5697564_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l> - Auditd Immutable flag: "-e 2" not found in a rule file</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li> - Auditd Immutable flag: "-e 2" not found in a rule file</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-3, AU-3(1), MP-2

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Subcontrol: 6.2
                                Label: Activate audit logging
                                Description: Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices.
                              • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Subcontrol: 6.3
                                Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                                Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                Safeguard: 3.3
                                Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                Implementation Group: IG-1
                                Security Function: Protect
                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Manual

                              6.3.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same

                              Description:

                              The Audit system have both on disk and running configuration. It is possible for these configuration settings to differ.

                              Note: Due to the limitations of augenrules and auditctl , it is not absolutely guaranteed that loading the rule sets via augenrules --load will result in all rules being loaded or even that the user will be informed if there was a problem loading the rules.

                              Configuration differences between what is currently running and what is on disk could cause unexpected problems or may give a false impression of compliance requirements.

                              If the rules are not aligned across all three () areas, run the following command to merge and load all rules:

                              # augenrules --load

                              Check if reboot is required.

                              if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then echo "Reboot required to load rules"; fi



                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.21_Ensure_the_running_and_on_disk_configuration_is_the_same"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Subcontrol: 6.3
                                Label: Enable Detailed Logging
                                Description: Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand, or recover from an attack.
                                Safeguard: 8.5
                                Label: Collect Detailed Audit Logs
                                Description: Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data. Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.
                                Implementation Group: IG-2
                                Security Function: Detect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary

                              6.3.4 Configure auditd File Access

                              Without the capability to restrict which roles and individuals can select which events are audited, unauthorized personnel may be able to prevent the auditing of critical events.

                              Pass

                              6.3.4.1 Ensure the audit log file directory mode is configured

                              Description:

                              The audit log directory contains audit log files.

                              Audit information includes all information including: audit records, audit settings and audit reports. This information is needed to successfully audit system activity. This information must be protected from unauthorized modification or deletion. If this information were to be compromised, forensic analysis and discovery of the true source of potentially malicious system activity is impossible to achieve.

                              Run the following command to configure the audit log directory to have a mode of "0750" or less permissive:

                              # chmod g-w,o-rwx "$(dirname "$(awk -F= '/^\s*log_file\s*/{print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs)")"

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_logfile_directory_mode_chk.sh
                              Result: Pass
                              Exit Value: 101
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** PASS **
                              • - * Correctly configured * :
                              • - Directory: "/var/log/audit" is mode: "(0700/drwx------)"
                              • (should be mode: "(750/-rwxr-x---)" or more restrictive)
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.1_Ensure_the_audit_log_file_directory_mode_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671178_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_logfile_directory_mode_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_logfile_directory_mode_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_logfile_directory_mode_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l>  - Directory: "/var/log/audit" is mode: "(0700/drwx------)"</l>
                  <l>     (should be mode: "(750/-rwxr-x---)" or more restrictive)</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_logfile_directory_mode_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li>  - Directory: "/var/log/audit" is mode: "(0700/drwx------)"</li>
                              <li>     (should be mode: "(750/-rwxr-x---)" or more restrictive)</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                              • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

                              CIS Controls V7.0:

                              • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                Subcontrol: 14.6
                                Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                • >

                              CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                              • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                CIS Control Information
                                Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                Safeguard: 3.3
                                Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                Implementation Group: IG-1
                                Security Function: Protect
                                • >

                              Back to Summary
                              Pass

                              6.3.4.2 Ensure audit log files mode is configured

                              Description:

                              Audit log files contain information about the system and system activity.

                              Access to audit records can reveal system and configuration data to attackers, potentially compromising its confidentiality.

                              Run the following command to remove more permissive mode than 0640 from audit log files:

                              # [ -f /etc/audit/auditd.conf ] && find "$(dirname $(awk -F "=" '/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))" -type f -perm /0137 -exec chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx {} +

                              Show Assessment Evidence
                              Complex Check
                              AND
                              Script: sce/nix_auditd_logfile_mode_chk.sh
                              Result: Pass
                              Exit Value: 101
                              Output:
                              • - Audit Result:
                              • ** PASS **
                              • - * Correctly configured * :
                              • - All files in "/var/log/audit" are mode: "(640/-rw-r-----)" or more restrictive
                              No error lines were collected.


                              Show Rule Result XML
                              <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.2_Ensure_audit_log_files_mode_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671182_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_logfile_mode_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_logfile_mode_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_logfile_mode_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l>  - All files in "/var/log/audit" are mode: "(640/-rw-r-----)" or more restrictive</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_logfile_mode_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li>  - All files in "/var/log/audit" are mode: "(640/-rw-r-----)" or more restrictive</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                              References:

                                CIS Controls V7.0:

                                • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                  CIS Control Information
                                  Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                  Subcontrol: 14.6
                                  Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                  Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                  • >

                                CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                  CIS Control Information
                                  Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                  Safeguard: 3.3
                                  Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                  Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                  Implementation Group: IG-1
                                  Security Function: Protect
                                  • >

                                Back to Summary
                                Pass

                                6.3.4.3 Ensure audit log files owner is configured

                                Description:

                                Audit log files contain information about the system and system activity.

                                Access to audit records can reveal system and configuration data to attackers, potentially compromising its confidentiality.

                                Run the following command to configure the audit log files to be owned by the root user:

                                # [ -f /etc/audit/auditd.conf ] && find "$(dirname $(awk -F "=" '/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))" -type f ! -user root -exec chown root {} +

                                Show Assessment Evidence
                                Complex Check
                                AND
                                Script: sce/nix_auditd_log_files_owner_chk.sh
                                Result: Pass
                                Exit Value: 101
                                Output:
                                • - Audit Result:
                                • ** PASS **
                                • - * Correctly configured * :
                                • - All files in: "/var/log/audit" are owned by: "root"
                                No error lines were collected.


                                Show Rule Result XML
                                <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.3_Ensure_audit_log_files_owner_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671186_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_log_files_owner_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_log_files_owner_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_log_files_owner_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l> - All files in: "/var/log/audit" are owned by: "root"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_log_files_owner_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li> - All files in: "/var/log/audit" are owned by: "root"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                References:

                                • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

                                CIS Controls V7.0:

                                • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                  CIS Control Information
                                  Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                  Subcontrol: 14.6
                                  Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                  Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                  • >

                                CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                  CIS Control Information
                                  Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                  Safeguard: 3.3
                                  Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                  Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                  Implementation Group: IG-1
                                  Security Function: Protect
                                  • >

                                Back to Summary
                                Pass

                                6.3.4.4 Ensure audit log files group owner is configured

                                Description:

                                Audit log files contain information about the system and system activity.

                                Access to audit records can reveal system and configuration data to attackers, potentially compromising its confidentiality.

                                Run the following command to configure the audit log files to be owned by adm group:

                                # find $(dirname $(awk -F"=" '/^\s*log_file\s*=\s*/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs)) -type f \( ! -group adm -a ! -group root \) -exec chgrp adm {} +

                                Run the following command to configure the audit log files to be owned by the adm group:

                                # chgrp adm /var/log/audit/

                                Run the following command to set the log_group parameter in the audit configuration file to log_group = adm :

                                # sed -ri 's/^\s*#?\s*log_group\s*=\s*\S+(\s*#.*)?.*$/log_group = adm\1/' /etc/audit/auditd.conf

                                Run the following command to restart the audit daemon to reload the configuration file:

                                # systemctl restart auditd

                                Show Assessment Evidence
                                Complex Check
                                AND
                                Script: sce/nix_auditd_log_files_group_owner_chk.sh
                                Result: Pass
                                Exit Value: 101
                                Output:
                                • - Audit Result:
                                • ** PASS **
                                • - Log file group correctly set to: "root" in "/etc/audit/auditd.conf"
                                • - All files in: "/var/log/audit" are group owned by group: "(root or adm)"
                                No error lines were collected.


                                Show Rule Result XML
                                <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.4_Ensure_audit_log_files_group_owner_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5734051_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_log_files_group_owner_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_log_files_group_owner_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_auditd_log_files_group_owner_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l>  - Log file group correctly set to: "root" in "/etc/audit/auditd.conf"</l>
                  <l>  - All files in: "/var/log/audit" are group owned by group: "(root or adm)"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_auditd_log_files_group_owner_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li>  - Log file group correctly set to: "root" in "/etc/audit/auditd.conf"</li>
                              <li>  - All files in: "/var/log/audit" are group owned by group: "(root or adm)"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                References:

                                  CIS Controls V7.0:

                                  • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                    CIS Control Information
                                    Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                    Subcontrol: 14.6
                                    Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                    Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                    • >

                                  CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                  • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                    CIS Control Information
                                    Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                    Safeguard: 3.3
                                    Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                    Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                    Implementation Group: IG-1
                                    Security Function: Protect
                                    • >

                                  Back to Summary
                                  Pass

                                  6.3.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files mode is configured

                                  Description:

                                  Audit configuration files control auditd and what events are audited.

                                  Access to the audit configuration files could allow unauthorized personnel to prevent the auditing of critical events.

                                  Misconfigured audit configuration files may prevent the auditing of critical events or impact the system's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfiguration of the audit configuration files may also make it more difficult to establish and investigate events relating to an incident.

                                  Run the following command to remove more permissive mode than 0640 from the audit configuration files:

                                  # find /etc/audit/ -type f \( -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' \) -exec chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx {} +

                                  Show Assessment Evidence
                                  Complex Check
                                  AND
                                  Script: sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh
                                  Result: Pass
                                  Exit Value: 101
                                  Output:
                                  • - Audit Result:
                                  • ** PASS **
                                  • - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/audit/" are mode: "640" or more restrictive
                                  No error lines were collected.
                                  Script: sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh
                                  Result: Pass
                                  Exit Value: 101
                                  Output:
                                  • - Audit Result:
                                  • ** PASS **
                                  • - All files ending in "*.rules" in: "/etc/audit/" are mode: "640" or more restrictive
                                  No error lines were collected.


                                  Show Rule Result XML
                                  <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.5_Ensure_audit_configuration_files_mode_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671198_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/audit/" are mode: "640" or more restrictive</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/audit/" are mode: "640" or more restrictive</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671202_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - All files ending in "*.rules" in: "/etc/audit/" are mode: "640" or more restrictive</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - All files ending in "*.rules" in: "/etc/audit/" are mode: "640" or more restrictive</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                  References:

                                    CIS Controls V7.0:

                                    • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                      CIS Control Information
                                      Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                      Subcontrol: 14.6
                                      Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                      Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                      • >

                                    CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                    • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                      CIS Control Information
                                      Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                      Safeguard: 3.3
                                      Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                      Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                      Implementation Group: IG-1
                                      Security Function: Protect
                                      • >

                                    Back to Summary
                                    Pass

                                    6.3.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files owner is configured

                                    Description:

                                    Audit configuration files control auditd and what events are audited.

                                    Access to the audit configuration files could allow unauthorized personnel to prevent the auditing of critical events.

                                    Misconfigured audit configuration files may prevent the auditing of critical events or impact the system's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfiguration of the audit configuration files may also make it more difficult to establish and investigate events relating to an incident.

                                    Run the following command to change ownership to root user:

                                    # find /etc/audit/ -type f \( -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' \) ! -user root -exec chown root {} +

                                    Show Assessment Evidence
                                    Complex Check
                                    AND
                                    Script: sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh
                                    Result: Pass
                                    Exit Value: 101
                                    Output:
                                    • - Audit Result:
                                    • ** PASS **
                                    • - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/audit/" are owned by: "root"
                                    No error lines were collected.
                                    Script: sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh
                                    Result: Pass
                                    Exit Value: 101
                                    Output:
                                    • - Audit Result:
                                    • ** PASS **
                                    • - All files ending in "*.rules" in: "/etc/audit/" are owned by: "root"
                                    No error lines were collected.


                                    Show Rule Result XML
                                    <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.6_Ensure_audit_configuration_files_owner_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671207_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/audit/" are owned by: "root"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/audit/" are owned by: "root"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671210_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - All files ending in "*.rules" in: "/etc/audit/" are owned by: "root"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - All files ending in "*.rules" in: "/etc/audit/" are owned by: "root"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                    References:

                                      CIS Controls V7.0:

                                      • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                        CIS Control Information
                                        Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                        Subcontrol: 14.6
                                        Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                        Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                        • >

                                      CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                      • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                        CIS Control Information
                                        Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                        Safeguard: 3.3
                                        Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                        Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                        Implementation Group: IG-1
                                        Security Function: Protect
                                        • >

                                      Back to Summary
                                      Pass

                                      6.3.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files group owner is configured

                                      Description:

                                      Audit configuration files control auditd and what events are audited.

                                      Access to the audit configuration files could allow unauthorized personnel to prevent the auditing of critical events.

                                      Misconfigured audit configuration files may prevent the auditing of critical events or impact the system's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfiguration of the audit configuration files may also make it more difficult to establish and investigate events relating to an incident.

                                      Run the following command to change group to root :

                                      # find /etc/audit/ -type f \( -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' \) ! -group root -exec chgrp root {} +

                                      Show Assessment Evidence
                                      Complex Check
                                      AND
                                      Script: sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh
                                      Result: Pass
                                      Exit Value: 101
                                      Output:
                                      • - Audit Result:
                                      • ** PASS **
                                      • - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/audit/" are group owned by: "root"
                                      No error lines were collected.
                                      Script: sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh
                                      Result: Pass
                                      Exit Value: 101
                                      Output:
                                      • - Audit Result:
                                      • ** PASS **
                                      • - All files ending in "*.rules" in: "/etc/audit/" are group owned by: "root"
                                      No error lines were collected.


                                      Show Rule Result XML
                                      <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.7_Ensure_audit_configuration_files_group_owner_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671215_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/audit/" are group owned by: "root"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - All files ending in "*.conf" in: "/etc/audit/" are group owned by: "root"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671218_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - All files ending in "*.rules" in: "/etc/audit/" are group owned by: "root"</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - All files ending in "*.rules" in: "/etc/audit/" are group owned by: "root"</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                      References:

                                        CIS Controls V7.0:

                                        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                          CIS Control Information
                                          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                          Subcontrol: 14.6
                                          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                          • >

                                        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                          CIS Control Information
                                          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                          Safeguard: 3.3
                                          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                          Implementation Group: IG-1
                                          Security Function: Protect
                                          • >

                                        Back to Summary
                                        Pass

                                        6.3.4.8 Ensure audit tools mode is configured

                                        Description:

                                        Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity and records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.

                                        Protecting audit information includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view and manipulate log data. Protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized operation on audit information.

                                        Run the following command to remove more permissive mode from the audit tools:

                                        # chmod go-w /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace /sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules

                                        Show Assessment Evidence
                                        Complex Check
                                        AND
                                        Complex Check
                                        AND
                                        Complex Check
                                        AND
                                        Complex Check
                                        AND
                                        Complex Check
                                        AND
                                        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                        Result: Pass
                                        Exit Value: 101
                                        Output:
                                        • - Audit Result:
                                        • ** PASS **
                                        • - file: "/sbin/auditctl" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)
                                        No error lines were collected.
                                        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                        Result: Pass
                                        Exit Value: 101
                                        Output:
                                        • - Audit Result:
                                        • ** PASS **
                                        • - file: "/sbin/aureport" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)
                                        No error lines were collected.
                                        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                        Result: Pass
                                        Exit Value: 101
                                        Output:
                                        • - Audit Result:
                                        • ** PASS **
                                        • - file: "/sbin/ausearch" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)
                                        No error lines were collected.
                                        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                        Result: Pass
                                        Exit Value: 101
                                        Output:
                                        • - Audit Result:
                                        • ** PASS **
                                        • - file: "/sbin/autrace" is mode: "0750" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)
                                        No error lines were collected.
                                        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                        Result: Pass
                                        Exit Value: 101
                                        Output:
                                        • - Audit Result:
                                        • ** PASS **
                                        • - file: "/sbin/auditd" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)
                                        No error lines were collected.
                                        Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                        Result: Pass
                                        Exit Value: 101
                                        Output:
                                        • - Audit Result:
                                        • ** PASS **
                                        • - file: "/sbin/augenrules" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)
                                        No error lines were collected.


                                        Show Rule Result XML
                                        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.8_Ensure_audit_tools_mode_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671223_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                        xccdf="pass"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                        exit-value="101">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                              <l> - file: "/sbin/auditctl" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)</l>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>101</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                          <li> - file: "/sbin/auditctl" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)</li>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671224_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                        xccdf="pass"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                        exit-value="101">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                              <l> - file: "/sbin/aureport" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)</l>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>101</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                          <li> - file: "/sbin/aureport" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)</li>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671228_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content>
                     <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                     xccdf="pass"
                                     script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                     exit-value="101">
                        <out>
                           <l/>
                           <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                           <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                           <l> - file: "/sbin/ausearch" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)</l>
                        </out>
                        <err/>
                        <env/>
                     </command_result>
                  </xccdf:check-content>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="sce">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                 <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                 <td>101</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                 <td>
                                    <ul class="unstyled">
                                       <li/>
                                       <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                       <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                       <li> - file: "/sbin/ausearch" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)</li>
                                    </ul>
                                 </td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671231_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - file: "/sbin/autrace" is mode: "0750" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - file: "/sbin/autrace" is mode: "0750" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671234_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/sbin/auditd" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/sbin/auditd" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671238_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - file: "/sbin/augenrules" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - file: "/sbin/augenrules" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "755" or more restrictive)</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                        References:

                                        • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

                                        CIS Controls V7.0:

                                        • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                          CIS Control Information
                                          Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                          Subcontrol: 14.6
                                          Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                          Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                          • >

                                        CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                        • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                          CIS Control Information
                                          Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                          Safeguard: 3.3
                                          Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                          Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                          Implementation Group: IG-1
                                          Security Function: Protect
                                          • >

                                        Back to Summary
                                        Pass

                                        6.3.4.9 Ensure audit tools owner is configured

                                        Description:

                                        Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity and records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.

                                        Protecting audit information includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view and manipulate log data. Protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized operation on audit information.

                                        Run the following command to change the owner of the audit tools to the root user:

                                        # chown root /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace /sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules

                                        Show Assessment Evidence
                                        Complex Check
                                        AND
                                        Complex Check
                                        AND
                                        Complex Check
                                        AND
                                        Complex Check
                                        AND
                                        Complex Check
                                        AND
                                        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                        Result: Pass
                                        Exit Value: 101
                                        Output:
                                        • - Audit Result:
                                        • ** PASS **
                                        • - file: "/sbin/auditctl" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                        No error lines were collected.
                                        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                        Result: Pass
                                        Exit Value: 101
                                        Output:
                                        • - Audit Result:
                                        • ** PASS **
                                        • - file: "/sbin/aureport" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                        No error lines were collected.
                                        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                        Result: Pass
                                        Exit Value: 101
                                        Output:
                                        • - Audit Result:
                                        • ** PASS **
                                        • - file: "/sbin/ausearch" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                        No error lines were collected.
                                        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                        Result: Pass
                                        Exit Value: 101
                                        Output:
                                        • - Audit Result:
                                        • ** PASS **
                                        • - file: "/sbin/autrace" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                        No error lines were collected.
                                        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                        Result: Pass
                                        Exit Value: 101
                                        Output:
                                        • - Audit Result:
                                        • ** PASS **
                                        • - file: "/sbin/auditd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                        No error lines were collected.
                                        Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                        Result: Pass
                                        Exit Value: 101
                                        Output:
                                        • - Audit Result:
                                        • ** PASS **
                                        • - file: "/sbin/augenrules" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                        No error lines were collected.


                                        Show Rule Result XML
                                        <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.9_Ensure_audit_tools_owner_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671242_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                        xccdf="pass"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                        exit-value="101">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                              <l> - file: "/sbin/auditctl" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>101</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                          <li> - file: "/sbin/auditctl" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671246_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                        xccdf="pass"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                        exit-value="101">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                              <l> - file: "/sbin/aureport" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>101</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                          <li> - file: "/sbin/aureport" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671250_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content>
                     <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                     xccdf="pass"
                                     script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                     exit-value="101">
                        <out>
                           <l/>
                           <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                           <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                           <l> - file: "/sbin/ausearch" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                        </out>
                        <err/>
                        <env/>
                     </command_result>
                  </xccdf:check-content>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="sce">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                 <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                 <td>101</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                 <td>
                                    <ul class="unstyled">
                                       <li/>
                                       <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                       <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                       <li> - file: "/sbin/ausearch" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                    </ul>
                                 </td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671253_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - file: "/sbin/autrace" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - file: "/sbin/autrace" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671257_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/sbin/auditd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/sbin/auditd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671261_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - file: "/sbin/augenrules" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - file: "/sbin/augenrules" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                        References:

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          6.3.4.10 Ensure audit tools group owner is configured

                                          Description:

                                          Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity and records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.

                                          Protecting audit information includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view and manipulate log data. Protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized operation on audit information.

                                          Run the following command to change group ownership to the groop root :

                                          # chgrp root /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace /sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/sbin/auditctl" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/sbin/aureport" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/sbin/ausearch" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/sbin/autrace" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/sbin/auditd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/sbin/augenrules" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.10_Ensure_audit_tools_group_owner_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671264_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                        xccdf="pass"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                        exit-value="101">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                              <l> - file: "/sbin/auditctl" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>101</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                          <li> - file: "/sbin/auditctl" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671268_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                        xccdf="pass"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                        exit-value="101">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                              <l> - file: "/sbin/aureport" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>101</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                          <li> - file: "/sbin/aureport" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671269_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content>
                     <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                     xccdf="pass"
                                     script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                     exit-value="101">
                        <out>
                           <l/>
                           <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                           <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                           <l> - file: "/sbin/ausearch" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                        </out>
                        <err/>
                        <env/>
                     </command_result>
                  </xccdf:check-content>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="sce">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                 <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                 <td>101</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                 <td>
                                    <ul class="unstyled">
                                       <li/>
                                       <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                       <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                       <li> - file: "/sbin/ausearch" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                                    </ul>
                                 </td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671272_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - file: "/sbin/autrace" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - file: "/sbin/autrace" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671275_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/sbin/auditd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/sbin/auditd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5671278_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - file: "/sbin/augenrules" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - file: "/sbin/augenrules" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary

                                          7 System Maintenance

                                          Recommendations in this section are intended as maintenance and are intended to be checked on a frequent basis to ensure system stability. Many recommendations do not have quick remediations and require investigation into the cause and best fix available and may indicate an attempted breach of system security.

                                          7.1 System File Permissions

                                          This section provides guidance on securing aspects of system files and directories.

                                          Pass

                                          7.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured

                                          Description:

                                          The /etc/passwd file contains user account information that is used by many system utilities and therefore must be readable for these utilities to operate.

                                          It is critical to ensure that the /etc/passwd file is protected from unauthorized write access. Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.

                                          Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group on /etc/passwd :

                                          # chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/passwd

                                          # chown root:root /etc/passwd

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/passwd" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/passwd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/passwd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.1_Ensure_permissions_on_etcpasswd_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670664_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/passwd" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/passwd" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670666_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/passwd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/passwd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670669_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - file: "/etc/passwd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - file: "/etc/passwd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured

                                          Description:

                                          The /etc/passwd- file contains backup user account information.

                                          It is critical to ensure that the /etc/passwd- file is protected from unauthorized access. Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.

                                          Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group on /etc/passwd- :

                                          # chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/passwd-

                                          # chown root:root /etc/passwd-

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/passwd-" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/passwd-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/passwd-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.2_Ensure_permissions_on_etcpasswd-_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.361+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670675_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/passwd-" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/passwd-" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670679_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/passwd-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/passwd-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670683_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - file: "/etc/passwd-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - file: "/etc/passwd-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured

                                          Description:

                                          The /etc/group file contains a list of all the valid groups defined in the system. The command below allows read/write access for root and read access for everyone else.

                                          The /etc/group file needs to be protected from unauthorized changes by non-privileged users, but needs to be readable as this information is used with many non-privileged programs.

                                          Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group on /etc/group :

                                          # chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/group

                                          # chown root:root /etc/group

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/group" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/group" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/group" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.3_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgroup_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670688_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/group" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/group" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670694_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/group" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/group" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670699_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - file: "/etc/group" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - file: "/etc/group" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured

                                          Description:

                                          The /etc/group- file contains a backup list of all the valid groups defined in the system.

                                          It is critical to ensure that the /etc/group- file is protected from unauthorized access. Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.

                                          Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group on /etc/group- :

                                          # chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/group-

                                          # chown root:root /etc/group-

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/group-" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/group-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/group-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.4_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgroup-_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670707_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/group-" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/group-" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670710_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/group-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/group-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670715_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - file: "/etc/group-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - file: "/etc/group-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured

                                          Description:

                                          The /etc/shadow file is used to store the information about user accounts that is critical to the security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security information.

                                          If attackers can gain read access to the /etc/shadow file, they can easily run a password cracking program against the hashed password to break it. Other security information that is stored in the /etc/shadow file (such as expiration) could also be useful to subvert the user accounts.

                                          Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/shadow :

                                          # chown root:root /etc/shadow

                                          # chmod 0000 /etc/shadow

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/shadow" is mode: "0" (should be mode: "0" or more restrictive)
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/shadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/shadow" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.5_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshadow_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670722_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/shadow" is mode: "0" (should be mode: "0" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/shadow" is mode: "0" (should be mode: "0" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670728_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/shadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/shadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670732_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - file: "/etc/shadow" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - file: "/etc/shadow" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured

                                          Description:

                                          The /etc/shadow- file is used to store backup information about user accounts that is critical to the security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security information.

                                          It is critical to ensure that the /etc/shadow- file is protected from unauthorized access. Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.

                                          Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/shadow- :

                                          # chown root:root /etc/shadow-

                                          # chmod 0000 /etc/shadow-

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/shadow-" is mode: "0" (should be mode: "0" or more restrictive)
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/shadow-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/shadow-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.6_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshadow-_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670739_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/shadow-" is mode: "0" (should be mode: "0" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/shadow-" is mode: "0" (should be mode: "0" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670745_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/shadow-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/shadow-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670747_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - file: "/etc/shadow-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - file: "/etc/shadow-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured

                                          Description:

                                          The /etc/gshadow file is used to store the information about groups that is critical to the security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security information.

                                          If attackers can gain read access to the /etc/gshadow file, they can easily run a password cracking program against the hashed password to break it. Other security information that is stored in the /etc/gshadow file (such as group administrators) could also be useful to subvert the group.

                                          Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/gshadow :

                                          # chown root:root /etc/gshadow

                                          # chmod 0000 /etc/gshadow

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/gshadow" is mode: "0" (should be mode: "0" or more restrictive)
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/gshadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/gshadow" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.7_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgshadow_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670756_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/gshadow" is mode: "0" (should be mode: "0" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/gshadow" is mode: "0" (should be mode: "0" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670759_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/gshadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/gshadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670765_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - file: "/etc/gshadow" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - file: "/etc/gshadow" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
                                            Subcontrol: 16.4
                                            Label: Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials
                                            Description: Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured

                                          Description:

                                          The /etc/gshadow- file is used to store backup information about groups that is critical to the security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security information.

                                          It is critical to ensure that the /etc/gshadow- file is protected from unauthorized access. Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.

                                          Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/gshadow- :

                                          # chown root:root /etc/gshadow-

                                          # chmod 0000 /etc/gshadow-

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is mode: "0" (should be mode: "0" or more restrictive)
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.8_Ensure_permissions_on_etcgshadow-_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670775_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is mode: "0" (should be mode: "0" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is mode: "0" (should be mode: "0" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670779_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670784_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
                                            Subcontrol: 16.4
                                            Label: Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials
                                            Description: Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/shells are configured

                                          Description:

                                          /etc/shells is a text file which contains the full pathnames of valid login shells. This file is consulted by chsh and available to be queried by other programs.

                                          It is critical to ensure that the /etc/shells file is protected from unauthorized access. Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.

                                          Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group on /etc/shells :

                                          # chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/shells

                                          # chown root:root /etc/shells

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/shells" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/shells" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/shells" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.9_Ensure_permissions_on_etcshells_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670792_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/shells" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/shells" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670797_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - file: "/etc/shells" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - file: "/etc/shells" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670802_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - file: "/etc/shells" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - file: "/etc/shells" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.1.10 Ensure permissions on /etc/security/opasswd are configured

                                          Description:

                                          /etc/security/opasswd and it's backup /etc/security/opasswd.old hold user's previous passwords if pam_unix or pam_pwhistory is in use on the system

                                          It is critical to ensure that /etc/security/opasswd is protected from unauthorized access. Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.

                                          Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group on /etc/security/opasswd and /etc/security/opasswd.old is they exist:

                                          # [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd" ] && chmod u-x,go-rwx /etc/security/opasswd

                                          # [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd" ] && chown root:root /etc/security/opasswd

                                          # [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd.old" ] && chmod u-x,go-rwx /etc/security/opasswd.old

                                          # [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd.old" ] && chown root:root /etc/security/opasswd.old

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is mode: "0600" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_mode_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_owner_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist
                                          No error lines were collected.
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.10_Ensure_permissions_on_etcsecurityopasswd_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
         <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
            <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
               <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670812_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                        xccdf="pass"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                        exit-value="101">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                              <l> - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is mode: "0600" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)</l>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>101</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                          <li> - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is mode: "0600" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)</li>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
                  <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                               negate="false"
                               multi-check="false">
                     <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                         value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670818_var"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
                     <xccdf:check-content>
                        <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                        xccdf="pass"
                                        script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                                        exit-value="101">
                           <out>
                              <l/>
                              <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                              <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                              <l> - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
                           </out>
                           <err/>
                           <env/>
                        </command_result>
                     </xccdf:check-content>
                     <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                        <div class="sce">
                           <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                    <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                    <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                                 </tr>
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                    <td>101</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                    <td>
                                       <ul class="unstyled">
                                          <li/>
                                          <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                          <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                          <li> - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
                                       </ul>
                                    </td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                           <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                              <tbody class="tbe">
                                 <tr>
                                    <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                                 </tr>
                              </tbody>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </evidence>
                  </xccdf:check>
               </xccdf:complex-check>
               <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                            negate="false"
                            multi-check="false">
                  <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                      value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670824_var"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
                  <xccdf:check-content>
                     <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                     xccdf="pass"
                                     script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                                     exit-value="101">
                        <out>
                           <l/>
                           <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                           <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                           <l> - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
                        </out>
                        <err/>
                        <env/>
                     </command_result>
                  </xccdf:check-content>
                  <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                     <div class="sce">
                        <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                                 <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                                 <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                                 <td>101</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                                 <td>
                                    <ul class="unstyled">
                                       <li/>
                                       <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                       <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                       <li> - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
                                    </ul>
                                 </td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                           <tbody class="tbe">
                              <tr>
                                 <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                              </tr>
                           </tbody>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                  </evidence>
               </xccdf:check>
            </xccdf:complex-check>
            <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                         negate="false"
                         multi-check="false">
               <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                   value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670830_var"/>
               <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
               <xccdf:check-content>
                  <command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  xccdf="pass"
                                  script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
                                  exit-value="101">
                     <out>
                        <l/>
                        <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                        <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                        <l> - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist</l>
                     </out>
                     <err/>
                     <env/>
                  </command_result>
               </xccdf:check-content>
               <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
                  <div class="sce">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                              <td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                              <td>101</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                              <td>
                                 <ul class="unstyled">
                                    <li/>
                                    <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                    <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                    <li> - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist</li>
                                 </ul>
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </evidence>
            </xccdf:check>
         </xccdf:complex-check>
         <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                      negate="false"
                      multi-check="false">
            <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                                value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670835_var"/>
            <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
            <xccdf:check-content>
               <command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               xccdf="pass"
                               script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
                               exit-value="101">
                  <out>
                     <l/>
                     <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                     <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                     <l> - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist</l>
                  </out>
                  <err/>
                  <env/>
               </command_result>
            </xccdf:check-content>
            <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
               <div class="sce">
                  <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                           <td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                           <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                           <td>101</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                           <td>
                              <ul class="unstyled">
                                 <li/>
                                 <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                                 <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                                 <li> - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist</li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
                  <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                     <tbody class="tbe">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </tbody>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </evidence>
         </xccdf:check>
      </xccdf:complex-check>
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
                             value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_5670844_var"/>
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Fail

                                          7.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured

                                          Description:

                                          World writable files are the least secure. Data in world-writable files can be modified and compromised by any user on the system. World writable files may also indicate an incorrectly written script or program that could potentially be the cause of a larger compromise to the system's integrity. See the chmod(2) man page for more information.

                                          Setting the sticky bit on world writable directories prevents users from deleting or renaming files in that directory that are not owned by them.

                                          Data in world-writable files can be modified and compromised by any user on the system. World writable files may also indicate an incorrectly written script or program that could potentially be the cause of a larger compromise to the system's integrity.

                                          This feature prevents the ability to delete or rename files in world writable directories (such as /tmp ) that are owned by another user.

                                          • World Writable Files:
                                            • It is recommended that write access is removed from other with the command ( chmod o-w <filename> ), but always consult relevant vendor documentation to avoid breaking any application dependencies on a given file.
                                          • World Writable Directories:
                                            • Set the sticky bit on all world writable directories with the command ( chmod a+t <directory_name> )

                                          Run the following script to:

                                          • Remove other write permission from any world writable files
                                          • Add the sticky bit to all world writable directories
                                          #!/usr/bin/env bash



                                          {

                                          l_smask='01000'

                                          a_file=(); a_dir=() # Initialize arrays

                                          a_path=(! -path "/run/user/*" -a ! -path "/proc/*" -a ! -path "*/containerd/*" -a ! -path "*/kubelet/pods/*" -a ! -path "*/kubelet/plugins/*" -a ! -path "/sys/*" -a ! -path "/snap/*")

                                          while IFS= read -r l_mount; do

                                          while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do

                                          if [ -e "$l_file" ]; then

                                          l_mode="$(stat -Lc '%#a' "$l_file")"

                                          if [ -f "$l_file" ]; then # Remove excess permissions from WW files

                                          echo -e " - File: \"$l_file\" is mode: \"$l_mode\"\n - removing write permission on \"$l_file\" from \"other\""

                                          chmod o-w "$l_file"

                                          fi

                                          if [ -d "$l_file" ]; then # Add sticky bit

                                          if [ ! $(( $l_mode & $l_smask )) -gt 0 ]; then

                                          echo -e " - Directory: \"$l_file\" is mode: \"$l_mode\" and doesn't have the sticky bit set\n - Adding the sticky bit"

                                          chmod a+t "$l_file"

                                          fi

                                          fi

                                          fi

                                          done < <(find "$l_mount" -xdev \( "${a_path[@]}" \) \( -type f -o -type d \) -perm -0002 -print0 2> /dev/null)

                                          done < <(findmnt -Dkerno fstype,target | awk '($1 !~ /^\s*(nfs|proc|smb|vfat|iso9660|efivarfs|selinuxfs)/ && $2 !~ /^(\/run\/user\/|\/tmp|\/var\/tmp)/){print $2}')

                                          }

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_world_writable_chk.sh
                                          Result: Fail
                                          Exit Value: 102
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** FAIL **
                                          • - * Reasons for audit failure * :
                                          • - There are "1" World writable files on the system.
                                          • - The following is a list of World writable files:
                                          • /home/ec2-user/license.xml
                                          • - end of list
                                          • - * Correctly configured * :
                                          • - Sticky bit is set on world writable directories on the local filesystem.
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.11_Ensure_world_writable_files_and_directories_are_secured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_world_writable_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_world_writable_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="fail"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_world_writable_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="102">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** FAIL **</l>
                  <l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l> - There are "1" World writable files on the system.</l>
                  <l>   - The following is a list of World writable files:</l>
                  <l>/home/ec2-user/license.xml</l>
                  <l>   - end of list</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>  - Sticky bit is set on world writable directories on the local filesystem.</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_world_writable_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="fail">Fail</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>102</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** FAIL **</li>
                              <li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li> - There are "1" World writable files on the system.</li>
                              <li>   - The following is a list of World writable files:</li>
                              <li>/home/ec2-user/license.xml</li>
                              <li>   - end of list</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>  - Sticky bit is set on world writable directories on the local filesystem.</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.1.12 Ensure no files or directories without an owner and a group exist

                                          Description:

                                          Administrators may delete users or groups from the system and neglect to remove all files and/or directories owned by those users or groups.

                                          A new user or group who is assigned a deleted user's user ID or group ID may then end up "owning" a deleted user or group's files, and thus have more access on the system than was intended.

                                          Remove or set ownership and group ownership of these files and/or directories to an active user on the system as appropriate.

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_unowned_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - * Correctly configured * :
                                          • - No files or directories without an owner exist on the local filesystem.
                                          • - No files or directories without a group exist on the local filesystem.
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.12_Ensure_no_files_or_directories_without_an_owner_and_a_group_exist"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_unowned_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_unowned_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_unowned_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l>  - No files or directories without an owner exist on the local filesystem.</l>
                  <l>  - No files or directories without a group exist on the local filesystem.</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_unowned_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li>  - No files or directories without an owner exist on the local filesystem.</li>
                              <li>  - No files or directories without a group exist on the local filesystem.</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Manual

                                          7.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed

                                          Description:

                                          The owner of a file can set the file's permissions to run with the owner's or group's permissions, even if the user running the program is not the owner or a member of the group. The most common reason for a SUID or SGID program is to enable users to perform functions (such as changing their password) that require root privileges.

                                          There are valid reasons for SUID and SGID programs, but it is important to identify and review such programs to ensure they are legitimate. Review the files returned by the action in the audit section and check to see if system binaries have a different checksum than what from the package. This is an indication that the binary may have been replaced.

                                          Ensure that no rogue SUID or SGID programs have been introduced into the system. Review the files returned by the action in the Audit section and confirm the integrity of these binaries.



                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.13_Ensure_SUID_and_SGID_files_are_reviewed"
                   role="unscored"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="0.0">
   <xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5, AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5, AC-3, MP-2

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                            Subcontrol: 14.6
                                            Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary

                                          7.2 Local User and Group Settings

                                          This section provides guidance on securing aspects of the local users and groups.

                                          Note: The recommendations in this section check local users and groups. Any users or groups from other sources such as LDAP will not be audited. In a domain environment similar checks should be performed against domain users and groups.

                                          Pass

                                          7.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed passwords

                                          Description:

                                          Local accounts can uses shadowed passwords. With shadowed passwords, The passwords are saved in shadow password file, /etc/shadow , encrypted by a salted one-way hash. Accounts with a shadowed password have an x in the second field in /etc/passwd .

                                          The /etc/passwd file also contains information like user ID's and group ID's that are used by many system programs. Therefore, the /etc/passwd file must remain world readable. In spite of encoding the password with a randomly-generated one-way hash function, an attacker could still break the system if they got access to the /etc/passwd file. This can be mitigated by using shadowed passwords, thus moving the passwords in the /etc/passwd file to /etc/shadow . The /etc/shadow file is set so only root will be able to read and write. This helps mitigate the risk of an attacker gaining access to the encoded passwords with which to perform a dictionary attack.

                                          Note:

                                          • All accounts must have passwords or be locked to prevent the account from being used by an unauthorized user.
                                          • A user account with an empty second field in /etc/passwd allows the account to be logged into by providing only the username.

                                          Run the following command to set accounts to use shadowed passwords and migrate passwords in /etc/passwd to /etc/shadow :

                                          # pwconv

                                          Investigate to determine if the account is logged in and what it is being used for, to determine if it needs to be forced off.

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Criterion: Ensure no file named /etc/passwd exists and matches pattern ^\h*[^:#\n\r]+:[^x:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*$
                                          Existence Check: None Exist
                                          Item Check: All
                                          Result: Pass
                                          No matching system items were found.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.1_Ensure_accounts_in_etcpasswd_use_shadowed_passwords"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/11"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">PWCONV(8)</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
                                  name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670871"/>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="definition"
                 id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:def:5670871">
               <div class="criteria">
                  <div class="criterion"
                       id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.redhat_redhat_enterprise_linux_9:tst:5670871"
                       check="all"
                       check_existence="none_exist">
                     <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                        <tbody class="tbe">
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
                              <td>Ensure no file named /etc/passwd exists and matches pattern ^\h*[^:#\n\r]+:[^x:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*$</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
                              <td>None Exist</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
                              <td>All</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                              <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                           </tr>
                        </tbody>
                     </table>
                     <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                        <tr>
                           <td>No matching system items were found.</td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
                                          • URL: PWCONV(8)

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation, use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage them.
                                            Subcontrol: 16.4
                                            Label: Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials
                                            Description: Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.11
                                            Label: Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest
                                            Description: Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption, meets the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods may include application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption, where access to the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text data.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-2
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty

                                          Description:

                                          An account with an empty password field means that anybody may log in as that user without providing a password.

                                          All accounts must have passwords or be locked to prevent the account from being used by an unauthorized user.

                                          If any accounts in the /etc/shadow file do not have a password, run the following command to lock the account until it can be determined why it does not have a password:

                                          # passwd -l <username>

                                          Also, check to see if the account is logged in and investigate what it is being used for to determine if it needs to be forced off.

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_shadow_password_field_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - * Correctly configured * :
                                          • - No users password field is empty in /etc/shadow
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.2_Ensure_etcshadow_password_fields_are_not_empty"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_password_field_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_password_field_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_shadow_password_field_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l> - No users password field is empty in /etc/shadow</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_shadow_password_field_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li> - No users password field is empty in /etc/shadow</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

                                          CIS Controls V7.0:

                                          • Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment, and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications.
                                            Subcontrol: 4.4
                                            Label: Use Unique Passwords
                                            Description: Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system.
                                            • >

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 5: Account Management: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise assets and software.
                                            Safeguard: 5.2
                                            Label: Use Unique Passwords
                                            Description: Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password for accounts not using MFA.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.2.3 Ensure all groups in /etc/passwd exist in /etc/group

                                          Description:

                                          Over time, system administration errors and changes can lead to groups being defined in /etc/passwd but not in /etc/group .

                                          Groups defined in the /etc/passwd file but not in the /etc/group file pose a threat to system security since group permissions are not properly managed.

                                          Analyze the output of the Audit step above and perform the appropriate action to correct any discrepancies found.

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_group_in_passwd_not_in_group_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - * Correctly configured * :
                                          • - No GIDs exist in /etc/passwd that do not exist in /etc/group
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.3_Ensure_all_groups_in_etcpasswd_exist_in_etcgroup"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_in_passwd_not_in_group_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_group_in_passwd_not_in_group_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_group_in_passwd_not_in_group_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l>  - No GIDs exist in /etc/passwd that do not exist in /etc/group</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_group_in_passwd_not_in_group_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li>  - No GIDs exist in /etc/passwd that do not exist in /etc/group</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

                                          CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                          • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                            Safeguard: 3.3
                                            Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                            Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                          • Control 14: Security Awareness and Skills Training: -- More
                                            CIS Control Information
                                            Control: Establish and maintain a security awareness program to influence behavior among the workforce to be security conscious and properly skilled to reduce cybersecurity risks to the enterprise.
                                            Safeguard: 14.6
                                            Label: Train Workforce Members on Recognizing and Reporting Security Incidents
                                            Description: Train workforce members to be able to recognize a potential incident and be able to report such an incident.
                                            Implementation Group: IG-1
                                            Security Function: Protect
                                            • >

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.2.4 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist

                                          Description:

                                          Although the useradd program will not let you create a duplicate User ID (UID), it is possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/passwd file and change the UID field.

                                          Users must be assigned unique UIDs for accountability and to ensure appropriate access protections.

                                          Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique UIDs and review all files owned by the shared UIDs to determine which UID they are supposed to belong to.

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_duplicate_uid.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • *** PASS ***
                                          • - * Correctly configured * :
                                          • - No duplicate UIDs exist
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.4_Ensure_no_duplicate_UIDs_exist"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_duplicate_uid.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_duplicate_uid.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_duplicate_uid.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l>  - No duplicate UIDs exist</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_duplicate_uid.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li>  - No duplicate UIDs exist</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.2.5 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist

                                          Description:

                                          Although the groupadd program will not let you create a duplicate Group ID (GID), it is possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/group file and change the GID field.

                                          User groups must be assigned unique GIDs for accountability and to ensure appropriate access protections.

                                          Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique GIDs and review all files owned by the shared GID to determine which group they are supposed to belong to.

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_duplicate_gid.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • *** PASS ***
                                          • - * Correctly configured * :
                                          • - No duplicate GIDs exist
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.5_Ensure_no_duplicate_GIDs_exist"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_duplicate_gid.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_duplicate_gid.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_duplicate_gid.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l>  - No duplicate GIDs exist</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_duplicate_gid.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li>  - No duplicate GIDs exist</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.2.6 Ensure no duplicate user names exist

                                          Description:

                                          Although the useradd program will not let you create a duplicate user name, it is possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/passwd file and change the user name.

                                          If a user is assigned a duplicate user name, it will create and have access to files with the first UID for that username in /etc/passwd . For example, if "test4" has a UID of 1000 and a subsequent "test4" entry has a UID of 2000, logging in as "test4" will use UID 1000. Effectively, the UID is shared, which is a security problem.

                                          Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique user names for the users. File ownerships will automatically reflect the change as long as the users have unique UIDs.

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_duplicate_username.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • *** PASS ***
                                          • - * Correctly configured * :
                                          • - No duplicate Users exist
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.6_Ensure_no_duplicate_user_names_exist"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_duplicate_username.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_duplicate_username.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_duplicate_username.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l>  - No duplicate Users exist</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_duplicate_username.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li>  - No duplicate Users exist</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.2.7 Ensure no duplicate group names exist

                                          Description:

                                          Although the groupadd program will not let you create a duplicate group name, it is possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/group file and change the group name.

                                          If a group is assigned a duplicate group name, it will create and have access to files with the first GID for that group in /etc/group . Effectively, the GID is shared, which is a security problem.

                                          Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique names for the user groups. File group ownerships will automatically reflect the change as long as the groups have unique GIDs.

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_duplicate_groupname.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • *** PASS ***
                                          • - * Correctly configured * :
                                          • - No duplicate Groups exist
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.7_Ensure_no_duplicate_group_names_exist"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_duplicate_groupname.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_duplicate_groupname.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_duplicate_groupname.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  *** PASS ***</l>
                  <l>- * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l>  - No duplicate Groups exist</l>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_duplicate_groupname.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  *** PASS ***</li>
                              <li>- * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li>  - No duplicate Groups exist</li>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                          • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

                                          Back to Summary
                                          Pass

                                          7.2.8 Ensure local interactive user home directories are configured

                                          Description:

                                          The user home directory is space defined for the particular user to set local environment variables and to store personal files. While the system administrator can establish secure permissions for users' home directories, the users can easily override these. Users can be defined in /etc/passwd without a home directory or with a home directory that does not actually exist.

                                          Since the user is accountable for files stored in the user home directory, the user must be the owner of the directory. Group or world-writable user home directories may enable malicious users to steal or modify other users' data or to gain another user's system privileges. If the user's home directory does not exist or is unassigned, the user will be placed in "/" and will not be able to write any files or have local environment variables set.

                                          If a local interactive users' home directory is undefined and/or doesn't exist, follow local site policy and perform one of the following:

                                          • Lock the user account
                                          • Remove the user from the system
                                          • create a directory for the user. If undefined, edit /etc/passwd and add the absolute path to the directory to the last field of the user.

                                          Run the following script to:

                                          • Remove excessive permissions from local interactive users home directories
                                          • Update the home directory's owner
                                          #!/usr/bin/env bash



                                          {

                                          l_output2=""

                                          l_valid_shells="^($( awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed -rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"

                                          unset a_uarr && a_uarr=() # Clear and initialize array

                                          while read -r l_epu l_eph; do # Populate array with users and user home location

                                          a_uarr+=("$l_epu $l_eph")

                                          done <<< "$(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '$(NF) ~ pat { print $1 " " $(NF-1) }' /etc/passwd)"

                                          l_asize="${#a_uarr[@]}" # Here if we want to look at number of users before proceeding

                                          [ "$l_asize " -gt "10000" ] && echo -e "\n ** INFO **\n - \"$l_asize\" Local interactive users found on the system\n - This may be a long running process\n"

                                          while read -r l_user l_home; do

                                          if [ -d "$l_home" ]; then

                                          l_mask='0027'

                                          l_max="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_mask)) )"

                                          while read -r l_own l_mode; do

                                          if [ "$l_user" != "$l_own" ]; then

                                          l_output2="$l_output2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\" is owned by: \"$l_own\"\n - changing ownership to: \"$l_user\"\n"

                                          chown "$l_user" "$l_home"

                                          fi

                                          if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then

                                          l_output2="$l_output2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\" is mode: \"$l_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_max\" or more restrictive\n - removing excess permissions\n"

                                          chmod g-w,o-rwx "$l_home"

                                          fi

                                          done <<< "$(stat -Lc '%U %#a' "$l_home")"

                                          else

                                          l_output2="$l_output2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\" Doesn't exist\n - Please create a home in accordance with local site policy"

                                          fi

                                          done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_uarr[@]}")"

                                          if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # If l_output2 is empty, we pass

                                          echo -e " - No modification needed to local interactive users home directories"

                                          else

                                          echo -e "\n$l_output2"

                                          fi

                                          }

                                          Show Assessment Evidence
                                          Complex Check
                                          AND
                                          Script: sce/nix_user_home_directory_chk.sh
                                          Result: Pass
                                          Exit Value: 101
                                          Output:
                                          • - Audit Result:
                                          • ** PASS **
                                          • - * Correctly configured * :
                                          • - All local interactive users:
                                          • - home directories exist
                                          • - own their home directory
                                          • - home directories are mode: "750" or more restrictive
                                          No error lines were collected.


                                          Show Rule Result XML
                                          <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.8_Ensure_local_interactive_user_home_directories_are_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_user_home_directory_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_user_home_directory_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_user_home_directory_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l>  - All local interactive users:</l>
                  <l>   - home directories exist</l>
                  <l>   - own their home directory</l>
                  <l>   - home directories are mode: "750" or more restrictive</l>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_user_home_directory_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li>  - All local interactive users:</li>
                              <li>   - home directories exist</li>
                              <li>   - own their home directory</li>
                              <li>   - home directories are mode: "750" or more restrictive</li>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                          References:

                                            CIS Controls V7.0:

                                            • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                              CIS Control Information
                                              Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                              Subcontrol: 14.6
                                              Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                              Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                              • >

                                            CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                            • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                              CIS Control Information
                                              Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                              Safeguard: 3.3
                                              Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                              Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                              Implementation Group: IG-1
                                              Security Function: Protect
                                              • >

                                            Back to Summary
                                            Pass

                                            7.2.9 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is configured

                                            Description:

                                            While the system administrator can establish secure permissions for users' "dot" files, the users can easily override these.

                                            • .forward file specifies an email address to forward the user's mail to.
                                            • .rhost file provides the "remote authentication" database for the rcp, rlogin, and rsh commands and the rcmd() function. These files bypass the standard password-based user authentication mechanism. They specify remote hosts and users that are considered trusted (i.e. are allowed to access the local system without supplying a password)
                                            • .netrc file contains data for logging into a remote host or passing authentication to an API.
                                            • .bash_history file keeps track of the user’s commands.

                                            User configuration files with excessive or incorrect access may enable malicious users to steal or modify other users' data or to gain another user's system privileges.

                                            Making global modifications to users' files without alerting the user community can result in unexpected outages and unhappy users. Therefore, it is recommended that a monitoring policy be established to report user dot file permissions and determine the action to be taken in accordance with site policy.

                                            The following script will:

                                            • remove excessive permissions on dot files within interactive users' home directories
                                            • change ownership of dot files within interactive users' home directories to the user
                                            • change group ownership of dot files within interactive users' home directories to the user's primary group
                                            • list .forward and .rhost files to be investigated and manually deleted
                                            #!/usr/bin/env bash



                                            {

                                            a_output2=(); a_output3=()

                                            l_maxsize="1000" # Maximum number of local interactive users before warning (Default 1,000)

                                            l_valid_shells="^($( awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed -rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"

                                            a_user_and_home=() # Create array with local users and their home directories

                                            while read -r l_local_user l_local_user_home; do # Populate array with users and user home location

                                            [[ -n "$l_local_user" && -n "$l_local_user_home" ]] && a_user_and_home+=("$l_local_user:$l_local_user_home")

                                            done <<< "$(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '$(NF) ~ pat { print $1 " " $(NF-1) }' /etc/passwd)"

                                            l_asize="${#a_user_and_home[@]}" # Here if we want to look at number of users before proceeding

                                            [ "${#a_user_and_home[@]}" -gt "$l_maxsize" ] && printf '%s\n' "" " ** INFO **" \

                                            " - \"$l_asize\" Local interactive users found on the system" \

                                            " - This may be a long running check" ""

                                            file_access_fix()

                                            {

                                            a_access_out=()

                                            l_max="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_mask)) )"

                                            if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then

                                            printf '%s\n' "" " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" is mode: \"$l_mode\" and should be mode: \"$l_max\" or more restrictive" \

                                            " Updating file: \"$l_hdfile\" to be mode: \"$l_max\" or more restrictive"

                                            chmod "$l_change" "$l_hdfile"

                                            fi

                                            if [[ ! "$l_owner" =~ ($l_user) ]]; then

                                            printf '%s\n' "" " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" owned by: \"$l_owner\" and should be owned by \"${l_user//|/ or }\"" \

                                            " Updating file: \"$l_hdfile\" to be owned by \"${l_user//|/ or }\""

                                            chown "$l_user" "$l_hdfile"

                                            fi

                                            if [[ ! "$l_gowner" =~ ($l_group) ]]; then

                                            printf '%s\n' "" " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" group owned by: \"$l_gowner\" and should be group owned by \"${l_group//|/ or }\"" \

                                            " Updating file: \"$l_hdfile\" to be group owned by \"${l_group//|/ or }\""

                                            chgrp "$l_group" "$l_hdfile"

                                            fi

                                            }

                                            while IFS=: read -r l_user l_home; do

                                            a_dot_file=(); a_netrc=(); a_netrc_warn=(); a_bhout=(); a_hdirout=()

                                            if [ -d "$l_home" ]; then

                                            l_group="$(id -gn "$l_user" | xargs)";l_group="${l_group// /|}"

                                            while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_hdfile; do

                                            while read -r l_mode l_owner l_gowner; do

                                            case "$(basename "$l_hdfile")" in

                                            .forward | .rhost )

                                            a_dot_file+=(" - File: \"$l_hdfile\" exists" " Please review and manually delete this file") ;;

                                            .netrc )

                                            l_mask='0177'; l_change="u-x,go-rwx"; file_access_fix

                                            a_netrc_warn+=(" - File: \"$l_hdfile\" exists") ;;

                                            .bash_history )

                                            l_mask='0177'; l_change="u-x,go-rwx"; file_access_fix ;;

                                            * )

                                            l_mask='0133'; l_change="u-x,go-wx"; file_access_fix ;;

                                            esac

                                            done < <(stat -Lc '%#a %U %G' "$l_hdfile")

                                            done < <(find "$l_home" -xdev -type f -name '.*' -print0)

                                            fi

                                            [ "${#a_dot_file[@]}" -gt 0 ] && a_output2+=(" - User: \"$l_user\" Home Directory: \"$l_home\"" "${a_dot_file[@]}")

                                            [ "${#a_netrc_warn[@]}" -gt 0 ] && a_output3+=(" - User: \"$l_user\" Home Directory: \"$l_home\"" "${a_netrc_warn[@]}")

                                            done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_user_and_home[@]}")"

                                            [ "${#a_output3[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" " ** WARNING **" "${a_output3[@]}" ""

                                            [ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" "${a_output2[@]}"

                                            }

                                            Show Assessment Evidence
                                            Complex Check
                                            AND
                                            Script: sce/nix_user_dot_files_access_chk.sh
                                            Result: Pass
                                            Exit Value: 101
                                            Output:
                                            • - Audit Result:
                                            • ** PASS **
                                            • - * Correctly configured * :
                                            • - No local interactive users home directories contain:
                                            • - ".forward" or ".rhost" files
                                            • - ".netrc" files with incorrect access configured
                                            • - ".bash_history" files with incorrect access configured
                                            • - "dot" files with incorrect access configured
                                            No error lines were collected.


                                            Show Rule Result XML
                                            <xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
                   xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
                   xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
                   xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
                   xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
                   xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
                   xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
                   xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                   xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
                   xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
                   xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
                   xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
                   idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.9_Ensure_local_interactive_user_dot_files_access_is_configured"
                   role="full"
                   severity="unknown"
                   time="2024-07-21T11:22:36.362+01:00"
                   version="1"
                   weight="1.0">
   <xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
   <xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
                system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
   <xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
   <xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
      <xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
                   negate="false"
                   multi-check="false">
         <xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_user_dot_files_access_chk.sh"/>
         <xccdf:check-content>
            <command_result href="sce/nix_user_dot_files_access_chk.sh"
                            xccdf="pass"
                            script="/home/ec2-user/Assessor/sce/nix_user_dot_files_access_chk.sh"
                            exit-value="101">
               <out>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
                  <l>- Audit Result:</l>
                  <l>  ** PASS **</l>
                  <l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
                  <l>  - No local interactive users home directories contain:</l>
                  <l>   - ".forward" or ".rhost" files</l>
                  <l>   - ".netrc" files with incorrect access configured</l>
                  <l>   - ".bash_history" files with incorrect access configured</l>
                  <l>   - "dot" files with incorrect access configured</l>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
                  <l/>
               </out>
               <err/>
               <env/>
            </command_result>
         </xccdf:check-content>
         <evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
            <div class="sce">
               <table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Script:</td>
                        <td>sce/nix_user_dot_files_access_chk.sh</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Result:</td>
                        <td class="pass">Pass</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
                        <td>101</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="bold">Output:</td>
                        <td>
                           <ul class="unstyled">
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                              <li>- Audit Result:</li>
                              <li>  ** PASS **</li>
                              <li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
                              <li>  - No local interactive users home directories contain:</li>
                              <li>   - ".forward" or ".rhost" files</li>
                              <li>   - ".netrc" files with incorrect access configured</li>
                              <li>   - ".bash_history" files with incorrect access configured</li>
                              <li>   - "dot" files with incorrect access configured</li>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                              <li/>
                           </ul>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table class="evidence" width="100%">
                  <tbody class="tbe">
                     <tr>
                        <td>No error lines were collected.</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
            </div>
         </evidence>
      </xccdf:check>
   </xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>

                                            References:

                                            • URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

                                            CIS Controls V7.0:

                                            • Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
                                              CIS Control Information
                                              Control: The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these critical assets based on an approved classification.
                                              Subcontrol: 14.6
                                              Label: Protect Information through Access Control Lists
                                              Description: Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities.
                                              • >

                                            CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:

                                            • Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
                                              CIS Control Information
                                              Control: Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain, and dispose of data.
                                              Safeguard: 3.3
                                              Label: Configure Data Access Control Lists
                                              Description: Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems, databases, and applications.
                                              Implementation Group: IG-1
                                              Security Function: Protect
                                              • >

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